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Vorhandene Maschinen und Anlagen, die im Feld laufen, sind oftmals produktiv, aber nicht auf dem technologischen Stand, um Smart Services zu erbringen. Marktpotenziale im Servicegeschäft werden hierdurch nicht ausgeschöpft und neue Kundenbedürfnisse können nicht adressiert werden. Das stellt Unternehmen vor die Herausforderung ihr vorhandenes Equipment nachzurüsten. Dieser Beitrag soll praxisnah einen Einblick in das Vorgehen zur Nachrüstung von Maschinen und Anlagen geben. Existing machines and plants in the field are often productive but not state of the art to provide smart services. Market potentials in the service business are not exploited and changing customer needs due to the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) cannot be addressed. This challenges companies to retrofit their existing of their existing equipment. This article describe a practice-oriented retrofit approach.

A fully integrated Atmospheric-Ocean-Hydrology Model (BALTIMOS = Baltic Integrated Model System) has been developed using existing model components. Experiment and model design has been adapted to the Baltic basin with a catchment area of approximately 1 750 000 km2. A comprehensive model validation has been completed using large meteorological and hydrological measurement database. Comparing the calculated runoff from the integrated and non-integrated model system with measurements for three different representative subbasins and the entire Baltic basin, the effect of the integrated model is described. The results display a good agreement between measured and calculated runoff. The effect of the integrated model is rather negligible looking at computed mean values: There is no significant difference between mean monthly runoff of the integrated and non-integrated model during the year with the exception of spring. There is a delay of one month with regard to peak runoff for the non-integrated model in spring caused by different interactive processes during the melting period.

Objectives Our aim was to estimate the number of non-satisfied instutionalization requests for inpatients and to describe the strategies elaborated to compensate for the waiting time. Methods This prospective follow-up study concerning all requests for institution admission for inpatients aged 75 years or older hospitalized in acute care and rehabilitation wards. Descriptive data were gathered throughout the social support process conducted during the hospitalization. A three months follow-up was conducted. Results Among 5200 hospitalizations, a social support process was initiated for 270 patients aged 75 years and over. Two thirds of the sample were women (n = 163). Mean age was 82 years. Fifty-two percent of the subjects met the criteria for iso-resource grades (IRG) 1 to 2 and 90% in IRG 1 to 4. The mean length of hospitalized stay (MLOS) was 56.8 ± 10.2 days; the MLOS of unjustified stay of 23.5 ± 5.6 (n = 222). The average time before the social worker was informed of the patient's situation was 13.6 ± 2.0 days; in addition, the time required to establish the administrative documents necessary for initiation of the social support progress was 15.0 ± 1.8. The principal reasons for social support were physical dependence (77%), mental dependence (60%), insufficient family support (36%) and/or disease progression (21%). At three months, 104 patients were institutionalized, 128 were still on institution waiting list (in hospital: 48%; at home: 16%) and 38 had died (14%). The estimated annual institutional deficit for disabled elderly people was 512 beds. Conclusion In light of demographical perspectives, an overall re-organization of the geriatric network is absolutely necessary. A simple increase in the capacity to fulfil the institutional beds deficit would be insufficient.

Using an RF-SQUID configuration we have measured the temperature dependence of the current–phase relation (CPR) of Nb/InAs(2DEG)/Nb (two-dimensional electron gas, 2DEG) Josephson junctions with high interface transparency. At low temperatures, significant deviations from a sinusoidal CPR are observed. The experimental results are fitted by the scattering matrix theory of Brouwer and Beenakker, additionally taking into account the proximity effect between the Nb and the 2DEG in the inversion layer on p-type bulk InAs. We have studied also the influence of an external gate voltage applied to the InAs(2DEG) channel. It is shown that the amplitude of RF-SQUID oscillations can be controlled by gate voltage with only modest deterioration of the SQUID signal.

Nickel containing HMFI, HMOR and HBEA zeolites was prepared by impregnation and liquid- and solid-state ion exchange. The kinetics of the solid-state ion exchange of the protons (Bronsted acid sites) with NiCl 2 was followed by IR and TPE measurements. The results were compared to catalysts prepared by liquid-phase ion exchange and by incipient wetness impregnation. The level of ion exchange reached 100% when the solid-state procedure was used, whereas the exchange level was limited in the case of liquid exchange. The exchange degree increased in the sequence BEA n -nonane hydroconversion with Ni/HMFI as the most active and Ni/HBEA as the most selective catalyst.

Nanomechanical computing elements which employ rotational symmetry and motion are designed and analyzed using a bounded continuum model. First, the Boolean logic functions of NOT, AND, OR, and XOR are realized using a helical latch, reset springs, and rod assemblies. Building upon these components, designs for shifters and two-level logic devices are developed. The helical latching mechanism calculates the Boolean output function as a positional displacement from a known reset state, which occurs exactly once during each 360 degrees instruction cycle. Operations of arbitrary word length can be performed by subdividing the logic disc into sectors where each sector operates on a single bit. Throughput can be increased by pipelining multiple-bit operands to yield a speedup which approaches a maximum value of (n+2) as compared to a single-level of non-pipelined logic with n inputs. Generally, speedup is bounded by (n+2)/p where p denotes the number of cycles between initiations of the pipe. An analysis of gate kinematics is performed to determine the device geometries and maximum operating frequencies for both non-pipelined and pipelined operation.

Starting from 3-bromothiophene, ω-(3-thienyl)alkan-1-ols and ω-(3-thienyl)alkyl esters are obtained. Electrochemical characteristics and polymerization are described and discussed.

Construction of a reactive magnetron rf plasma deposition system with cylindrical electrodes is presented. Design of an individual electrode equipped with integrated multiple electromagnet system together with the characteristics of its magnetic field is described. Properties of magnetron discharge and plasma geometry are also presented. Deposition of organogermanium films from tetraethylgermanium in magnetically enhanced rf plasma is discussed in terms of deposition rates and general properties of the films with the particular attention paid to their density. Both, elemental composition of these films by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and their chemical functionality by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are also given. The main advantage of magnetic field enhancement is local increase of plasma density restricting the discharge, and consequently deposition, to the desired volume. Additionally, the application of a system of integrated electromagnets enables the use of magnetic field intensity as an independent process optimization parameter.

We report on the synthesis of bis (2,6-diaryl-4:4′-selenopyranylidenes) with aryl groups including mesogenic long alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy chains in paraphenyl positions of various chain lengths in order to study the influence of the nature and the presence of the heteroatom and of the length of the chain on the mesomorphic behaviour. Some of these compounds show mesomorphic properties and one of them has been associated with dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) to give a complex whose properties are described.

Electrochemical study of title compounds is achieved in various solvents. We noticed that the sequence of oxidation and reduction potential values is not the same for the nickel and platinum derivatives. This last sequence is also different from the sequence of dipole moment μ, dielectric constant ϵ, Kirkwood parameter [KP = ( ϵ −1)/(2 ϵ +1)] and electrostatic force (F=ϵ∗μ) of the solvents. One the other hand, there is a close correlation between the experimental and calculated oxidation potential values if we add to experimental E 0 values of one solvent ( μ 0 , e 0 ) an increment relative to another studied solvent; increment values are defined by the relation: E = E 0 + a[1−( μ 0 / μ ) α ] + b[1−( e 0 / e ) s ] with α = s = 0.5

The yield of solid state camera modules declines with increasing imager resolution. The easiest means of compensating for this trend is to package the imager die before they are assembled into camera modules. The packaging is preferably accomplished at the wafer level. The package cover is a sheet of glass that forms part of the optical train of the solid state camera. This paper discusses the properties required of the glass and describes a computer model that was constructed to provide quantitative insight into its effect on the optical performance of image sensors. The study corroborates practical measurements that the cover glass has no significant effect on the low light sensitivity of a typical camera module. The cover glass does introduce some reflection losses and minor image aberrations, but these can be managed through the combination of attention to the design of the total optical path and making the cover glass as thin as possible.

Synthesis of 3-alkyl selenophenes via chloromethyl ketones and acetylenic chlorhydrins is described. The electropolymerisation yields electroactive and soluble polymers with high conductivity in the doped state.

Our aim was to estimate the number of non-satisfied instutionalization requests for inpatients and to describe the strategies elaborated to compensate for the waiting time.This prospective follow-up study concerning all requests for institution admission for inpatients aged 75 years or older hospitalized in acute care and rehabilitation wards. Descriptive data were gathered throughout the social support process conducted during the hospitalization. A three months follow-up was conducted.Among 5200 hospitalizations, a social support process was initiated for 270 patients aged 75 years and over. Two thirds of the sample were women (n=163). Mean age was 82 years. Fifty-two percent of the subjects met the criteria for iso-resource grades (IRG) 1 to 2 and 90% in IRG 1 to 4. The mean length of hospitalized stay (MLOS) was 56.8+/-10.2 days; the MLOS of unjustified stay of 23.5+/-5.6 (n=222). The average time before the social worker was informed of the patient's situation was 13.6+/-2.0 days; in addition, the time required to establish the administrative documents necessary for initiation of the social support progress was 15.0+/-1.8. The principal reasons for social support were physical dependence (77%), mental dependence (60%), insufficient family support (36%) and/or disease progression (21%). At three months, 104 patients were institutionalized, 128 were still on institution waiting list (in hospital: 48%; at home: 16%) and 38 had died (14%). The estimated annual institutional deficit for disabled elderly people was 512 beds.In light of demographical perspectives, an overall re-organization of the geriatric network is absolutely necessary. A simple increase in the capacity to fulfil the institutional beds deficit would be insufficient.

The objective of this study was to assess the significance of an injury to the pontomesencephalic brainstem in severe traumatic brain injury [Glasgow coma score (GCS) below 8]. Forty victims of severe traumatic brain injury with and with out compounding pathologies almost equally distributed among both groups were studied. The outcome (mean follow-up, 11.3 months) was assessed by means of the Glasgow outcome score (GOS) and of the Disability rating scale (DRS). Injury of the brainstem was detected by electrophysiological investigation (evoked potentials, brainstem reflexes) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) carried out early after trauma. Statistical analysis (Wilcoxon signed rank test for matched pairs) revealed a significantly worse initial GCS (median 5 versus 6), GOS (median 3 versus 4), and DRS score (median 6 versus 2) for the group with brainstem lesions than for the group without such lesions. Moreover, there was a significant accumulation of lesions of the corpus callosum, the basal ganglia, and the (para-)hippocampal area detected by MRI in the brainstem lesion group. In addition, the finding of an abnormal cortical component of the median nerve evoked somatosensory potential was significantly more frequent in the patients with brainstem injury. Traumatic brainstem lesions diagnosed by MRI a nd/or electrophysiological investigation are associated with injury to other 'deeply' situated parts ofthe brain. The finding of a brainstem lesion influences to the outcome of patients after severe traumatic brain injury.

The external proton beam of the Tandem accelerator of the Research Centre in Rossendorf/Germany was used to carry out non-destructive particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) measurements simultaneously on Art Nouveau artifacts produced around 1900 by Tiffany/USA and Loetz/Austria. These studies should proof the technology of producing an iridescent layer on a glass surface. By means of the yield ratio Y(Si-K)/Y(Si-γ) of both characteristic X-radiation (Si-K) and γ-radiation (Si-γ) of the element silicon it could be shown that a thin top layer is present on the glass surface due to the treatment of the heated artifacts (about 500°C) with an alcoholic solution of SnCl2 [1] . Combined evaluation of the PIXE and RBS spectra resulted in a thickness of 20–300 nm for this top layer. In addition, a transition region between the iridescent layer and the bulk glass was obtained by RUMP simulations. Approximately 80% of the total amount of the Sn were found to be present in this transition layer and only 10–20% in the outermost surface region. XPS studies showed that the outermost layer consists of SnO2. The formation of other Sn compounds in the outermost near-surface region based on Sn–Si–O during the manufacturing process can be excluded.

Hepatitis C is one of the world's leading infectious diseases. The interferon-ribavirin combination therapy is the new standard for the treatment of hepatitis C in naive and relapse patients. Virological sustained response rates can be more than doubled by the IFN-ribavirin combination therapy compared to IFN-monotherapy and treatment duration can be reduced to six months in many cases. The IFN-ribavirin combination therapy has a high relative benefit in patients with unfavorable predictive parameters like high viral load, HCV genotype-1 infection and compensated liver cirrhosis. Anemia is the most important side effect of the guanosin analogue ribavirin. There are no official therapeutic recommendations for non-responder patients at present. These patients should be treated within controlled clinical trials. Monotherapy with PEG(pegylated)-interferons and combination therapies with PEG-interferons and ribavirin are the most promising future therapeutic options.

28 patients with a mean age of 43.6 years were operated on for a cerebral neoplasm situated in close proximity to an eloquent area (24 speech area, 4 motor cortex) from 1996 to 1999. Preoperatively, all patients had undergone a detailed neuropsychological examination. In 10 patients aphasic disturbances could be detected. All patients underwent preoperative PET studies (methionine and 15O-labeled water with activation during speech or finger tapping). These were performed and co-registered with MRI data to demonstrate the topographical relationship between motor or language function and the tumor borders. Anesthesia was induced with i.v. administration of propofol (150-250 mg/h). Craniotomy was performed under local infiltration anesthesia. After opening of the dura, sedation was stopped and operation was continued with the patient being alert and co-operative. With close clinical observation during electrical cortex stimulation, a speech arrest could be triggered or avoided. The motor cortex was identified by recording the phase reversal of the contralateral SEP of the median nerve and by direct cortical stimulation. As soon as aphasic or motor disturbances appeared, the tumor removal was continued with the goal of avoiding these specific regions. In 27 patients, preexisting neuropsychological and neurological deficits did not worsen. Only one patient was left postoperatively with a major permanent aphasic deficit that was present preoperatively to a minor degree. The use of local anesthesia in craniotomy for surgery of intrinsic cerebral neoplasms in eloquent areas allows for a continuous and repetitive monitoring of speech and motor function during the removal of even those tumors that were previously considered inoperable.

Emphasizes the importance of designing a well-functioning intergovernmental fiscal system for achieving the reform objectives of economies in transition. This study explores the issues involved in redesigning intergovernmental relations in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine, where extensive political and fiscal decentralization is now underway. The volume focuses on the elements of decentralization in the transitional economies that distinguish them from those in the rest of the world. The book shows that in the transition from a command to a market economy, designing a well-functioning intergovernmental fiscal system is a prerequisite for achieving other reform objectives: macroeconomic stability, private sector development, and a social safety net for those hurt by the transition. The study further demonstrates that a broader analytical framework than is conventionally involved in the study of intergovernmental finance is needed for analyzing fiscal issues in these economies.

The pressor, renal and endocrine effect of the physiological precursor of endothelial derived nitric oxide, l-arginine was compared, with a substrate inactive on nitric oxide, hypertonic d-glucose, in hypertensive patients. Ten mild-moderate essential hypertensives were assigned to either l-arginine (n−5) or d-glucose (n−5). Substances were infused over 25 min at equiosmolal rates preceded and followed by saline infusion for 25 min. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored at 3-min intervals, while hormonal and humoral variables, inulin and paraaminohippurate clearance and electrolyte excretion were measured at the end of each period under conditions of maximal diuresis. l-arginine and d-glucose increased serum osmolality comparably and caused similar haemodilution to that with control saline. During l-arginine infusion, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 16.6% and 11%, respectively, and recovered in the postinfusion period. Heart rate, plasma renin activity, and plasma noradrenaline did not change significantly. The percent blood pressure decrement induced by l-arginine was significantly greater than that by d-glucose. Glomerular filtration rate was stable and renal plasma flow was increased by both substances. However, natriuresis, kaliuresis and chloruresis were markedly stimulated only by l-arginine, which also promoted the development of systemic acidosis, possibly as a consequence of hydrochloridric acid generated during its metabolism. Circulating insulin, atrial natriuretic peptide, growth hormone and glucagon levels were increased and plasma aldosterone was unchanged during infusion of l-arginine. Insulin was stimulated and the other hormones inhibited during infusion of d-glucose. The greater magnitude and the infusion-related time of the hypotensive action suggests a specific mechanism of action of l-arginine, independent of a changing osmolality. l-arginine-mediated hypotension occurred without evident reflexogenic sympathetic activation and was accompanied by marked natriuresis, kaliuresis and chloruresis without changes in glomerular filtration rate. Both l-arginine and d-glucose increased renal plasma flow comparably.

Ein chim CD4 mAb wurde zum ersten Mal zur AbstoBungsprophy laxe nach HTx eingesetzt. Der humane IgG 1 AK, auf den die Spezifitat eines mkl Maus CD4 AK molekularbiologisch ubertragen wurde, besitzt im Vergleich zu heterologen poly- und mkl AK eine wesentlich geringere Antigenitat und fuhrt zu keinen anaphylaktischen Reaktionen. Jeweils 11 Patienten erhielten nach HTx zusatzlich zur Standard-Dreifach-Immunsuppression entweder den chim CD4 mAK oder ATG. Der chim CD4 mAK wurde perioperativ und post-operativ an den Tagen 1–7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 21 gegeben, ATG wurde peri- und postoperativ verabreicht, bis der Cyclosporine Spiegel im Serum (TDX) permanent uber 500 µg/ml lag, durchschnittlich fur 7 Tage. Nach einer Nachbeobachtungszeit von mehr als 20 Wochen hatten die Patienten der CD4-Gruppe im Vergleich zur ATG-Gruppe im Schnitt weniger Infektionen und Abstosungsreaktionen, 48% der CD4 Patienten gegenuber 18% der ATG behandelten Patienten waren bisher frei von akuten Transplantatreaktionen.

As shown by ESCA, the EPA strength of Mg2+ increases in the series MgO, MgSO4 and MgHPO4, whereas the EPD strength of the anions decreases. Butanol is selectively dehydrated over MgSO4 and MgHPO4, and dehydrogenated over MgO. An explanation consistent with former concepts about elimination reactions is given.

One of the important radiative effects of cloud Shape is to modify diurnal radiance patterns observed from satellites. Theory predicts a diurnal radiance pattern nearly symmetric about local noon for both semi-infinite and finite clouds situated on the equator at the equinox with a satellite directly overhead. For a geostationary satellite (SMS-1) located to the west of the cloud, the semi-infinite cloud still products a pattern nearly symmetric about local noon while finite cubic clouds produce a distinctly different pattern which peaks during the afternoon. Simulated diurnal satellite observations of a finite cubic and semi-infinite cloud were compared with actual diurnal satellite observations of cloud fields with cloud cover varying from less than 30% to greater than 90%. The results for 4 n mi resolution data from the two observed cloud fields demonstrate that the diurnal radiance patterns of both semi-infinite and finite clouds exist in satellite observations. Degrading the resolution to 16...

The differing results of previous analyses of the binding energy for particles trapped in the wake of fast-moving ions traversing a solid are reconciled, and the values given by Day are corrected at high velocities. A form of a variational calculation of these energies which permits comparison of various dielectric functions is presented, and used to deduce a possible form for the bound-particle wave function. This wave function is used in an analysis of processes occurring as the wake emerges from the surface.

Describes a fully static high speed 16 384 bit read only memory (ROM), designed and fabricated by using scaled MOS processing and innovative circuit techniques. Specially designed decoder structures and sense amplifiers enable address accessing in less than 45 ns typically. Extensive use of small signal amplification and 0 volt threshold devices reduce active power to a mere 70 mA, and when the power down option is chosen standby currents reduce to only 15 mA typically. Together with quick turnaround (contact mask programmability), and small die size (20.3K mil/SUP 2/), this ROM provides a low power, low cost alternative to bipolar PROMs.

Comparaison des valeurs d'energie de liaison electronique XPS, des complexes du titre ayant un environnement de coordination du type pyramide a base carree

A 16K floating-gate thin oxide ( 1.5×1.5μ^{2} ) will be discussed. Device requires only a dc level V pp signal for its operation and features threshold bit mapping.

A high performance 1.5 micron N-well double poly, double metal CMOS process technology has been developed. The patented three transistor cell coupled with this process technology achieved a 25ns 64K high speed EPROM device (8K by 8). The memory core cell with a size of 9.5um × 14.5um was designed to take advantage of maximizing read and write capabilities independently. Seven different types of transistors were generated and optimized to make this possible. A novel interpoly dielectric structure has been developed to simplify the process technology which enhances the manufacturability. High speed (25ns) and small chip size (4.72mm × 3.82mm) were achieved by utilizing a double metal technology.

Nanomechanical computing elements which are scalable in terms of input size and depth of propagation path are analyzed using a bounded continuum model. Boolean logic functions of NOT, AND, OR, and XOR are realized using helical latch, reset spring, and translating rod assemblies. Building upon these components a design for two-level logic operations is presented. The helical latching mechanism calculates the Boolean output function as a positional displacement from a known reset state, which occurs exactly once during each instruction cycle. To balance forces a symmetrical rotor is used to counteract applied forces by replicating input rods. This has the beneficial side-effect of providing intrinsic fault-detection capability within a gate and also decreases the rotation required for a full cycle from 360 degrees to 180 degrees. This design is further enhanced to allow operations of arbitrary word length by subdividing the logic disc into sectors where each sector contains all the components necessary to operate on a single bit. The benefits of increasing the disc diameter needed for additional bits include a further reduction in disc cycle rotation as a result of subdividing the disc into sectors. Since the inputs are sampled sequentially, throughput of resultants can be increased directly by pipelining multiple bit operands. For n inputs per logic gate, the maximum speedup for a single level of logic is (n+2). Generally, speedup is bounded by (n+2)/p where p denotes the number of cycles between initiations of the pipe.