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Unlabelled: AIM, SAMPLE AND MEASURES: Co-morbidity has been shown to influence the clinical course of mental disorders. This paper describes DSM-III-R 1-month co-morbidity across axes I, II and III in a sample of 153 benzodiazepine dependents. All patients were evaluated through several in-depth clinical interviews across all five DSM-III-R axes., Results: Extensive co-morbidity existed across three DSM-III-R axes. All patients had at least one diagnosis in axis I; 81 (52.9%) in axis II and 50 (32.7%) in axis III. The most prevalent diagnoses were: insomnia, anxiety disorders and affective disorders in axis I; obsessive-compulsive, histrionic and dependent personality disorders in axis II and rheumatological, neurological and cardiovascular disorders in axis III., Conclusions: There were no cases of benzodiazepine dependence appearing alone. There were associations within and between axes, suggesting potential predisposing factors and a sequential model for benzodiazepine dependence is proposed. The findings reinforce the need for exhaustive diagnostic evaluation of patients prior to prescribing benzodiazepine.

Schizophrenia, a psychiatric disease that is highly prevalent among the general population, has polymorphic clinical manifestations at onset and during its evolution. The most frequent manifestations are an abrupt onset with positive symptoms, perception and thought disorders, which were included by Kurt Schneider in the first range symptoms. However, on other occasions the onset is insidious and the so-called negative symptoms are present, resulting in clinical manifestations that are similar to the state of absence and a less favorable patient prognosis. Since the last century when Kraepelin defined early dementia, various authors have tried to explain the nature of this disease, resulting in Bleauler's definition of the fundamental symptoms. A clinical case of hebephrenic schizophrenia is presented in which disorders in thought, affect and volition predominated. We discuss the psychopathological views of less well-known, but not for that reason less important, authors, such as Guirod and Dice, and the similarities and differences between their views and current classifications.