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Resume Les traumatismes oculaires sont un probleme de sante publique qui rendent encore necessaire les efforts diriges vers la prevention du risque oculaire. Pres de 500 000 enfants deviennent aveugles chaque annee dans le monde ; la lutte contre la cecite chez les enfants est une priorite du plan de l’OMS 2020 (Vision 2020 Global initiative). Le groupe BETT (Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology) a etabli une classification clinique des lesions oculaires : ouvertes et fermees, afin qu’un diagnostic initial precis soit etabli, pour permettre une prise en charge medico-chirurgicale optimale et garantir le meilleur pronostic visuel final. Dans cet article, nous decrivons l’examen a realiser devant tout traumatisme oculaire chez un enfant, ainsi que la classification des differents traumatismes a globe ferme, a globe ouvert, ainsi que des brulures oculaires.

Congenital abnormalities of the optic disc are not uncommon in clinical practice and should be recognized. Size abnormalities of the optic disc include optic disc aplasia, hypoplasia, megalopapilla, and optic disc cupping in prematurity. Among congenital excavations of the optic disc head, morning glory disc anomaly and optic disc pit can be complicated by serous retinal detachment; the papillorenal disc is an association of bilateral optic disc cupping and renal hypoplasia which should be ruled out; optic disc coloboma is caused by an abnormal closure of the embryonic fissure and can be complicated by choroidal neovascularization and retinal detachment. Other abnormalities that will be discussed are congenital tilted disc syndrome, duplicity of the optic disc head, congenital pigmentation of the optic disc head and myelinated retinal nerve fibers. All of these abnormalities can be associated with syndromes and neurological diseases, as well as other potentially blinding ophthalmological defects which can be secondarily complicated by amblyopia, strabismus and nystagmus. Thus, they should be recognized in order to plan for appropriate follow-up.

cited By 0; Purpose: To identify prognosis factors and functional outcomes of persistent placoid maculopathy (PPM). Methods: We collected personal PPM cases and combined them with the data from the literature. Results: 68 eyes of 37 patients with PPM were analyzed, including six new cases. Twenty-six patients were men (70%) with a mean age of 51.8 years old. The mean initial visual acuity (VA) was 0.52 LogMar ± 0.55 for a mean final VA of 0.49 LogMar ± 0.51. Risk factors for poor VA included: initial VA less than 0.2 LogMar (p

Brown's syndrome is related to an abnormality of the superior oblique muscle: it is manifested by an oculomotor disorder with active and passive limitation of elevation in adduction, the field of action of the inferior oblique muscle. The origin is congenital or acquired secondary to multiple causes - inflammatory-infectious, traumatic or iatrogenic. The clinical and paraclinical signs are suggestive. Cerebral and orbital imaging including CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for the diagnosis and management of congenital or acquired Brown's syndrome. The course may yield improvement (spontaneous or after etiological treatment) or a steady state. Treatment is rarely surgical. The indication for surgery requires specific functional and clinical signs: torticollis, hypotropia in primary position, associated strabismus and impaired binocular vision; the long-term results of the various surgical techniques are variable.

Optic pathway glioma (OPG) is a classic complication of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and can impair visual function in children with this condition. The objective of this study is to describe clinical, paraclinical and prognostic characteristics of OPG associated with NF1.In this retrospective observational study of children followed for OPG associated with NF1 in a University Hospital, we analyzed the ophthalmological examination, brain and orbital imaging, management and the presence of associated endocrinopathy.We examined 114 children with NF1, of which 26 (22.81%) presented with OPG. Mean ages at diagnosis of NF1 and OPG were 3.83 years and 6.23 years, respectively. Mean visual acuity was 20/24.4 for the worse eye and 20/23.1 for the better eye. The RNFL (retinal nerve fiber layer) was thinner in subjects than in age-matched controls (p0.0001). Retrochiasmal location of the OPG (DodgeC) was associated with lower binocular visual acuity than other locations and20/32 (p=0.028); 28.03% of OPG (5 girls and 1 boy) were treated with chemotherapy, and the others were monitored; 19.23% had an associated endocrinopathy.OPG complicates 22.81% of NF1 cases in our series. Our study shows that retrochiasmal location of the glioma and female sex are poor prognostic factors. It also highlights the important role of OCT, since a decrease in RNFL is statistically associated with the presence of an OPG.

International audience; In amblyopia, there is an interocular suppressive imbalance that results in the fixing eye dominating perception. In this study, we aimed to determine whether these suppressive interactions were narrowband and tuned for spatial frequency or broadband and independent of spatial frequency. We measured the contrast sensitivity and masking functions of fifteen amblyopic subjects and seventeen control subjects using the quick Contrast Sensitivity Function (qCSF) approach (Lesmes, Lu, Baek, & Albright, 2010). We first measured the monocular sensitivity functions of each participant and thereafter corrected for it. We then measured masking sensitivity functions for low, mid and high spatial frequency masks, normalized to their visibility. In the control group, we observed that the strength of dichoptic masking is equivalent between the two eyes. It is also tuned such that masking by low spatial frequencies in one eye mainly affects low spatial frequencies in the other eye and masking by high spatial frequencies mainly affects high spatial frequencies. In amblyopes, although the interocular masking is also tuned for spatial frequency, it is not equivalent between the two eyes: the masking effect from the amblyopic to fixing eye is weaker than the other way around. The asymmetry observed in the strength of masking between the two eyes in amblyopia is tuned for spatial frequency. It is not the consequence of the contrast sensitivity deficit of the amblyopic eye nor is it the consequence of abnormally strong masking from the fixing eye. Rather it is due to an abnormally weak masking strength by the amblyopic eye per se.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to better understand the role of vascular risk factors in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a detailed analysis of retinal arterial wall thickness is needed. The purpose of the present study was to make a morphologic analysis of peripapillary arteriole in POAG using adaptive optics (AO) technology. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included otherwise healthy subjects with an isolated confirmed diagnosis of bilateral POAG. Patients' clinical characteristics were noted. AO imaging followed by a complete ophthalmic examination was performed. A single operator masked to clinical data performed 5 measurements at different locations of each analyzed vessel. For each location, lumen diameter and wall thickness were measured. Total diameter, wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR), and whole cross-sectional area were calculated. RESULTS Lumen diameter and total diameter were significantly lower in the glaucoma group (n=31) than in the control group (n=29): [median (interquartile ranges)] 88.3 (82.6-99.2) versus 102.3 (87-113.1) (P=0.03) and 121.1 (109.3-130.5) versus 134.4 (112.7-144.4), respectively (P=0.015). Wall thickness, WLR, and whole cross-sectional area were not significantly different. Apart from a significantly higher WLR in subjects with reported high cholesterol levels, we did not observe any correlation between patients' clinical characteristics and any of the parameters. CONCLUSIONS We observed in POAG a narrowing of the arteriolar lumen without modification of the vessel wall thickness. To date, it is the first time that these data are obtained using AO. This suggests that the vascular risk factor in POAG only reduces the vascular caliber without inducing any patent atherosclerosis of the retinal arterial wall.

Resume Introduction Les keratoprotheses offrent une alternative therapeutique aux patients ayant une cecite corneenne bilaterale et ne pouvant pas beneficier d’une allogreffe de cornee. Le but de ce travail etait d’evaluer l’interet et les limites de la keratoprothese de Boston. Materiel et methodes Sept patients ont beneficie de l’implantation unilaterale d’une keratoprothese de Boston de type I entre decembre 2012 et novembre 2016. Les donnees suivantes ont ete recueillies : l’indication chirurgicale, l’acuite visuelle preoperatoire, postoperatoire a J1, J7, J30, 6 mois et 12 mois, les complications et le traitement postoperatoire. Resultats L’âge moyen d’implantation etait de 58,7 ± 23,4 ans. L’indication chirurgicale correspondait a 1 cas d’aniridie bilaterale congenitale, 2 cas de brulure chimique et 4 decompensations du greffon apres keratoplasties multiples. L’acuite visuelle preoperatoire etait limitee a « perception lumineuse positive » dans 6 cas et « voit bouger la main » dans un cas. Un gain d’acuite visuelle a ete observe chez 4 patients, ce qui correspondait a un gain moyen de 1,53 logMAR au dernier controle. L’acuite visuelle postoperatoire etait en moyenne de 2,33 logMAR. Tous les patients ont constate une amelioration de leur qualite de vie et de leur autonomie. Discussion La selection des patients doit etre faite avec soin, en privilegiant les patients ayant un potentiel fonctionnel conserve et un suivi postoperatoire rapproche possible, afin de garantir la meilleure reussite possible du traitement. Conclusion La keratoprothese de Boston permet un gain de vision et une meilleure qualite de vie pour des patients souffrant d’une cecite corneenne bilaterale.

Resume Introduction La secheresse oculaire est une pathologie plurifactorielle de la surface oculaire dont la frequence elevee, le retentissement significatif sur la qualite de vie et sur la vision, ainsi que le cout financier, en font un veritable probleme de sante publique. Si le traitement des formes minimes a moderees est generalement simple et efficace, celui des formes severes est souvent decevant. L’utilisation de collyres a base de serum autologue (CSA) represente une alternative therapeutique envisageable pour les cas les plus severes. L’objectif de notre etude est d’evaluer l’efficacite du traitement par CSA a long-terme chez des patients presentant des syndromes secs isoles refractaires aux traitements conventionnels ou secondaires a d’autres pathologies generales telles que le syndrome de Gougerot-Sjogren et la maladie du greffon contre l’hote (GVH), ou a des pathologies oculaires telles que les keratites neurotrophiques, les brulures chimiques et les pemphigoides cicatricielles oculaires. Patients et methodes Il s’agit d’une etude observationnelle retrospective monocentrique menee sur 47 patients, soit 83 yeux traites par collyre de serum autologue a l’Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille entre avril 2014 et avril 2017 pour syndrome sec oculaire severe isole ou secondaire. Les symptomes subjectifs des patients (score ocular surface disease index [OSDI]), leur degre de satisfaction ainsi que les effets secondaires ont ete recueillis a l’aide de questionnaires. Le break up time (BUT) et le score de Schirmer ont ete notes. Une evaluation clinique fondee sur un test de coloration corneenne a la fluoresceine (score Oxford) est realisee avant le traitement par CSA a P0 puis selon 5 periodicites : P1 (entre 1 et 3 mois), P2 (3 et 9 mois), P3 (9 a 15 mois) et P4 (15 mois a 24 mois), P5 (> 24 mois). Resultats Sur les 83 yeux traites, l’âge moyen etait de 54,39 ans ± 21,56 dont 20 hommes (42,55 %) et 27 femmes (57,44 %), les indications de traitement comprenaient principalement 25,53 % de GVH, 21,27 % de syndromes secs oculaires severes primitifs et 19,14 % de syndrome de Goujerot-Sjogren primaire. Le suivi moyen a ete de 9,82 mois ± 15,50. La variation du score OSDI entre P0 et P1 montre une diminution de 19,32 points ± 29,37 (p Discussion Des analyses biologiques complementaires sur la composition des CSA sont en cours afin de mettre en evidence des facteurs predictifs d’efficacite. Ainsi, les patients non repondeurs au traitement par CSA pourraient repondre aux collyres de serum allogenique, fabriques a partir de sang peripherique preleve chez un donneur sain a partir de sang de cordon. Conclusion Sur cette premiere serie de 83 yeux traites par CSA, une efficacite clinique a ete notee chez la majorite des patients. Aucune complication infectieuse n’a ete rapportee et le taux de satisfaction a ete tres eleve.

Introduction: Neonatal herpes infections can be extremely severe and their early recognition allows for appropriate management and increases the child’s chances of survival. Case description: We report the case of a premature infant born by vaginal delivery and transferred to intensive care after neonatal misadaptation. Examination of the fundus revealed lesions of acute bilateral retinal necrosis, strongly suggesting a herpetic etiology. Conclusions: This case highlights the clinical benefit of an ophthalmologic exam in newborns with equivocal brain lesions. Herein, the fundus examination allowed for high suspicion of herpes virus infection.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasonic cyclocoagulation in severe or refractory glaucoma, and to analyze the procedure-related inflammation. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective study, 15 eyes of 13 patients suffering from severe or refractory glaucoma with uncontrolled intraocular pressure of ⩾21 mmHg underwent 8-s ultrasonic cyclocoagulation. A complete ophthalmic evaluation, quality of life assessment using Glau-Qol-17, endothelial cell count, and flare measurement were performed. Primary outcome was qualified surgical success (defined as intraocular pressure reduction from baseline ⩾20% and intraocular pressure >5 mmHg without hypotensive medication adjunction). Secondary outcomes were flare, endothelial cell loss, and quality of life. Results: Qualified success was achieved in 67% of eyes at 6 months (mean intraocular pressure reduction = 42% in these eyes). During the first month after the procedure, the mean flare reached its maximum value when the intraocular pressure was minimal; the flare slowly decreased until normalization at month 3 when the maximal intraocular pressure was noted. At month 3, there was moderate but significant endothelial cell loss (11%), and no significant alteration in quality of life was demonstrated. Conclusion: The efficacy of ultrasonic cyclocoagulation in the present study is comparable to that reported in the literature. The kinetics of intraocular pressure and flare suggest that postoperative inflammation could be partly responsible for the early intraocular pressure decrease. The moderate endothelial cell loss, which could be caused by localized heating, and the preservation of quality of life confirm the safety of ultrasonic cyclocoagulation.

Purpose The main purpose of this study was to describe a unique case of retro-orbital infantile hemangioma (IH) simulating a congenital glaucoma requiring prompt management with systemic propranolol. Study design This was a case report. Results A 2-month-old white female was referred to our department of ophthalmology for progressive, unilateral protrusion of the left eye associated with epiphora. Clinical examination was suggestive of congenital glaucoma, as evidenced by high intraocular pressure, optic disc cup, increased corneal diameter, and axial length. The left eye proptosis was measured at 4 mm with the Hertel exophthalmometer. Cycloplegic refraction discloses high degree of astigmatism in the left eye. A cerebral and orbital magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intraconal vascular mass evocative of orbital IH.Oral propranolol was initiated and resulted in a rapid radiologic reduction of the IH. Concomitantly, the notable finding was the reversal of congenital glaucoma parameters without the need of surgery. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of a secondary congenital glaucoma reversal with oral propranolol used for orbital IH management.

Purpose: The etiology of torpedo maculopathy remains unknown, but it has been recently suggested that it could represent a persistent defect in the development of the retinal pigment epithelium. As retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors form a functional unit, an alteration of photoreceptor distribution or function is predictable. The aim of this study is to describe multimodal imaging, including adaptive optics, in three cases of torpedo maculopathy, and discuss its pathogenesis. Methods: Multimodal imaging is presented, including fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography, adaptive optics, autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, and ultra-widefield retinal imaging in three cases of torpedo maculopathy. Results: An oval-shaped well-delimited chorioretinal lesion both hypopigmented centrally and with a hyperpigmented border in the temporal macula, consistent with torpedo maculopathy, was observed in three patients. Optical coherence tomography showed a preservation of the inner retina, a mild atrophy of the outer retina, an alteration of the ellipsoid zone and of the retinal pigment epithelium layer, and a neurosensory detachment. These lesions were hypoautofluorescent with a hyperautofluorescent border. Fluorescein angiography showed a hyperfluorescence by window effect. Adaptive optics imaging showed an alteration of the cone mosaic within the lesions, with a lower cone density and a higher spacing between cones. Conclusion: The alteration of the cone mosaic suggested by adaptive optics in torpedo maculopathy has never been described and could be explained by the alteration of the retinal pigment epithelium. Our results support the existing hypothesis on the pathogenesis of torpedo maculopathy that a persistent defect in the development of the retinal pigment epithelium may be responsible for this clinical entity.

Congenital abnormalities of the optic disc are not uncommon in clinical practice and should be recognized. Size abnormalities of the optic disc include optic disc aplasia, hypoplasia, megalopapilla, and optic disc cupping in prematurity. Among congenital excavations of the optic disc head, morning glory disc anomaly and optic disc pit can be complicated by serous retinal detachment; the papillorenal disc is an association of bilateral optic disc cupping and renal hypoplasia which should be ruled out; optic disc coloboma is caused by an abnormal closure of the embryonic fissure and can be complicated by choroidal neovascularization and retinal detachment. Other abnormalities that will be discussed are congenital tilted disc syndrome, duplicity of the optic disc head, congenital pigmentation of the optic disc head and myelinated retinal nerve fibers. All of these abnormalities can be associated with syndromes and neurological diseases, as well as other potentially blinding ophthalmological defects which can be secondarily complicated by amblyopia, strabismus and nystagmus. Thus, they should be recognized in order to plan for appropriate follow-up.

Background/ purpose: Diffuse subretinal fibrosis and uveitis syndrome is an inflammatory disease rarely reported. The purpose of this article is to describe a rare case of diffuse subretinal fibrosis syndrome in an 8-year-old child. Methods and results: The patient initially presented with a loss of vision in his right eye, with a visual acuity of 20/200. The visual acuity of the left eye was normal. Clinical examination showed bilateral anterior and posterior inflammation while the fundus revealed on the right eye an inter maculopapillar fibrosed lesion with a discrete retinal hemorrhage and a similar but smaller lesion on the left eye. The optical coherence tomography showed hyper-reflective material compatible with pre-retinal and subretinal pigment epithelial fibrosis and associated subretinal fluid. The angiography facilitated the diagnosis of neovascularization that was associated with the fibrotic lesion. The rest of the clinical pediatric examination remained negative and a diagnosis of diffuse subretinal fibrosis syndrome complicated with neovascularization was made. Treatment with systemic corticosteroids at the dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 1 month with a progressive decrease of 5 mg per month allowed for both anatomical and functional improvement. The visual acuity of the right eye improved from 20/200 to 20/63 at 1 month, 20/32 at 2 months, and 20/20 at 4 months. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bilateral diffuse subretinal fibrosis complicated by neovascularization. General corticosteroid therapy proved to be effective in this case and appears to be a viable option in first-line treatment.

Brown's syndrome is related to an abnormality of the superior oblique muscle: it is manifested by an oculomotor disorder with active and passive limitation of elevation in adduction, the field of action of the inferior oblique muscle. The origin is congenital or acquired secondary to multiple causes - inflammatory-infectious, traumatic or iatrogenic. The clinical and paraclinical signs are suggestive. Cerebral and orbital imaging including CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for the diagnosis and management of congenital or acquired Brown's syndrome. The course may yield improvement (spontaneous or after etiological treatment) or a steady state. Treatment is rarely surgical. The indication for surgery requires specific functional and clinical signs: torticollis, hypotropia in primary position, associated strabismus and impaired binocular vision; the long-term results of the various surgical techniques are variable.

Background To describe a unique case of decompression retinopathy manifesting as pre-macular subhyaloid hemorrhage that occurs in a nine-day old child after undergoing a non-penetrating deep sclerectomy for primary congenital glaucoma. Case presentation We report a single case of a 9-day-old boy who was referred to our department of ophthalmology for bilateral buphtalmia and corneal edema. He presented marked elevation of the intraocular pressure in both eyes (22 mmHg and 26 mmHg, in the right eye and left eye respectively) associated with significant optic nerve cupping. Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy was performed for each eye, with effective reduction of the intraocular pressure during the first week postoperatively (11 mmHg and 7 mmHg in the right eye and left eye respectively). The right eye presented an isolated subhyaloid hemorrhage located in the pre-macular area, persisting 3 weeks after the initial surgery and requiring pars-plana vitrectomy to clear the visual axis. This uncommon complication was identified as decompression retinopathy. The intraocular pressure remained controlled in the normal range three years after initial surgery in both eyes, with reversal of optic disc cupping. Conclusions Decompression retinopathy is a potential complication after non-penetrating deep sclerectomy in primary congenital glaucoma, requiring prompt treatment strategy to prevent potential organic amblyopia.

Keratoprostheses offer a therapeutic alternative to patients with bilateral corneal blindness who cannot undergo corneal allograft. The goal of this work was to evaluate the indications and limitations of Boston keratoprosthesis.Seven patients underwent unilateral implantation of a Boston type I keratoprosthesis between December 2012 and November 2016. The following data were collected: surgical indication, preoperative visual acuity, postoperative visual acuity at D1, D7, D30, 6 months and 12 months, complications and postoperative treatment.The mean age of implantation was 58.7±23.4 years. The surgical indications included 1 case of congenital bilateral aniridia, 2 cases of chemical burn and 4 graft decompensations after multiple keratoplasties. Preoperative visual acuity was limited to "light perception" in 6 cases and "hand motion" in one case. A gain in visual acuity was observed in 4 patients, which corresponded to a mean gain of 1.53 logMAR at last follow-up. Postoperative visual acuity averaged 2.33 logMAR. All patients experienced an improvement in their quality of life and independence.Patients should be selected carefully, favoring patients with a remaining functional potential and able to engage in close postoperative follow-up, in order to ensure the best possible treatment success.Boston keratoprosthesis provides improved vision and improved quality of life for patients suffering from bilateral corneal blindness.

Dry eye disease is a multifactorial pathology of the ocular surface. The high incidence of this pathology, as well as its significant impact on quality of life and vision and its financial cost, makes it a real public health problem. While the treatment of mild cases is generally simple and effective, treatment of severe forms is often disappointing. The use of autologous serum tears (AST) represents a therapeutic alternative for the most severe cases. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the efficacy of long-term AST treatment in patients with severe dry eye disease refractory to conventional treatment or secondary to systemic diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome or Graft versus Host disease (GVH), or ocular pathologies such as neurotrophic keratitis, chemical burns and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.This is a monocentric retrospective observational study conducted on 47 patients, with 83 eyes treated with autologous serum eye drops for isolated or secondary dry eye disease at the Marseille Public Hospitals between April 2014 and April 2017. The patients' subjective symptoms (ocular surface disease index [OSDI] score), their degree of satisfaction and the side effects were collected using questionnaires. Tear Break Up Time (BUT) and Schirmer scores were noted. A clinical evaluation based on fluorescein staining (Oxford score) was carried out prior to treatment with AST at P0 followed by 5 periods: P1 (between 1 and 3 months), P2 (3 to 9 months), P3 (9 to 15 months), P4 (15 months to 24 months), and P5 (24 months).Out of the 83 eyes treated, the mean age was 54.39±21.56. There were 20 males (42.55 %) and 27 females (57.44 %); treatment indications consisted mainly of 25.53 % GVH, 21.27 % severe dry eye disease and 19.14 % Sjögren syndrome. The mean duration of follow-up was 9.82 months±15.50. The OSDI score decreased by 19.32 points±29.37 (P0.05) between P0 and P1 and by 23.06 points±18.41 (P0.05) between P0 and P4. The Oxford clinical score showed a significant decrease by the third month of treatment, between P0 and P2, by 1.32 points±1.76 (P0.05). The Schirmer test and the BUT also showed an improvement in dry eye symptoms over time with AST, significantly at P1 (P0.05).Complementary biological analyzes on the composition of AST are under way in order to identify predictive factors of effectiveness; patients not responding to AST treatment might respond to allogeneic serum from healthy donor cord blood.On this first series of 83 eyes treated with ASD, clinical efficacy was noted in most of the patients. No infectious complications were reported, and the satisfaction rate was very high.

Using a gasometric method the persulfate decomposition rate in aqueous solutions at different pH values in the temperature range 323 K < T < 363 K has been studied. In all cases oxygen evolution is quantitative and proceeds by radical mechanism. The activation energy of oxygen evolution is practically equal to the value obtained by using different methods. A new mechanism is proposed based on a “solvation effect”.

The kinetics of persulfate decomposition in the presence of different detergents has been studied. It has been shown that the site and mechanism of initiation of emulsion polymerization depend on the structure and chemical character of the micell surface zone. By the example of polyoxyethylenated octadecylamine it has been established that the rates of initiation and polymerization of styrene, the composition of styrene-methylmethacrylate copolymer and the rate of some hydrolysis in model reactions with some esters change similarly with the change of the micell structure. Die Kinetik des Zerfalls von Kaliumpersulfat in wasrigen Losungen verschiedener Tenside in Gegenwart der Monomere wird untersucht. Ort und Mechanismus der Initiierung der Emulsionspolymerisation hangen von der Struktur und chemischen Natur der Micellenoberflache ab. Am Beispiel von polyethoxyliertem Octadecylamin wird gezeigt, das sich die Geschwindigkeit der Initiierung und der Polymerisation von Styren, die Zusammensetzung des Styren-Methylmethacrylat-Copolymers sowie die Geschwindigkeit der Hydrolyse einiger Ester als Modellreaktion symbat mit der Micellenstruktur andert.

The kinetics of the reactions of peroxydisulphate with alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, and butanol) and with acetaldehyde have been studied. Their radical-chain behaviour has been established. Using a radical-scavenger method it has been shown that the chain-initiating step is the monomolecular homolysis of the peroxydisulphate anion. The ‘limiting’ concentration of the reducing agents, the mean kinetic chain length, and the overall energy of activation have been determined. The mechanism of the autoinhibition of the reaction of primary alcohol with peroxydisulphate has been discussed.