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Tendon is a connective tissue that produces movement by transmitting the force produced by muscle contraction to the bones. Most tendinopathy is caused by prolonged overloading of the tendon, leading to degenerative disease of the tendon. When overloaded, the oxygen demand of tenocytes increases, and the tendon structure is special and lacks blood supply, which makes it easier to form an oxygen-deficient environment in tenocytes. The production of reactive oxygen species due to hypoxia causes elevation of inflammatory markers in the tendon, including PGE2, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In the process of tendon healing, inflammation is also a necessary stage. The inflammatory environment formed by cytokines and various immune cells play an important role in the clearance of necrotic material, the proliferation of tenocytes, and the production of collagen fibers. However, excessive inflammation can lead to tendon adhesions and hinder tendon healing. Some important and diverse biological functions of the body originate from intercellular signal transduction, among which cytokine mediation is an important way of signal transduction. In particular, NF-κB, NLRP3, p38/MAPK, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, four common signaling pathways in tendinopathy inflammatory response, play a crucial role in the regulation and transcription of inflammatory factors. Therefore, summarizing the specific mechanisms of inflammatory signaling pathways in tendinopathy is of great significance for an in-depth understanding of the inflammatory response process and exploring how to inhibit the harmful part of the inflammatory response and promote the beneficial part to improve the healing effect of the tendon.

Alfred Hitchcock, the master of suspense, is renowned for his unique cinematic style and profound insights into the complexity of human nature. Among the various female characters in his films, the mother figure holds a particularly significant place. This article proposes the concept of "maternal emptiness" to describe the predicament of the mother figures in Hitchcock's films, where they are often depicted as distorted, dark, and somewhat lacking in maternal essence. Drawing on psychoanalytic and feminist film theories, especially the works of Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and Laura Mulvey, this study aims to deconstruct Hitchcockian "maternal emptiness" and explore its deep-rooted causes. Through a systematic examination of the mother figures in Hitchcock's filmography, this article identifies the following three main categories: the mother roles of blonde women, the mother roles of female protagonists, and the mother roles of male protagonists. Close textual analysis reveals that these mother figures, despite their apparent diversity, share a common plight—a deviation from the maternal essence of love, care, and nourishment. This "maternal emptiness" is further traced back to Hitchcock's childhood traumas, the patriarchal ideology in the cultural context, and the changing status of motherhood in modern society. By engaging critically with existing Hitchcock scholarship, including the works of Tania Modleski, Paul Gordon, and Slavoj Žižek, this study situates the concept of "maternal emptiness" within the broader discussions of motherhood in cinema. It explores how Hitchcock's representation of mothers both reflects and challenges contemporary understandings of maternity. Furthermore, this study examines the enduring influence of Hitchcock's maternal representations on contemporary cinema, analyzing films such as Darren Aronofsky's "Mother!" (2017) and Ari Aster's "Hereditary" (2018) to demonstrate the ongoing relevance of "maternal emptiness" in modern film discourse. The study concludes by considering the legacy of Hitchcock's maternal representations in contemporary cinema, demonstrating the ongoing relevance of the concept of "maternal emptiness" in film analysis and its potential for reimagining maternal subjectivity in cinematic representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]