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Grasslands belong to valuable ecosystems facing, all over Europe, a drastic decline in their range and loss of species diversity. Severe floristic transformation may result from the cessation of traditional low-input agricultural use, and consequently, the massive spread of perennial herbs and tall grasses. Invaders can quickly form dense stands and displace endemic vegetation, which results in a nearly complete turnover of phytocenoses. In European protected areas, the only legally acceptable means for suppressing alien species and native dominants within protected areas are biological methods and mowing. We investigated the effect of cutting on the presence of three megaforbs: Lysimachia vulgaris, Lythrum salicaria, and Filipendula ulmaria in fen meadows. We hypothesized that long-term, systematic management mimicking a traditional agricultural practice, would suppress the expansion of megaforbs. Management effectively stopped Lysimachia vulgaris only in marshes, where groundwater in the growing season fell deeper than 50 cm. Coverage of Lythrum salicaria fluctuated over the years, while Filipendula ulmaria did not give in to mowing pressure; on the contrary, it increased its coverage in some places. In light of the results of the long-term experiment, we conclude that mowing appeared to be low effective in preventing the spread of tall perennials. It was likely that indirect factors caused the local withdrawal of megaforbs, i.e., mowing-driven stimulation of other species’ development (e.g., Carex spp., Phragmites) that outcompete Lysimachia vulgaris.

Garden loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris L.), is an invasive wetland plant that is subject to management in King County, WA, USA. Large-scale management efforts are generally conducted using herbicides. In this case study, we analyzed 17 yr of monitoring and treatment data in four riparian areas in King County to estimate the rate of spread of L. vulgaris and the efficacy of herbicidal treatments against L. vulgaris populations. In each area, herbicide treatments were applied annually. In three of the areas, the area infested with L. vulgaris did not change over time, while in the fourth area populations of L. vulgaris were spreading at a rate of 0.79 m2 yr−1. There were a greater number of sampled locations infested with L. vulgaris over the 17-yr period, and because populations were either not spreading or spreading slowly, it is possible that populations were becoming more fragmented. There was no relationship between the percentage of the infested area treated with herbicides and the area infested in the following year. However, there was a negative relationship between the area treated and the percent change in the invaded area; specifically, in years when L. vulgaris did not retract over the 17-yr study period.

This study describes the biomorphology of plants living under variable watering conditions. Its outcome expands the concept of a modular organization as a constructive and representative approach to comparative-morphological analysis and unraveling the ways of biomorph evolution. The structural organization of biomorphs growing in sites composed of gradients of humidification stability (from floodplain meadows to coasts, water cuts, and beaches) is examined on a base of systemic and complementary approaches. Model plant species—Solanum ulcamara, Thalictrum simplex, Lysimachia vulgaris, Lycopus europaeus, Stellaria palustris Persicaria amphibia, and Erysimum cheiranthoides—are studied. It is determined that acceleration in the vegetative and generative spheres entails the appearance of monocarps in the hygrophilic evolutional line. It is shown that the ontogenesis of individuals of seed and vegetative origin is reduced to a single fruiting, and the specificity of the shoot-formation model is preserved in plants of all the considered biotopes. Such a specific sign is identified as the internode elongation in the shoots located in the substrate, in the supersubstrate parts under flooding, in grass rags, or in dense grass under low light. Another sign is a sympodial growth by formation of the replacement shoots. On the model species, it is determined that plant adaptability is supported by the changes in individual structural elements of the monocarpic shoots; the structural and functional zonation of the monocarpic shoots determines the autonomization of the individual’s parts. Our results confirm the idea that the monocarpic shoot and the system formed on its basis belong to the category of axes of an herbaceous plant as part of an architectural unit (in terms of D. Barthelemy and Y. Caraglio). Our data make it possible to conclude that reservoir settlement with flowering plants is possible for long-shoot long-rhizome grasses and subshrub vines. Two evolutional directions are possible: (1) the emergence of monocarpic annuals and (2) the emergence of short-lived and annual plants of vegetative origin associated with the formation of acentric and clearly polycentric stolon-forming and root-shoot biomorphs.

In stressful and harsh environments, safe sites for seedling recruitment may be created by nurse plants, which accumulate propagules and subsequently facilitate the establishment of individuals. The main goal of the presented studies focused on observations of seedling recruitment in small and large tussocks of Deschampsia caespitosa derived from patches of unmanaged Molinietum caeruleae meadows situated along the successional gradient and dominated by small meadow species (Patch I), by macroforbs (Patch II), or overgrown by trees and shrubs (Patch III). The studies showed that, irrespective of patch character, Serratula tinctoria, Selinum carvifolia, Lysimachia vulgaris and Filipendula ulmaria are among the best colonizers of Deschampsia caespitosa tussocks. The gradual decrease in number of species and offspring abundance along the successional gradient may be connected with a prolonged period of water stagnation accelerating the development of fungal pathogens, a major cause of mortality for ...

Garden loosesrtife (Lysimachia vulgaris L.) is a highly invasive wetland plant species that is rapidly spreading in parts of western Washington. It is known to spread asexually through rhizomes, but the contribution of seed reproduction is largely unknown. We investigated seed germination under different temperature treatments, finding a strong effect. Seeds sown under summer conditions were able to germinate at high rates immediately. Seeds sown in spring/fall and winter conditions had low germination until moved into summer temperatures, when they germinated quickly at high rates. This facultative dormancy allows seeds to overwinter if germination conditions are not appropriate in the autumn, at the time of seed maturation. We suggest seed production should be eliminated to prevent further spread of the species.

Necromass, i.e., dead plant parts, has a great impact on the spatial patterns of populations and communities. Depending on its thickness and the degree of decomposition, it may constitute a space-blocking physical barrier and impede recruitment of individuals due to, e.g., autotoxication. The aim of the study was to determine the role of the necromass layer in formation of the soil seed bank of variously moist meadow communities and its influence on the efficiency of generative reproduction. The authors paid special attention to the possibility of capture and storage of seeds of species occurring in the vegetation cover by necromass. Additionally, selected features of seeds of species present on the necromass were analyzed in order to identify species that can potentially contribute to formation of the necromass seed bank.The plant cover comprised 52 species in total. Seedlings of 21 taxa appeared on the necromass and their number ranged from 10 to 13, depending on the patch. The density of the seedlings ranged from 339 to 4923 m−2. In all patches, Lythrum salicaria and Lysimachia vulgaris seedlings were most numerous. These two species were characterized by the highest frequency as well. The low values of Jaccard’s index (0.28–0.36) imply a low share of taxa that are common for the necromass and the vegetation cover. This result should be explained by the occurrence of large disproportions in the number of all species identified on the necromass and among the vegetation. The seeds are typically characterized by small sizes and usually have smooth or finely striated and/or ribbed surface texture. The presence of additional structures, e.g., pappus and hairs, in the largest and heaviest seeds (Crepis paludosa, Geum rivale, and Cirsium spp.) may help seeds capture in the necromass.

Lysimachia vulgaris L. (yellow loosestrife) is a medicinal plant that has been used in the treatment of fever, ulcer, diarrhea and wounds in traditional medicine. A reliable in vitro culture protocol for yellow loosestrife was established. Explants (leaf lamina, stem internode and root segments) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog minimal organics (MSMO) medium supplemented with various plant growth regulator combinations. Of the tested combinations, those involving benzyladenine (BA) with either indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were the most effective for all used explants in shoot production. Best shoot proliferation was obtained from leaf lamina explant cultured on media containing 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mg/l IBA, from stem internode explant cultured on media containing 1 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l IBA or 0.01 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 mg/l IAA, and from root explant cultured on media containing 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l IAA. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MSMO medium containing different concentrations of IAA, IBA, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). IBA was determined as the most effective auxin for rooting. Most shoots developed roots on medium with 0.5 mg/l IBA.

UPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of free flavonol aglycones (kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin) after acidic hydrolysis in six Lysimachia species. Quantitative analyses showed that the amounts of various flavonol aglycones were significantly different in Lysimachia vulgaris, Lysimachia nummularia, Lysimachia punctata, Lysimachia christinae, Lysimachia ciliata and Lysimachia clethroides. The L. clethroides sample was found to be the richest in kaempferol (25.77 ± 1.29 μg/mg extract) and quercetin (97.67 ± 4.61 μg/mg extract), while the L. nummularia sample contained the highest amount of myricetin (20.79 ± 1.00 μg/mg extract). The antioxidant capacity of hydrolysed extracts was evaluated using in vitro DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS•+ [2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] decolourisation tests. The observed radical scavenging capacities of the extracts showed a relationship with the measured flavonol aglycone content and composition. The acidic treatment resulted in an increased free radical scavenging activity compared to the untreated methanol extract.

In the present study, the anti-oxidative properties of 80% ethanol extracts from 140 kinds of natural plants were investigated. Persicaria perfoliata had the highest anti-oxidative relative potency(VitaminE, =1.0), followed by Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Rosa multiflora, Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica, Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica and Lespedeza bicolor ( 1.50). Among them, the anti-oxidative activity values of the n-hexane, , EtOAc, n-BuOH, and water fractions of the 80% EtOH extracts of P. perfoliata and S. sorbifolia in the ORAC assay system were , , , and ; , , , and , respectively, with marked anti-oxidative activity in the ethyl acetate fraction from selected the 2 plant extracts.

We investigated seed morphology in 34 species of the genus Lysimachia and in 14 species and two subspecies of six additional genera (Anagallis, Ardisiandra, Asterolinon, Glaux, Pelletiera, Trientalis), which have been shown to be closely related to, or are placed within Lysimachia in previous molecular studies. We studied seed shape, seed coat structure, and seed coat surface patterns. Three major types of seed shape were identified: (1) sectoroid, (2) polyhedral, and (3) coarsely rugose with concave hilar area. In addition, seeds may be keeled or winged. The outer layer of the seed coat is either sponge-like and adhering only loosely to the inner seed coat or it is thin and tightly adhering to the underlying tissue. Seed surface patterns can be divided into six main types: (1) reticulate, (2) tuberculate, (3) vesiculose, (4) colliculate, (5) undulate, or (6) poroid-alveolate. Seed surface patterns are mostly congruent with molecular phylogenetic relationships. A reticulate surface pattern is diagnostic of, e.g. Lysimachia subgenera Palladia and Hawaiian Lysimachiopsis. Mapping seed characters onto a recent phylogenetic tree, reveals that they provide potentially synapomorphic character states for various subclades of Lysimachia. Salient examples include a rugose seed shape, which turns out to be synapomorphic for the clade comprising the genus Pelletiera plus Asterolinon linum-stellatum and a sponge-like outer seed coat layer, which characterizes a clade with Lysimachia vulgaris, L. thyrsiflora, and L. terrestris, with an analogue that apparently evolved in parallel in Trientalis europaea. We also discuss possible habitat factors that may have favored the independent evolution of particular seed types such as winged seeds in various lineages.

Este artículo contiene 1 tabla, 4 figuras., The effects of experimental inundation on invertebrate communities in artificial flumes fed with treated wastewater were investigated. Flumes, designed to simulate intermittent river conditions, were planted with three different species of helophytes widely used in river restoration around the water-stressed regions of Europe. Different species of vegetation had different capabilities to reduce the invertebrates negative reaction on inundation, related mostly to rhizosphere density. Of the three helophyte species tested, only one, Lysimachia vulgaris, showed significant capabilities to reduce invertebrate negative reaction on inundation. Species richness of invertebrates before and after the inundation did not change in any of the flumes, while species density significantly declined in all flumes except one planted with L. vulgaris. This helophyte species was associated with high densities of the Culicidae larvae (common mosquitos) which has severe implications for river restoration and vector management in the region. This study indicates that the selection and establishment of different helophyte species will impact invertebrate communities in restored streams, especially streams experiencing variable inundation conditions., The flume experiments were supported by The Leverhulme Trust through the project "Where rivers, groundwater and disciplines meet: A hyporheic research network‟ with additional support from EU FP7-ITN" "Interfaces: Ecohydrological interfaces as critical hotspots for transformations of ecosystem exchange fluxes and biogeochemical cycles‟ grant 607150, and from the participating institutions.

Lysimachia vulgaris L. (Primulaceae) has been used in the folk medicine of Europe and Asia in the treatment of fever, ulcers, diarrhoea and as an analgesic and antiinflammatory agent. From the underground parts of the plant a benzoquinone pigment and triterpene saponosides were isolated. Cytotoxic and antifungal activity of these compounds were tested in vitro against human and mouse melanoma cells and the yeast Candida albicans respectively. The results showed that saponoside B exerted cytotoxicity especially towards human melanoma cells. The pigment was more active as an antifungal agent. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Two European chrysomelids, Galerucella calmariensis (L.) and G. pusilla (Duftschmidt), show promise as biological control agents against the weed Lythrum salicaria L. (purple loosestrife). G. calmariensis and G. pusilla are sympatric, share the same ecological niche on L. salicaria , and are separated by several morphological characters. These two Galerucella species were genetically compared with another sympatric species, G. grisescens (Joannis), found on Lysimachia vulgaris L. (garden loosestrife) in Europe, and to G. nymphaeae (L.), which occurs on water lilies and other wetland plants such as L. salicaria in Europe and the United States. Two additional species of Galerucella occur in North America: G. stefanssoni Brown, feeding on Rubus chamaemorus L. (cloudberry), and G. quebecensis Brown, feeding on Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop, (marsh-flower). Introduction and establishment of G. calmariensis and G. pusilla to combat L. salicaria would increase to five the number of Galerucella species in North America. The five species are keyed, described, and the adult and male genitalia are figured. An isozyme comparison of 33 loci among three species of Galerucella from Germany verified that G. calmariensis, G. pusilla , and G. grisescens are distinct species. G. calmariensis has a genetic marker represented by LDH-1. The clustering analysis based on genetic identities and some behavioral characters suggests that G. grisescens is more closely related to G. nymphaeae than to G. calmariensis or G. pusilla . The three United States samples of G. nymphaeae collected from two different host plants showed moderate differentiation. Mean heterozygosity ranged from 0.100 to 0.214 (mean = 0.157) across all six measured populations of G. calmariensis, G. pusilla, G. grisescens , and G. nymphaeae .

The study attempted to model the abundance of aquatic plant species recorded in a range of ponds in Switzerland. A stratified sample of 80 ponds, distributed all over the country, provided input data for model development. Of the 154 species recorded, 45 were selected for modelling. A total of 14 environmental parameters were preselected as candidate explanatory variables. Two types of statistical tools were used to explore the data and to develop the predictive models: linear regression (LR) and generalized additive models (GAMs). Six LR species models had a reasonable predictive ability (30–50% of variance explained by the selected predictors). There was a gradient in the quality of the 45 GAM models. Ten species models exhibited both a good fit and statistical robustness: Lemna minor, Phragmites australis, Lysimachia vulgaris, Galium palustre, Lysimachia nummularia, Iris pseudacorus, Lythrum salicaria, Lycopus europaeus, Phalaris arundinacea, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Carex nigra. Altitude appeared to be a key explanatory variable in most of the species models. In some cases, the degree to which the shore was shaded, connectivity between water bodies, pond area, mineral nitrogen levels, pond age, pond depth, and the extent of agriculture or pasture in the catchment were selected as additional explanatory variables. The species models demonstrated that it is possible to predict species abundance of aquatic macrophytes and that each species responded individually to distinct environmental variables.

Lysimachia vulgaris Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 146. 1753. "Habitat in Europa ad ripas & paludes." RCN: 1170. Lectotype (Nasir in Nasir & Ali, Fl. Pakistan 157: 84. 1984): Herb. Linn. No. 207.1 (LINN). Generitype of Lysimachia Linnaeus (vide Hitchcock, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 129. 1929). Current name: Lysimachia vulgaris L. (Primulaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 649, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

This study measured copper and zinc concentrations in medicinal herbs and soil sampled from three agricultural fields with ponds from mid-June till the end of July 2014. Six herb species were tested: Potentilla anserina L., Mentha arvensis, Achillea millefolium L., Comarum palustre L., Lysimachia vulgaris L., and Lycopus europaeus L. Two of the ponds were in the borough of Jablonna Lacka and one in the borough of Sabnie. The fields around each pond were divided into transects with three concentric soil moisture sections, each with different soil water contents. Soil and plant samples were taken from each transect to determine the concentrations of copper and zinc by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Despite the use of fertilizers and pesticides in the fields, copper and zinc had not polluted the soil or the plants growing in the soil depressions. Out of the six plants tested, only C. palustre had an increased concentration of zinc. Different farming methods used on the fields affected the concentrations of copper and zinc in the soil of the different depressions. The highest concentrations of these metals were found in the soil of the periodically wet sections.

A hypothesis that a dense stand should develop a less uniform distribution of leaf nitrogen through the canopy than an open stand to increase total canopy photosynthesis was tested with experimentally established stands of Lysimachia vulgaris L. The effect of stand density on spatial variation of photon flux density, leaf nitrogen and specific leaf weight within the canopy was examined. Stand density had little effect on the value of the light extinction coefficient, but strongly affected the distribution of leaf nitrogen per unit area within a canopy. The open stand had more uniform distribution of leaf nitrogen than the dense stand. However, different light climates between stands explained only part of the variation of leaf nitrogen in the canopy. The specific leaf weight in the canopy increased with increasing relative photon flux density and with decreasing nitrogen concentration.

Lysimachia vulgaris, spec. nov. 1. Lysimachia paniculata, racemis terminalibus. Lysimachia foliis lanceolatis, racemo composito terminali. Virid. cliff. 415. Fl. suec. 166. Roy. lugdb. 416. Lysimachia foliis lanceolatis, corymbo terminali. Fl. lapp. 81. Hort. cliff.50. Lysimachia lutea major. Bauh. pin. 245. Habitat in Europa ad ripas & paludes. ���, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1753, Species plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 146, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3931989

From the whole plant of Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica, a new flavonol glycoside was isolated together with astragalin, hyperin, isorhamnetin 3-galactoside, syringetin 3-galactoside and isorhamnetin 3-robinobioside. The structure of the new compound was established as quercetin 3-rhamnosyl (1 → 2) galactoside.

SINCE April, when trout fishing on many occasions in the river Chew, which enters the Avon between Bristol and Bath, I have been impressed with the large number of flowering plants, or Phanerogams, growing as epiphytes on pollard willows and alders by the river-side. I have listed about 103 species, in addition to the common Polypody fern. Some of these are of considerable interest in their strange habitat; and a single plant of Lysimachia vulgaris and two of Nasturtium sylvestre appear to be unrecorded species from the whole valley. The latter was also seen in the bed of the river during the drought of June.