92 results on '"Lynnette Brammer"'
Search Results
2. Risk for Infection in Humans after Exposure to Birds Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, United States, 2022
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Krista Kniss, Kelsey M. Sumner, Katie J. Tastad, Nathaniel M. Lewis, Lauren Jansen, Derek Julian, Mike Reh, Emily Carlson, Robin Williams, Samir Koirala, Bryan Buss, Matthew Donahue, Jennifer Palm, Leslie Kollmann, Stacy Holzbauer, Min Z. Levine, Todd Davis, John R. Barnes, Brendan Flannery, Lynnette Brammer, and Alicia Fry
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influenza ,highly pathogenic avian influenza ,epidemiology ,farms ,surveillance systems ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
During February 7─September 3, 2022, a total of 39 US states experienced outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in birds from commercial poultry farms and backyard flocks. Among persons exposed to infected birds, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viral RNA was detected in 1 respiratory specimen from 1 person.
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- 2023
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3. Mapping of the US Domestic Influenza Virologic Surveillance Landscape
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Barbara Jester, Joy Schwerzmann, Desiree Mustaquim, Tricia Aden, Lynnette Brammer, Rosemary Humes, Pete Shult, Shahram Shahangian, Larisa Gubareva, Xiyan Xu, Joseph Miller, and Daniel Jernigan
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diagnosis ,fluorescent antibody technique ,immunoassay ,influenza ,nucleic acid amplification techniques ,genetic sequence analysis ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal vaccine production. We developed a framework and process map for characterizing the landscape of US influenza virologic surveillance into 5 tiers of influenza testing: outpatient settings (tier 1), inpatient settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state public health laboratories (tier 3), National Influenza Reference Center laboratories (tier 4), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratories (tier 5). During the 2015–16 season, the numbers of influenza tests directly contributing to virologic surveillance were 804,000 in tiers 1 and 2; 78,000 in tier 3; 2,800 in tier 4; and 3,400 in tier 5. With the release of the 2017 US Pandemic Influenza Plan, the proposed framework will support public health officials in modeling, surveillance, and pandemic planning and response.
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- 2018
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4. Distribution of influenza virus types by age using case-based global surveillance data from twenty-nine countries, 1999-2014
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Saverio Caini, Peter Spreeuwenberg, Gabriela F. Kusznierz, Juan Manuel Rudi, Rhonda Owen, Kate Pennington, Sonam Wangchuk, Sonam Gyeltshen, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques, Richard Njouom, Marie-Astrid Vernet, Rodrigo A. Fasce, Winston Andrade, Hongjie Yu, Luzhao Feng, Juan Yang, Zhibin Peng, Jenny Lara, Alfredo Bruno, Doménica de Mora, Celina de Lozano, Maria Zambon, Richard Pebody, Leticia Castillo, Alexey W. Clara, Maria Luisa Matute, Herman Kosasih, Nurhayati, Simona Puzelli, Caterina Rizzo, Herve A. Kadjo, Coulibaly Daouda, Lyazzat Kiyanbekova, Akerke Ospanova, Joshua A. Mott, Gideon O. Emukule, Jean-Michel Heraud, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Amal Barakat, Fatima el Falaki, Sue Q. Huang, Liza Lopez, Angel Balmaseda, Brechla Moreno, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Raquel Guiomar, Li Wei Ang, Vernon Jian Ming Lee, Marietjie Venter, Cheryl Cohen, Selim Badur, Meral A. Ciblak, Alla Mironenko, Olha Holubka, Joseph Bresee, Lynnette Brammer, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Mai Thi Quynh Le, Douglas Fleming, Clotilde El-Guerche Séblain, François Schellevis, John Paget, and Global Influenza B Study group
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Influenza ,Age distribution ,Influenza A virus ,H3N2 subtype ,H1N1 subtype ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Influenza disease burden varies by age and this has important public health implications. We compared the proportional distribution of different influenza virus types within age strata using surveillance data from twenty-nine countries during 1999-2014 (N=358,796 influenza cases). Methods For each virus, we calculated a Relative Illness Ratio (defined as the ratio of the percentage of cases in an age group to the percentage of the country population in the same age group) for young children (0-4 years), older children (5-17 years), young adults (18-39 years), older adults (40-64 years), and the elderly (65+ years). We used random-effects meta-analysis models to obtain summary relative illness ratios (sRIRs), and conducted meta-regression and sub-group analyses to explore causes of between-estimates heterogeneity. Results The influenza virus with highest sRIR was A(H1N1) for young children, B for older children, A(H1N1)pdm2009 for adults, and (A(H3N2) for the elderly. As expected, considering the diverse nature of the national surveillance datasets included in our analysis, between-estimates heterogeneity was high (I2>90%) for most sRIRs. The variations of countries’ geographic, demographic and economic characteristics and the proportion of outpatients among reported influenza cases explained only part of the heterogeneity, suggesting that multiple factors were at play. Conclusions These results highlight the importance of presenting burden of disease estimates by age group and virus (sub)type.
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- 2018
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5. The epidemiological signature of influenza B virus and its B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in the 21st century.
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Saverio Caini, Gabriela Kusznierz, Verònica Vera Garate, Sonam Wangchuk, Binay Thapa, Francisco José de Paula Júnior, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Richard Njouom, Rodrigo A Fasce, Patricia Bustos, Luzhao Feng, Zhibin Peng, Jenny Lara Araya, Alfredo Bruno, Doménica de Mora, Mónica Jeannette Barahona de Gámez, Richard Pebody, Maria Zambon, Rocio Higueros, Rudevelinda Rivera, Herman Kosasih, Maria Rita Castrucci, Antonino Bella, Hervé A Kadjo, Coulibaly Daouda, Ainash Makusheva, Olga Bessonova, Sandra S Chaves, Gideon O Emukule, Jean-Michel Heraud, Norosoa H Razanajatovo, Amal Barakat, Fatima El Falaki, Adam Meijer, Gé A Donker, Q Sue Huang, Tim Wood, Angel Balmaseda, Rakhee Palekar, Brechla Moreno Arévalo, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Raquel Guiomar, Vernon Jian Ming Lee, Li Wei Ang, Cheryl Cohen, Florette Treurnicht, Alla Mironenko, Olha Holubka, Joseph Bresee, Lynnette Brammer, Mai T Q Le, Phuong V M Hoang, Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain, John Paget, and Global Influenza B Study team
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
We describe the epidemiological characteristics, pattern of circulation, and geographical distribution of influenza B viruses and its lineages using data from the Global Influenza B Study. We included over 1.8 million influenza cases occurred in thirty-one countries during 2000-2018. We calculated the proportion of cases caused by influenza B and its lineages; determined the timing of influenza A and B epidemics; compared the age distribution of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata cases; and evaluated the frequency of lineage-level mismatch for the trivalent vaccine. The median proportion of influenza cases caused by influenza B virus was 23.4%, with a tendency (borderline statistical significance, p = 0.060) to be higher in tropical vs. temperate countries. Influenza B was the dominant virus type in about one every seven seasons. In temperate countries, influenza B epidemics occurred on average three weeks later than influenza A epidemics; no consistent pattern emerged in the tropics. The two B lineages caused a comparable proportion of influenza B cases globally, however the B/Yamagata was more frequent in temperate countries, and the B/Victoria in the tropics (p = 0.048). B/Yamagata patients were significantly older than B/Victoria patients in almost all countries. A lineage-level vaccine mismatch was observed in over 40% of seasons in temperate countries and in 30% of seasons in the tropics. The type B virus caused a substantial proportion of influenza infections globally in the 21st century, and its two virus lineages differed in terms of age and geographical distribution of patients. These findings will help inform health policy decisions aiming to reduce disease burden associated with seasonal influenza.
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- 2019
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6. Outbreak of Influenza A (H3N2) Variant Virus Infection among Attendees of an Agricultural Fair, Pennsylvania, USA, 2011
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Karen K. Wong, Adena Greenbaum, Maria E. Moll, James Lando, Erin L. Moore, Rahul Ganatra, Matthew Biggerstaff, Eugene Lam, Erica E. Smith, Aaron D. Storms, Jeffrey R. Miller, Virginia Dato, Kumar Nalluswami, Atmaram Nambiar, Sharon A. Silvestri, James R. Lute, Stephen Ostroff, Kathy Hancock, Alicia Branch, Susan C. Trock, Alexander Klimov, Bo Shu, Lynnette Brammer, Scott Epperson, Lyn Finelli, and Michael A. Jhung
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influenza ,human ,influenza A virus ,H3N2 subtype ,H3N2 subtype variant ,swine diseases ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
During August 2011, influenza A (H3N2) variant [A(H3N2)v] virus infection developed in a child who attended an agricultural fair in Pennsylvania, USA; the virus resulted from reassortment of a swine influenza virus with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. We interviewed fair attendees and conducted a retrospective cohort study among members of an agricultural club who attended the fair. Probable and confirmed cases of A(H3N2)v virus infection were defined by serology and genomic sequencing results, respectively. We identified 82 suspected, 4 probable, and 3 confirmed case-patients who attended the fair. Among 127 cohort study members, the risk for suspected case status increased as swine exposure increased from none (4%; referent) to visiting swine exhibits (8%; relative risk 2.1; 95% CI 0.2–53.4) to touching swine (16%; relative risk 4.4; 95% CI 0.8–116.3). Fairs may be venues for zoonotic transmission of viruses with epidemic potential; thus, health officials should investigate respiratory illness outbreaks associated with agricultural events.
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- 2012
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7. Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination?
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Saverio Caini, Winston Andrade, Selim Badur, Angel Balmaseda, Amal Barakat, Antonino Bella, Abderrahman Bimohuen, Lynnette Brammer, Joseph Bresee, Alfredo Bruno, Leticia Castillo, Meral A Ciblak, Alexey W Clara, Cheryl Cohen, Jeffery Cutter, Coulibaly Daouda, Celina de Lozano, Domenica De Mora, Kunzang Dorji, Gideon O Emukule, Rodrigo A Fasce, Luzhao Feng, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Raquel Guiomar, Jean-Michel Heraud, Olha Holubka, Q Sue Huang, Herve A Kadjo, Lyazzat Kiyanbekova, Herman Kosasih, Gabriela Kusznierz, Jenny Lara, Ming Li, Liza Lopez, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques, Maria Luisa Matute, Alla Mironenko, Brechla Moreno, Joshua A Mott, Richard Njouom, Nurhayati, Akerke Ospanova, Rhonda Owen, Richard Pebody, Kate Pennington, Simona Puzelli, Mai Thi Quynh Le, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Ana Rodrigues, Juan Manuel Rudi, Raymond Tzer Pin Lin, Marietjie Venter, Marie-Astrid Vernet, Sonam Wangchuk, Juan Yang, Hongjie Yu, Maria Zambon, François Schellevis, John Paget, and Global Influenza B Study
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
INTRODUCTION:Determining the optimal time to vaccinate is important for influenza vaccination programmes. Here, we assessed the temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres and in the tropics, and discuss their implications for vaccination programmes. METHODS:This was a retrospective analysis of surveillance data between 2000 and 2014 from the Global Influenza B Study database. The seasonal peak of influenza was defined as the week with the most reported cases (overall, A, and B) in the season. The duration of seasonal activity was assessed using the maximum proportion of influenza cases during three consecutive months and the minimum number of months with ≥80% of cases in the season. We also assessed whether co-circulation of A and B virus types affected the duration of influenza epidemics. RESULTS:212 influenza seasons and 571,907 cases were included from 30 countries. In tropical countries, the seasonal influenza activity lasted longer and the peaks of influenza A and B coincided less frequently than in temperate countries. Temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics were heterogeneous in the tropics, with distinct seasonal epidemics observed only in some countries. Seasons with co-circulation of influenza A and B were longer than influenza A seasons, especially in the tropics. DISCUSSION:Our findings show that influenza seasonality is less well defined in the tropics than in temperate regions. This has important implications for vaccination programmes in these countries. High-quality influenza surveillance systems are needed in the tropics to enable decisions about when to vaccinate.
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- 2016
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8. Serologic Evidence of H1 Swine Influenza Virus Infection in Swine Farm Residents and Employees
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Christopher W. Olsen, Lynnette Brammer, Bernard C. Easterday, Nancy Arden, Ermias D. Belay, Inger Baker, and Nancy J. Cox
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H1 ,hemagglutination-inhibition ,influenza ,seroprevalence ,swine ,United States ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We evaluated seropositivity to swine and human H1 influenza viruses in 74 swine farm owners, employees, their family members, and veterinarians in rural south-central Wisconsin, compared with 114 urban Milwaukee, Wisconsin, residents. The number of swine farm participants with positive serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers >40 to swine influenza viruses (17/74) was significantly higher (p4 days/week. Because pigs can play a role in generating genetically novel influenza viruses, swine farmers may represent an important sentinel population to evaluate the emergence of new pandemic influenza viruses.
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- 2002
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9. Preparing for Pandemic Influenza: The Need for Enhanced Surveillance
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K. F. Gensheimer, Keiji Fukuda, Lynnette Brammer, Nancy J. Cox, Peter A. Patriarca, and Raymond A. Strikas
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United States ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Published
- 1999
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10. Influenza Activity and Composition of the 2022–23 Influenza Vaccine — United States, 2021–22 Season
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Angiezel, Merced-Morales, Peter, Daly, Anwar Isa, Abd Elal, Noreen, Ajayi, Ekow, Annan, Alicia, Budd, John, Barnes, Arielle, Colon, Charisse N, Cummings, A Danielle, Iuliano, Juliana, DaSilva, Nick, Dempster, Shikha, Garg, Larisa, Gubareva, Daneisha, Hawkins, Amanda, Howa, Stacy, Huang, Marie, Kirby, Krista, Kniss, Rebecca, Kondor, Jimma, Liddell, Shunte, Moon, Ha T, Nguyen, Alissa, O'Halloran, Catherine, Smith, Thomas, Stark, Katie, Tastad, Dawud, Ujamaa, Dave E, Wentworth, Alicia M, Fry, Vivien G, Dugan, and Lynnette, Brammer
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Health (social science) ,Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Epidemiology ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,Health Information Management ,Influenza Vaccines ,Population Surveillance ,Influenza, Human ,Humans ,Seasons - Abstract
Before the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, influenza activity in the United States typically began to increase in the fall and peaked in February. During the 2021-22 season, influenza activity began to increase in November and remained elevated until mid-June, featuring two distinct waves, with A(H3N2) viruses predominating for the entire season. This report summarizes influenza activity during October 3, 2021-June 11, 2022, in the United States and describes the composition of the Northern Hemisphere 2022-23 influenza vaccine. Although influenza activity is decreasing and circulation during summer is typically low, remaining vigilant for influenza infections, performing testing for seasonal influenza viruses, and monitoring for novel influenza A virus infections are important. An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) is ongoing; health care providers and persons with exposure to sick or infected birds should remain vigilant for onset of symptoms consistent with influenza. Receiving a seasonal influenza vaccine each year remains the best way to protect against seasonal influenza and its potentially severe consequences.
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- 2022
11. Changes in influenza and other respiratory virus activity during the COVID‐19 pandemic—United States, 2020–2021
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Krista Kniss, Thomas Rowe, Alicia M Fry, Angela Foust, Sonja J Olsen, Joyce Jones, Wendy Sessions, Alicia P Budd, Angiezel Merced-Morales, Claire M Midgley, Fiona Havers, John Steel, David E. Wentworth, Mila M. Prill, Aron J. Hall, Shikha Garg, C. Todd Davis, Yunho Jang, Peter Daly, Rebecca Kondor, Catherine B. Smith, Larisa V. Gubareva, Benjamin J Silk, John R. Barnes, Amber K Winn, Erin Burns, Lynnette Brammer, and Gabriela Jasso
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viruses ,medicine.disease_cause ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Human metapneumovirus ,Pandemic ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Influenza A virus ,Immunology and Allergy ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Respiratory system ,Pandemics ,Transplantation ,biology ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,SARS-CoV-2 ,virus diseases ,COVID-19 ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,United States ,Reports from the Cdc: MMWR ,Enterovirus ,Respiratory virus ,Rhinovirus ,business - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions (e.g., cessation of global travel, mask use, physical distancing, and staying home) reduced transmission of some viral respiratory pathogens (1). In the United States, influenza activity decreased in March 2020, was historically low through the summer of 2020 (2), and remained low during October 2020-May 2021 (
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- 2021
12. The Influenza Data Summary: A Prototype Application for Visualizing National Influenza Activity.
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Michelle N. Podgornik, Alicia Postema, Roseanne English, Kristin B. Uhde, Steve Bloom, Peter Hicks, Paul McMurray, John Copeland, Lynnette Brammer, William W. Thompson, Joseph S. Bresee, and Jerome I. Tokars
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- 2007
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13. Decreased influenza activity during the COVID‐19 pandemic—United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020
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Rodrigo Fasce Pineda, Sonja J Olsen, Alicia P Budd, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Sheena G. Sullivan, Cheryl Cohen, Lynnette Brammer, and Alicia M Fry
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2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Physical Distancing ,MEDLINE ,Cdc Report ,030230 surgery ,03 medical and health sciences ,South Africa ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Pandemic ,Influenza, Human ,Immunology and Allergy ,Medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Chile ,Pandemics ,Health policy ,Transplantation ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Australia ,COVID-19 ,United States ,Vaccination ,Reports from the Cdc: MMWR ,business - Abstract
Transplant recipients are among the groups for whom the updated recommendations for 2020–2021 influenza vaccination should generally be considered essential, notably in the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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- 2020
14. Interim Estimates of 2021-22 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2022
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Jessie R. Chung, Sara S. Kim, Rebecca J. Kondor, Catherine Smith, Alicia P. Budd, Sara Y. Tartof, Ana Florea, H. Keipp Talbot, Carlos G. Grijalva, Karen J. Wernli, C. Hallie Phillips, Arnold S. Monto, Emily T. Martin, Edward A. Belongia, Huong Q. McLean, Manjusha Gaglani, Michael Reis, Krissy Moehling Geffel, Mary Patricia Nowalk, Juliana DaSilva, Lisa M. Keong, Thomas J. Stark, John R. Barnes, David E. Wentworth, Lynnette Brammer, Erin Burns, Alicia M. Fry, Manish M. Patel, and Brendan Flannery
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Adult ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Vaccination ,Infant ,Vaccine Efficacy ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Influenza A virus ,Influenza Vaccines ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Influenza, Human ,Humans ,Seasons ,Child ,Aged - Abstract
In the United States, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months except when contraindicated (1). Currently available influenza vaccines are designed to protect against four influenza viruses: A(H1N1)pdm09 (the 2009 pandemic virus), A(H3N2), B/Victoria lineage, and B/Yamagata lineage. Most influenza viruses detected this season have been A(H3N2) (2). With the exception of the 2020-21 season, when data were insufficient to generate an estimate, CDC has estimated the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine at preventing laboratory-confirmed, mild/moderate (outpatient) medically attended acute respiratory infection (ARI) each season since 2004-05. This interim report uses data from 3,636 children and adults with ARI enrolled in the U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network during October 4, 2021-February 12, 2022. Overall, vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended outpatient ARI associated with influenza A(H3N2) virus was 16% (95% CI = -16% to 39%), which is considered not statistically significant. This analysis indicates that influenza vaccination did not reduce the risk for outpatient medically attended illness with influenza A(H3N2) viruses that predominated so far this season. Enrollment was insufficient to generate reliable VE estimates by age group or by type of influenza vaccine product (1). CDC recommends influenza antiviral medications as an adjunct to vaccination; the potential public health benefit of antiviral medications is magnified in the context of reduced influenza VE. CDC routinely recommends that health care providers continue to administer influenza vaccine to persons aged ≥6 months as long as influenza viruses are circulating, even when VE against one virus is reduced, because vaccine can prevent serious outcomes (e.g., hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or death) that are associated with influenza A(H3N2) virus infection and might protect against other influenza viruses that could circulate later in the season.
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- 2022
15. Decreased Influenza Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020
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Sheena G. Sullivan, Cheryl Cohen, Rodrigo Fasce Pineda, Alicia P Budd, Lynnette Brammer, Sonja J Olsen, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, and Alicia M Fry
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Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Pneumonia, Viral ,01 natural sciences ,South Africa ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,Influenza, Human ,Pandemic ,Influenza prevention ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Full Report ,Chile ,0101 mathematics ,Pandemics ,Southern Hemisphere ,Health policy ,Transmission (medicine) ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,010102 general mathematics ,Australia ,COVID-19 ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Vaccination ,Pneumonia ,Population Surveillance ,Coronavirus Infections ,business ,Demography - Abstract
After recognition of widespread community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), by mid- to late February 2020, indicators of influenza activity began to decline in the Northern Hemisphere. These changes were attributed to both artifactual changes related to declines in routine health seeking for respiratory illness as well as real changes in influenza virus circulation because of widespread implementation of measures to mitigate transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Data from clinical laboratories in the United States indicated a 61% decrease in the number of specimens submitted (from a median of 49,696 per week during September 29, 2019-February 29, 2020, to 19,537 during March 1-May 16, 2020) and a 98% decrease in influenza activity as measured by percentage of submitted specimens testing positive (from a median of 19.34% to 0.33%). Interseasonal (i.e., summer) circulation of influenza in the United States (May 17-August 8, 2020) is currently at historical lows (median = 0.20% tests positive in 2020 versus 2.35% in 2019, 1.04% in 2018, and 2.36% in 2017). Influenza data reported to the World Health Organization's (WHO's) FluNet platform from three Southern Hemisphere countries that serve as robust sentinel sites for influenza from Oceania (Australia), South America (Chile), and Southern Africa (South Africa) showed very low influenza activity during June-August 2020, the months that constitute the typical Southern Hemisphere influenza season. In countries or jurisdictions where extensive community mitigation measures are maintained (e.g., face masks, social distancing, school closures, and teleworking), those locations might have little influenza circulation during the upcoming 2020-21 Northern Hemisphere influenza season. The use of community mitigation measures for the COVID-19 pandemic, plus influenza vaccination, are likely to be effective in reducing the incidence and impact of influenza, and some of these mitigation measures could have a role in preventing influenza in future seasons. However, given the novelty of the COVID-19 pandemic and the uncertainty of continued community mitigation measures, it is important to plan for seasonal influenza circulation in the United States this fall and winter. Influenza vaccination of all persons aged ≥6 months remains the best method for influenza prevention and is especially important this season when SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus might cocirculate (1).
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- 2020
16. Interim Estimates of 2019–20 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States, February 2020
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Wendy Sessions, Huong Q. McLean, David E. Wentworth, Michael L. Jackson, Lynnette Brammer, Sara S Kim, Brendan Flannery, Kayan Dunnigan, Edward A. Belongia, Shoshona Le, Alicia M. Fry, Thomas J. Stark, Manjusha Gaglani, Angie Foust, Richard K. Zimmerman, John R. Barnes, Mary Patricia Nowalk, Emily T. Martin, Juliana DaSilva, Lisa A. Jackson, Fatimah S. Dawood, Jessie R Chung, Manish M. Patel, Rebecca Kondor, and Arnold S. Monto
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Influenza vaccine ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Confidence interval ,Virus ,Vaccination ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,030225 pediatrics ,Interim ,Internal medicine ,Pandemic ,Influenza A virus ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,business - Abstract
During the 2019-20 influenza season, influenza-like illness (ILI)* activity first exceeded the national baseline during the week ending November 9, 2019, signaling the earliest start to the influenza season since the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. Activity remains elevated as of mid-February 2020. In the United States, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months (1). During each influenza season, CDC estimates seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza associated with medically attended acute respiratory illness (ARI). This interim report used data from 4,112 children and adults enrolled in the U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (U.S. Flu VE Network) during October 23, 2019-January 25, 2020. Overall, vaccine effectiveness (VE) against any influenza virus associated with medically attended ARI was 45% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 36%-53%). VE was estimated to be 50% (95% CI = 39%-59%) against influenza B/Victoria viruses and 37% (95% CI = 19%-52%) against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, indicating that vaccine has significantly reduced medical visits associated with influenza so far this season. Notably, vaccination provided substantial protection (VE = 55%; 95% CI = 42%-65%) among children and adolescents aged 6 months-17 years. Interim VE estimates are consistent with those from previous seasons, ranging from 40%-60% when influenza vaccines were antigenically matched to circulating viruses. CDC recommends that health care providers continue to administer influenza vaccine to persons aged ≥6 months because influenza activity is ongoing, and the vaccine can still prevent illness, hospitalization, and death associated with currently circulating influenza viruses as well as other influenza viruses that might circulate later in the season.
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- 2020
17. Early Season Pediatric Influenza B/Victoria Virus Infections Associated with a Recently Emerged Virus Subclade — Louisiana, 2019
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Grace S. Lee, Alicia M Fry, Melissa A. Rolfes, Julie Hand, Juliana DaSilva, Daniel Owusu, Lynnette Brammer, Mark W Tenforde, John R. Barnes, Leora R. Feldstein, Theresa Sokol, and Juliet Tran
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Adult ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Pediatric health ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,030230 surgery ,Virus ,Seasonal influenza ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,030225 pediatrics ,Influenza, Human ,Immunology and Allergy ,Humans ,Medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Full Report ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Child ,Transplantation ,Early season ,business.industry ,Infant ,virus diseases ,Subclade ,Pediatric Death ,General Medicine ,Louisiana ,Virology ,Care facility ,Vaccination ,Influenza B virus ,Influenza Vaccines ,Child, Preschool ,Seasons ,business - Abstract
Multiple genetically distinct influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses have cocirculated in the United States recently, circulating sporadically during the 2018-19 season and more frequently early during the 2019-20 season (1). The beginning of the 2019-20 influenza season in Louisiana was unusually early and intense, with infections primarily caused by influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses. One large pediatric health care facility in New Orleans (facility A) reported 1,268 laboratory-confirmed influenza B virus infections, including 23 hospitalizations from July 31 to November 21, 2019, a time when influenza activity is typically low. During this period, Louisiana also reported one pediatric death associated with influenza B virus infection. An investigation of the influenza B virus infections in Louisiana, including medical and vaccine record abstraction on 198 patients, primarily from facility A, with sporadic cases from other facilities in the state, found that none of the patients had received 2019-20 seasonal influenza vaccine, in part because influenza activity began before influenza vaccination typically occurs. Among 83 influenza B viruses sequenced from 198 patients in Louisiana, 81 (98%) belonged to the recently emerged B/Victoria V1A.3 genetic subclade. Nationally, to date, B/Victoria viruses are the most commonly reported influenza viruses among persons aged
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- 2020
18. Update: Influenza Activity — United States and Worldwide, May 19–September 28, 2019, and Composition of the 2020 Southern Hemisphere Influenza Vaccine
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Vivien G. Dugan, Alicia M. Fry, Noreen Ajayi, Angiezel Merced-Morales, Wendy Sessions, David E. Wentworth, Lynnette Brammer, Larisa V. Gubareva, C. Todd Davis, Krista Kniss, Xiyan Xu, Yunho Jang, Lisa A. Grohskopf, Rebecca Kondor, Erin Burns, Sara Jo Johnson, James Stevens, Peter Daly, Alicia P Budd, John Barnes, Scott Epperson, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, and Daniel B. Jernigan
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Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Influenza vaccine ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Global Health ,01 natural sciences ,World health ,Seasonal influenza ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Environmental health ,Health care ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,Global health ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Full Report ,0101 mathematics ,Southern Hemisphere ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,010102 general mathematics ,virus diseases ,Influenza a ,General Medicine ,United States ,Vaccination ,Influenza B virus ,Influenza Vaccines ,Population Surveillance ,Seasons ,business - Abstract
During May 19-September 28, 2019,* low levels of influenza activity were reported in the United States, with cocirculation of influenza A and influenza B viruses. In the Southern Hemisphere seasonal influenza viruses circulated widely, with influenza A(H3) predominating in many regions; however, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B viruses were predominant in some countries. In late September, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended components for the 2020 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine and included an update to the A(H3N2) and B/Victoria-lineage components. Annual influenza vaccination is the best means for preventing influenza illness and its complications, and vaccination before influenza activity increases is optimal. Health care providers should recommend vaccination for all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications to vaccination (1).
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- 2019
19. Changes in Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, 2020-2021
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Lynnette Brammer, Alicia M Fry, Claire M Midgley, Erin Burns, Rebecca Kondor, Thomas Rowe, Angela Foust, Catherine B. Smith, Aron J. Hall, Krista Kniss, Sonja J Olsen, Yunho Jang, Benjamin J Silk, Peter Daly, David E. Wentworth, Alicia P Budd, Fiona Havers, Shikha Garg, Larisa V. Gubareva, Gabriela Jasso, Angiezel Merced-Morales, Wendy Sessions, Mila M. Prill, Joyce Jones, John R. Barnes, John Steel, Amber K Winn, and C. Todd Davis
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Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,medicine.disease_cause ,Health Information Management ,Human metapneumovirus ,Pandemic ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Humans ,Full Report ,Respiratory system ,Pandemics ,Respiratory Tract Infections ,Respiratory tract infections ,biology ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,virus diseases ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,United States ,Enterovirus ,Respiratory virus ,Rhinovirus ,business - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions (e.g., cessation of global travel, mask use, physical distancing, and staying home) reduced transmission of some viral respiratory pathogens (1). In the United States, influenza activity decreased in March 2020, was historically low through the summer of 2020 (2), and remained low during October 2020-May 2021 (
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- 2021
20. Investigation of a Suspect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 and Influenza A Mixed Outbreak: Lessons Learned for Long-Term Care Facilities Nationwide
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Caroline A Schrodt, Nimalie D. Stone, Lynnette Brammer, Agam K Rao, Angela P Campbell, Jason H Malenfant, Beth Wittry, Nicole M Green, Jennifer C. Hunter, Erin R. Whitehouse, Bryan Christensen, Rachel Civen, John Barnes, Peera Hemarajata, Prabhu Gounder, and Kara Jacobs Slifka
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0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,030106 microbiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza, Human ,Medicine ,Infection control ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Coronavirus ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Outbreak ,virus diseases ,COVID-19 ,Influenza a ,Long-Term Care ,Long-term care ,Infectious Diseases ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,Emergency medicine ,Supplement Article ,Suspect ,business - Abstract
A suspected outbreak of influenza A and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at a long-term care facility in Los Angeles County was, months later, determined to not involve influenza. To prevent inadvertent transmission of infections, facilities should use highly specific influenza diagnostics and follow Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines that specifically address infection control challenges.
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- 2021
21. Risk Factors for Intensive Care Unit Admission and In-hospital Mortality Among Hospitalized Adults Identified through the US Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET)
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Maya Monroe, Kimberly Yousey-Hindes, Sue Kim, Nancy M. Bennett, Gayle E Langley, Laurie M Billing, Arthur Reingold, Aron J. Hall, Melissa Sutton, Kathryn Como-Sabetti, Huong Pham, Michael Whitaker, Mary Hill, Lynnette Brammer, Lindsay Kim, Salina Torres, Alison Muse, Alissa O’Halloran, Isaac Armistead, Shikha Garg, H. Keipp Talbot, William Schaffner, Rachel Holstein, Alicia M Fry, Charisse N Cummings, and Evan J. Anderson
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Microbiology (medical) ,Adult ,Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Ethnic group ,Disease ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Microbiology ,Medical and Health Sciences ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Hygiene ,law ,Risk Factors ,Diabetes mellitus ,medicine ,Major Article ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Hospital Mortality ,education ,media_common ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Prevention ,COVID-19 ,Middle Aged ,Biological Sciences ,medicine.disease ,Intensive care unit ,Obesity ,mortality ,United States ,Hospitalization ,Intensive Care Units ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,Infectious Diseases ,Relative risk ,surveillance ,business - Abstract
Author(s): Kim, Lindsay; Garg, Shikha; O'Halloran, Alissa; Whitaker, Michael; Pham, Huong; Anderson, Evan J; Armistead, Isaac; Bennett, Nancy M; Billing, Laurie; Como-Sabetti, Kathryn; Hill, Mary; Kim, Sue; Monroe, Maya L; Muse, Alison; Reingold, Arthur L; Schaffner, William; Sutton, Melissa; Talbot, H Keipp; Torres, Salina M; Yousey-Hindes, Kimberly; Holstein, Rachel; Cummings, Charisse; Brammer, Lynnette; Hall, Aron J; Fry, Alicia M; Langley, Gayle E | Abstract: BackgroundCurrently, the United States has the largest number of reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths globally. Using a geographically diverse surveillance network, we describe risk factors for severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19.MethodsWe analyzed data from 2491 adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between 1 March-2 May 2020, as identified through the Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network, which comprises 154 acute-care hospitals in 74 counties in 13 states. We used multivariable analyses to assess associations between age, sex, race and ethnicity, and underlying conditions with intensive care unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality.ResultsThe data show that 92% of patients had ≥1 underlying condition; 32% required ICU admission; 19% required invasive mechanical ventilation; and 17% died. Independent factors associated with ICU admission included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years versus 18-39 years (adjusted risk ratios [aRRs], 1.53, 1.65, 1.84, and 1.43, respectively); male sex (aRR, 1.34); obesity (aRR, 1.31); immunosuppression (aRR, 1.29); and diabetes (aRR, 1.13). Independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84, and ≥ 85 years versus 18-39 years (aRRs, 3.11, 5.77, 7.67, and 10.98, respectively); male sex (aRR, 1.30); immunosuppression (aRR, 1.39); renal disease (aRR, 1.33); chronic lung disease (aRR 1.31); cardiovascular disease (aRR, 1.28); neurologic disorders (aRR, 1.25); and diabetes (aRR, 1.19).ConclusionsIn-hospital mortality increased markedly with increasing age. Aggressive implementation of prevention strategies, including social distancing and rigorous hand hygiene, may benefit the population as a whole, as well as those at highest risk for COVID-19-related complications.
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- 2021
22. Birth Cohort Effects in Influenza Surveillance Data: Evidence That First Influenza Infection Affects Later Influenza-Associated Illness
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Alicia P Budd, Lauren Beacham, Krista Kniss, Min Z. Levine, Alicia M. Fry, Catherine B. Smith, Shikha Garg, Rebecca Garten, Farida B. Ahmad, Charisse N Cummings, Lynnette Brammer, Desiree Mustaquim, and Carrie Reed
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Risk ,Population ,Disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Cohort Effect ,Influenza, Human ,Pandemic ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Mortality ,education ,Pandemics ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Mortality rate ,Parturition ,United States ,Hospitalization ,Infectious Diseases ,Cohort effect ,Relative risk ,Cohort ,Seasons ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Background The evolution of influenza A viruses results in birth cohorts that have different initial influenza virus exposures. Historically, A/H3 predominant seasons have been associated with more severe influenza-associated disease; however, since the 2009 pandemic, there are suggestions that some birth cohorts experience more severe illness in A/H1 predominant seasons. Methods United States influenza virologic, hospitalization, and mortality surveillance data during 2000–2017 were analyzed for cohorts born between 1918 and 1989 that likely had different initial influenza virus exposures based on viruses circulating during early childhood. Relative risk/rate during H3 compared with H1 predominant seasons during prepandemic versus pandemic and later periods were calculated for each cohort. Results During the prepandemic period, all cohorts had more influenza-associated disease during H3 predominant seasons than H1 predominant seasons. During the pandemic and later period, 4 cohorts had higher hospitalization and mortality rates during H1 predominant seasons than H3 predominant seasons. Conclusions Birth cohort differences in risk of influenza-associated disease by influenza A virus subtype can be seen in US influenza surveillance data and differ between prepandemic and pandemic and later periods. As the population ages, the amount of influenza-associated disease may be greater in future H1 predominant seasons than H3 predominant seasons.
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- 2019
23. Update: Influenza Activity — United States, September 30, 2018–February 2, 2019
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Alissa O’Halloran, Krista Kniss, Carrie Reed, Rebecca Garten, Vivien G. Dugan, Melissa A Rolfes, David E. Wentworth, Shikha Garg, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Xiyan Xu, Natalie Kramer, Alicia P Budd, Daniel B. Jernigan, Erin Burns, Noreen Alabi, Lenee Blanton, John Barnes, Calli Taylor, Larisa V. Gubareva, Charisse N Cummings, Alicia M. Fry, Lynnette Brammer, Wendy Sessions, and Jacqueline M. Katz
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Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Drug resistance ,medicine.disease_cause ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Infant Mortality ,Outpatients ,Influenza A virus ,Prevalence ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Full Report ,Child ,Cause of death ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Vaccination ,Hospitalization ,Influenza Vaccines ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Child Mortality ,Seasons ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Influenza vaccine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,030225 pediatrics ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Humans ,Aged ,business.industry ,Public health ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Pneumonia ,medicine.disease ,Infant mortality ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,business ,Demography - Abstract
CDC collects, compiles, and analyzes data on influenza activity and viruses in the United States. During September 30, 2018-February 2, 2019,* influenza activity† in the United States was low during October and November, increased in late December, and remained elevated through early February. As of February 2, 2019, this has been a low-severity influenza season (1), with a lower percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI), lower rates of hospitalization, and fewer deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza, compared with recent seasons. Influenza-associated hospitalization rates among children are similar to those observed in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 predominant seasons; 28 influenza-associated pediatric deaths occurring during the 2018-19 season have been reported to CDC. Whereas influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominated in most areas of the country, influenza A(H3N2) viruses have predominated in the southeastern United States, and in recent weeks accounted for a growing proportion of influenza viruses detected in several other regions. Small numbers of influenza B viruses (
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- 2019
24. Update: Influenza Activity — United States and Worldwide, May 20–October 13, 2018
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Xiyan Xu, Lisa A. Grohskopf, Rachael M. Porter, William W. Davis, Lenee Blanton, Erin Burns, Noreen Alabi, Joyce Jones, Vivien G. Dugan, Larisa V. Gubareva, Eric J. Chow, Calli Taylor, Lynnette Brammer, Desiree Mustaquim, Melissa A Rolfes, Alicia P Budd, Natosha Zanders, Jacqueline M. Katz, Rebecca Garten, David E. Wentworth, Yunho Jang, Alicia M. Fry, Wendy Sessions, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, John R. Barnes, Stephen Lindstrom, Krista Kniss, Daniel B. Jernigan, C. Todd Davis, and Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
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0301 basic medicine ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Influenza vaccine ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,030106 microbiology ,Drug resistance ,Global Health ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,Antigenic drift ,Disease Outbreaks ,03 medical and health sciences ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,Global health ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Humans ,Full Report ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Virology ,United States ,Vaccination ,Influenza B virus ,Influenza Vaccines ,Population Surveillance ,Seasons ,business - Abstract
During May 20-October 13, 2018,* low levels of influenza activity were reported in the United States, with a mix of influenza A and B viruses circulating. Seasonal influenza activity in the Southern Hemisphere was low overall, with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 predominating in many regions. Antigenic testing of available influenza A and B viruses indicated that no significant antigenic drift in circulating viruses had emerged. In late September, the components for the 2019 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine were selected and included an incremental update to the A(H3N2) vaccine virus used in egg-based vaccine manufacturing; no change was recommended for the A(H3N2) component of cell-manufactured or recombinant influenza vaccines. Annual influenza vaccination is the best method for preventing influenza illness and its complications, and all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications should receive influenza vaccine, preferably before the onset of influenza circulation in their community, which often begins in October and peaks during December-February. Health care providers should offer vaccination by the end of October and should continue to recommend and administer influenza vaccine to previously unvaccinated patients throughout the 2018-19 influenza season (1). In addition, during May 20-October 13, a small number of nonhuman influenza "variant" virus infections† were reported in the United States; most were associated with exposure to swine. Although limited human-to-human transmission might have occurred in one instance, no ongoing community transmission was identified. Vulnerable populations, especially young children and other persons at high risk for serious influenza complications, should avoid swine barns at agricultural fairs, or close contact with swine.§.
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- 2018
25. Interim Analysis of Risk Factors for Severe Outcomes among a Cohort of Hospitalized Adults Identified through the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET)
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Maya Monroe, Aron J. Hall, Gayle E Langley, Kimberly Yousey-Hindes, Sue Kim, Arthur Reingold, Evan J. Anderson, Laurie M Billing, Lynnette Brammer, H. Keipp Talbot, Melissa Sutton, Isaac Armistead, Lindsay Kim, Mary Hill, Shikha Garg, Salina Torres, Kathryn Como-Sabetti, William Schaffner, Charisse N Cummings, Michael Whitaker, Nancy M. Bennett, Rachel Holstein, Huong Pham, Alison Muse, Alissa O’Halloran, and Alicia M Fry
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Medical record ,Disease ,medicine.disease ,Intensive care unit ,law.invention ,law ,Acute care ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Relative risk ,Cohort ,medicine ,business ,Cohort study - Abstract
Background As of May 15, 2020, the United States has reported the greatest number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths globally. Objective To describe risk factors for severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19. Design Cohort study of patients identified through the Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network. Setting 154 acute care hospitals in 74 counties in 13 states. Patients 2491 patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during March 1-May 2, 2020. Measurements Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and underlying medical conditions. Results Ninety-two percent of patients had ≥1 underlying condition; 32% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission; 19% invasive mechanical ventilation; 15% vasopressors; and 17% died during hospitalization. Independent factors associated with ICU admission included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84 and ≥85 years versus 18-39 years (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.53, 1.65, 1.84 and 1.43, respectively); male sex (aRR 1.34); obesity (aRR 1.31); immunosuppression (aRR 1.29); and diabetes (aRR 1.13). Independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84 and ≥85 years versus 18-39 years (aRR 3.11, 5.77, 7.67 and 10.98, respectively); male sex (aRR 1.30); immunosuppression (aRR 1.39); renal disease (aRR 1.33); chronic lung disease (aRR 1.31); cardiovascular disease (aRR 1.28); neurologic disorders (aRR 1.25); and diabetes (aRR 1.19). Race/ethnicity was not associated with either ICU admission or death. Limitation Data were limited to patients who were discharged or died in-hospital and had complete chart abstractions; patients who were still hospitalized or did not have accessible medical records were excluded. Conclusion In-hospital mortality for COVID-19 increased markedly with increasing age. These data help to characterize persons at highest risk for severe COVID-19-associated outcomes and define target groups for prevention and treatment strategies. Funding Source This work was supported by grant CK17-1701 from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention through an Emerging Infections Program cooperative agreement and by Cooperative Agreement Number NU38OT000297-02-00 awarded to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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- 2020
26. Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2017–18 Season and Composition of the 2018–19 Influenza Vaccine
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Rebecca Garten, Lenee Blanton, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Noreen Alabi, John Barnes, Matthew Biggerstaff, Lynnette Brammer, Alicia P. Budd, Erin Burns, Charisse N. Cummings, Todd Davis, Shikha Garg, Larisa Gubareva, Yunho Jang, Krista Kniss, Natalie Kramer, Stephen Lindstrom, Desiree Mustaquim, Alissa O’Halloran, Wendy Sessions, Calli Taylor, Xiyan Xu, Vivien G. Dugan, Alicia M. Fry, David E. Wentworth, Jacqueline Katz, and Daniel Jernigan
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0301 basic medicine ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,medicine.disease_cause ,Severity of Illness Index ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,Infant Mortality ,Outpatients ,Influenza A virus ,Outpatient clinic ,Full Report ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Hospitalization ,Influenza Vaccines ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Child Mortality ,Human mortality from H5N1 ,Seasons ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Influenza vaccine ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Humans ,High activity ,Aged ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Pneumonia ,Emergency department ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,United States ,Infant mortality ,Influenza B virus ,030104 developmental biology ,business ,Demography - Abstract
The United States 2017-18 influenza season (October 1, 2017-May 19, 2018) was a high severity season with high levels of outpatient clinic and emergency department visits for influenza-like illness (ILI), high influenza-related hospitalization rates, and elevated and geographically widespread influenza activity across the country for an extended period. Nationally, ILI activity began increasing in November, reaching an extended period of high activity during January-February, and remaining elevated through March. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominated through February and were predominant overall for the season; influenza B viruses predominated from March onward. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 1, 2017-May 19, 2018.†.
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- 2018
27. Distribution of influenza virus types by age using case-based global surveillance data from twenty-nine countries, 1999-2014
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François G. Schellevis, Raquel Guiomar, Zhibin Peng, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Brechla Moreno, Juan Yang, Cheryl Cohen, Lynnette Brammer, Jenny Lara, Hongjie Yu, Mai thi Quynh Le, Joshua A. Mott, Rodrigo Fasce, Gabriela Kusznierz, Simona Puzelli, Doménica de Mora, Leticia Castillo, Selim Badur, Akerke Ospanova, Vernon J. Lee, Liza Lopez, Richard Njouom, Douglas M. Fleming, Coulibaly Daouda, Nurhayati, Juan Manuel Rudi, Clotilde El-Guerche Séblain, Li Wei Ang, Joseph S. Bresee, Celina de Lozano, Sonam Gyeltshen, Maria Zambon, Maria Luisa Matute, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Saverio Caini, Amal Barakat, Marie-Astrid Vernet, Alla Mironenko, Angel Balmaseda, Alexey Clara, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Richard Pebody, Herman Kosasih, Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques, Marietjie Venter, Caterina Rizzo, Meral Akcay Ciblak, Olha Holubka, Gideon O. Emukule, Fatima el Falaki, Winston Andrade, Herve A. Kadjo, Alfredo Bruno, Kate Pennington, Lyazzat Kiyanbekova, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Rhonda Owen, John Paget, Peter Spreeuwenberg, Sue Q. Huang, Jean-Michel Heraud, Sonam Wangchuk, Luzhao Feng, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Dr. Emilio Coni', Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection (DHAISS), Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia (DHAISS), Ministry of Health [Bhoutan], Ministry of Health [Brasília, Brazil], Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health [Costa Rica], Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública [Guayaquil, Ecuador] (INSPI), Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Public Health England [London], Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social [Guatemala] (MSPAS), US Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health [Honduras] (SESAL), US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Institut National d'Hygiène Publique [Côte d'Ivoire] (INHP), Astana Center of Sanitary Epidemiology Expertise, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Kenya], U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS), Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ministry of Health [Morocco], Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Ministry of Health [Nicaragua] (MINSA), National Influenza Center, Instituto Nacional de Saùde Dr Ricardo Jorge [Portugal] (INSA), Ministry of Health [Singapore], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Pretoria [South Africa], University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), Istanbul University, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Chercheur indépendant, Sanofi Pasteur [Lyon, France], VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], The Global Influenza B Study is funded by an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur., The Global Influenza B Study group also includes the following members: Binay Thapa 4, Sangay Zangmo 4, Guy Vernet 6, Patricia Bustos 7, Patricio Loyola 7, Joanna Ellis 12, Antonino Bella 19, Maria Rita Castrucci 18, Gulzhan Muratbayeva 45, Julia Guillebaud 26, Laurence Randrianasolo 46, Ausenda Machado 47, Pedro Pechirra 32, Jeffery Cutter 34, Raymond Tzer Pin Lin 34. 45 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central Asia Regional Office, Almaty, Kazakhstan 46 Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar 47 National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal, APH - Quality of Care, APH - Aging & Later Life, and General practice
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Databases, Factual ,Distribution (economics) ,CHILDREN ,Global Health ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,1108 Medical Microbiology ,[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,Influenza A Virus ,H3N2 subtype ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Child ,POPULATION ,education.field_of_study ,[SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases ,Age Factors ,Middle Aged ,3. Good health ,Global Influenza B Study group ,Infectious Diseases ,INFECTIONS ,Influenza A virus ,Child, Preschool ,H3N2 Subtype ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,Female ,BURDEN ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Age distribution ,0605 Microbiology ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Surveillance data ,Adolescent ,Population ,UNITED-STATES ,Microbiology ,Virus ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Age Distribution ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Humans ,H1N1 Subtype ,COHORT ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,education ,Disease burden ,METAANALYSIS ,Aged ,Science & Technology ,business.industry ,Public health ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,1103 Clinical Sciences ,[SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology ,Estados de Saúde e de Doença ,Influenza B Virus ,Influenza ,Influenza B virus ,Meta-analysis ,030104 developmental biology ,H1N1 subtype ,Virus type ,RISK-FACTORS ,[SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,business ,Demography - Abstract
The database of the Global Influenza B Study was created by collecting surveillance datasets from each of the participating countries. These national datasets are owned by the participating countries, and thus cannot be shared publicly. Researchers interested in obtaining the country-specific datasets may contact the individuals listed below for further details regarding data access.Argentina (Santa Fe Province): Gabriela Kusznierz (labconi@yahoo.com.ar)Australia: Kate Pennington (kate.pennington@health.gov.au)Bhutan: Sonam Wangchuk (swangchuk@health.gov.bt)Brazil: Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques (claudio.henriques@saude.gov.br)Cameroon: Guy Vernet (vernet@pasteur-yaounde.org)Chile: Rodrigo Fasce (rfasce@ispch.cl)China: Feng Luzhao (fenglz@chinacdc.cn)Costa Rica: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Ecuador: Alfredo Bruno (alfredobruno@yahoo.es)El Salvador: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)England: Maria Zambon (maria.zambon@phe.gov.uk)Guatemala: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Honduras: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Indonesia: Herman Kosasih (hermaninarespond@gmail.com)Italy: Caterina Rizzo (caterina.rizzo@iss.it)Ivory Coast: Herve A. Kadjo (hervekadjo@pasteur.ci)Kazakhstan: Gulzhan Muratbayeva (hnv2@cdc.gov)Kenya: Joshua Mott (zud9@cdc.gov)Madagascar: Jean-Michel Heraud (jmheraud@pasteur.mg)Morocco: Amal Barakat (amal.barakat@yahoo.fr)New Zealand: Sue Huang (sue.huang@esr.cri.nz)Nicaragua: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Panama: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Portugal: Ana Paula Rodrigues (ana.rodrigues@insa.min-saude.pt)Singapore: Vernon Lee (vernonljm@hotmail.com)South Africa: Cheryl Cohen (cherylc@nicd.ac.za)Turkey: Meral Akcay Ciblak (ciblakm@yahoo.com)Ukraine: Alla Mironenko (miralla@ukr.net)Viet Nam: Le Thi Quinh Mai (lom9@hotmail.com); International audience; BACKGROUND:Influenza disease burden varies by age and this has important public health implications. We compared the proportional distribution of different influenza virus types within age strata using surveillance data from twenty-nine countries during 1999-2014 (N=358,796 influenza cases).METHODS:For each virus, we calculated a Relative Illness Ratio (defined as the ratio of the percentage of cases in an age group to the percentage of the country population in the same age group) for young children (0-4 years), older children (5-17 years), young adults (18-39 years), older adults (40-64 years), and the elderly (65+ years). We used random-effects meta-analysis models to obtain summary relative illness ratios (sRIRs), and conducted meta-regression and sub-group analyses to explore causes of between-estimates heterogeneity.RESULTS:The influenza virus with highest sRIR was A(H1N1) for young children, B for older children, A(H1N1)pdm2009 for adults, and (A(H3N2) for the elderly. As expected, considering the diverse nature of the national surveillance datasets included in our analysis, between-estimates heterogeneity was high (I2>90%) for most sRIRs. The variations of countries' geographic, demographic and economic characteristics and the proportion of outpatients among reported influenza cases explained only part of the heterogeneity, suggesting that multiple factors were at play.CONCLUSIONS:These results highlight the importance of presenting burden of disease estimates by age group and virus (sub)type.
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- 2018
28. Annual estimates of the burden of seasonal influenza in the United States: A tool for strengthening influenza surveillance and preparedness
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Lynnette Brammer, Joseph S. Bresee, Brendan Flannery, James A. Singleton, Ivo M. Foppa, Sonja J Olsen, Daniel B. Jernigan, Melissa A Rolfes, Erin Burns, Carrie Reed, and Shikha Garg
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0301 basic medicine ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,burden ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cost of Illness ,Environmental health ,Health care ,Pandemic ,Influenza, Human ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Disease burden ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Disease surveillance ,business.industry ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Outbreak ,virus diseases ,Infant ,Original Articles ,Middle Aged ,United States ,Vaccination ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Influenza Vaccines ,Preparedness ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Original Article ,Seasons ,business ,influenza - Abstract
Background Estimates of influenza disease burden are broadly useful for public health, helping national and local authorities monitor epidemiologic trends, plan and allocate resources, and promote influenza vaccination. Historically, estimates of the burden of seasonal influenza in the United States, focused mainly on influenza-related mortality and hospitalization, were generated every few years. Since the 2010-2011 influenza season, annual US influenza burden estimates have been generated and expanded to include estimates of influenza-related outpatient medical visits and symptomatic illness in the community. Methods We used routinely collected surveillance data, outbreak field investigations, and proportions of people seeking health care from survey results to estimate the number of illnesses, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths due to influenza during six influenza seasons (2010-2011 through 2015-2016). Results We estimate that the number of influenza-related illnesses that have occurred during influenza season has ranged from 9.2 million to 35.6 million, including 140 000 to 710 000 influenza-related hospitalizations. Discussion These annual efforts have strengthened public health communications products and supported timely assessment of the impact of vaccination through estimates of illness and hospitalizations averted. Additionally, annual estimates of influenza burden have highlighted areas where disease surveillance needs improvement to better support public health decision making for seasonal influenza epidemics as well as future pandemics.
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- 2018
29. Mapping of the US Domestic Influenza Virologic Surveillance Landscape
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Shahram Shahangian, Desiree Mustaquim, Pete Shult, Joseph D. Miller, Rosemary Humes, Xiyan Xu, Daniel B. Jernigan, Barbara Jester, Tricia Aden, Joy Schwerzmann, Larisa V. Gubareva, and Lynnette Brammer
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0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,medicine.drug_class ,diagnosis ,education ,lcsh:Medicine ,fluorescent antibody technique ,medicine.disease_cause ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,nucleic acid amplification techniques ,Tier 2 network ,Environmental health ,health services administration ,Pandemic ,vaccine virus selection ,Influenza, Human ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,genetic sequence analysis ,viruses ,030212 general & internal medicine ,immunoassay ,health care economics and organizations ,Public health ,Research ,lcsh:R ,Pandemic influenza ,Nucleic acid amplification technique ,United States ,Tier 1 network ,Influenza B virus ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Geography ,Population Surveillance ,surveillance ,pandemic planning ,Mapping of the US Domestic Influenza Virologic Surveillance Landscape ,Antiviral drug ,influenza - Abstract
Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal vaccine production. We developed a framework and process map for characterizing the landscape of US influenza virologic surveillance into 5 tiers of influenza testing: outpatient settings (tier 1), inpatient settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state public health laboratories (tier 3), National Influenza Reference Center laboratories (tier 4), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratories (tier 5). During the 2015–16 season, the numbers of influenza tests directly contributing to virologic surveillance were 804,000 in tiers 1 and 2; 78,000 in tier 3; 2,800 in tier 4; and 3,400 in tier 5. With the release of the 2017 US Pandemic Influenza Plan, the proposed framework will support public health officials in modeling, surveillance, and pandemic planning and response.
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- 2018
30. Update: Influenza Activity — United States, October 1–November 25, 2017
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Vivien G. Dugan, Lenee Blanton, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Noreen Alabi, John Barnes, Lynnette Brammer, Erin Burns, Charisse N. Cummings, Todd Davis, Brendan Flannery, Alicia M. Fry, Shikha Garg, Rebecca Garten, Larisa Gubareva, Yunho Jang, Krista Kniss, Natalie Kramer, Stephen Lindstrom, Desiree Mustaquim, Alissa O’Halloran, Sonja J. Olsen, Wendy Sessions, Calli Taylor, Susan Trock, Xiyan Xu, David E. Wentworth, Jacqueline Katz, and Daniel Jernigan
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0301 basic medicine ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Drug resistance ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,Outpatients ,Influenza A virus ,Medicine ,Full Report ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Hospitalization ,Vaccination ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Child Mortality ,Pneumonia (non-human) ,Adult ,Adolescent ,030106 microbiology ,Influenza season ,Antigenic drift ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,Humans ,Aged ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Influenza a ,Pneumonia ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Infant newborn ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,business - Abstract
Influenza activity in the United States was low during October 2017, but has been increasing since the beginning of November. Influenza A viruses have been most commonly identified, with influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominating. Several influenza activity indicators were higher than is typically seen for this time of year. The majority of influenza viruses characterized during this period were genetically or antigenically similar to the 2017-18 Northern Hemisphere cell-grown vaccine reference viruses. These data indicate that currently circulating viruses have not undergone significant antigenic drift; however, circulating A(H3N2) viruses are antigenically less similar to egg-grown A(H3N2) viruses used for producing the majority of influenza vaccines in the United States. It is difficult to predict which influenza viruses will predominate in the 2017-18 influenza season; however, in recent past seasons in which A(H3N2) viruses predominated, hospitalizations and deaths were more common, and the effectiveness of the vaccine was lower. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications. Multiple influenza vaccines are approved and recommended for use during the 2017-18 season, and vaccination should continue to be offered as long as influenza viruses are circulating and unexpired vaccine is available. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 1-November 25, 2017 (surveillance weeks 40-47).†.
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- 2017
31. Systematic Assessment of Multiple Routine and Near Real-Time Indicators to Classify the Severity of Influenza Seasons and Pandemics in the United States, 2003–2004 Through 2015–2016
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Krista Kniss, Daniel B. Jernigan, Lynnette Brammer, Joseph S. Bresee, Shikha Garg, Matthew Biggerstaff, Carrie Reed, and Erin Burns
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medicine.medical_specialty ,education.field_of_study ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Public health ,030231 tropical medicine ,Population ,Confidence interval ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Outpatient visits ,Age groups ,Pandemic ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Geometric mean ,business ,Intensive care medicine ,education ,Demography - Abstract
Assessments of influenza season severity can guide public health action. We used the moving epidemic method to develop intensity thresholds (ITs) for 3 US surveillance indicators from the 2003-2004 through 2014-2015 influenza seasons (excluding the 2009 pandemic). The indicators were: 1) outpatient visits for influenza-like illness; 2) influenza-related hospitalizations; and 3) influenza- and pneumonia-related deaths. ITs were developed for the population overall and separately for children, adults, and older adults, and they were set at the upper limit of the 50% (IT50), 90% (IT90), and 98% (IT98) 1-sided confidence intervals of the geometric mean of each season's 3 highest values. Severity was classified as low if ≥2 systems peaked below IT50, moderate if ≥2 peaked between IT50 and IT90, high if ≥2 peaked between IT90 and IT98, and very high if ≥2 peaked above IT98. We pilot-tested this method with the 2015-2016 season and the 2009 pandemic. Overall, 4 seasons were classified as low severity, 7 as moderate, 2 as high, and none as very high. Among the age groups, older adults had the most seasons (n = 3) classified as high, and children were the only group to have seasons (n = 2) classified as very high. We will apply this method to classify the severity of future seasons and inform pandemic response.
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- 2017
32. Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2016–17 Season and Composition of the 2017–18 Influenza Vaccine
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Lenee Blanton, Noreen Alabi, Desiree Mustaquim, Calli Taylor, Krista Kniss, Natalie Kramer, Alicia Budd, Shikha Garg, Charisse N. Cummings, Jessie Chung, Brendan Flannery, Alicia M. Fry, Wendy Sessions, Rebecca Garten, Xiyan Xu, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Larisa Gubareva, John Barnes, Vivien Dugan, David E. Wentworth, Erin Burns, Jacqueline Katz, Daniel Jernigan, and Lynnette Brammer
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0301 basic medicine ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health Information Management ,Infant Mortality ,Outpatients ,Full Report ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Coinfection ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Hospitalization ,Influenza Vaccines ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Seasons ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Influenza vaccine ,Influenza season ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Humans ,Aged ,Influenza B viruses ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Influenza a ,Pneumonia ,Influenza A Virus, H7N2 Subtype ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Infant mortality ,Influenza B virus ,030104 developmental biology ,business ,Regional differences ,Demography - Abstract
During the 2016-17 influenza season (October 2, 2016-May 20, 2017) in the United States, influenza activity* was moderate. Activity remained low through November, increased during December, and peaked in February nationally, although there were regional differences in the timing of influenza activity. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominated through mid-March and were predominant overall for the season, but influenza B viruses were most commonly reported from late March through May. This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during October 2, 2016-May 20, 2017† and updates the previous summary (1).
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- 2017
33. Spread of Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses and Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States During the 2018-2019 Season
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Lynnette Brammer, David E. Wentworth, Mary Patricia Nowalk, Krista Kniss, Michael D. Reis, Emily T. Martin, Richard K. Zimmerman, Alicia P. Budd, Lenee Blanton, Rebecca Kondor, Thomas J. Stark, Michael L. Jackson, Alicia M. Fry, John R. Barnes, Arnold S. Monto, Manjusha Gaglani, Lisa A. Jackson, Sara S Kim, Jessie R Chung, Manish M. Patel, Brendan Flannery, Huong Q. McLean, and Edward A. Belongia
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0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Influenza vaccine ,Orthomyxoviridae ,Oropharynx ,Nose ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Vaccine strain ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,law ,Influenza, Human ,Immunology and Allergy ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Clade ,Child ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Aged ,biology ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Vaccination ,Network data ,virus diseases ,Infant ,Influenza a ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Antigenic Variation ,United States ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Influenza Vaccines ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,RNA, Viral ,Female ,business - Abstract
Background Increased illness due to antigenically drifted A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a influenza viruses prompted concerns about vaccine effectiveness (VE) and vaccine strain selection. We used US virologic surveillance and US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (Flu VE) Network data to evaluate consequences of this clade. Methods Distribution of influenza viruses was described using virologic surveillance data. The Flu VE Network enrolled ambulatory care patients aged ≥6 months with acute respiratory illness at 5 sites. Respiratory specimens were tested for influenza by means of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and were sequenced. Using a test-negative design, we estimated VE, comparing the odds of influenza among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants. Results During the 2018–2019 influenza season, A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses caused an increasing proportion of influenza cases. Among 2763 Flu VE Network case patients, 1325 (48%) were infected with A(H1N1)pdm09 and 1350 (49%) with A(H3N2); clade 3C.3a accounted for 977 (93%) of 1054 sequenced A(H3N2) viruses. VE was 44% (95% confidence interval, 37%–51%) against A(H1N1)pdm09 and 9% (−4% to 20%) against A(H3N2); VE was 5% (−10% to 19%) against A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses. Conclusions The predominance of A(H3N2) clade 3C.3a viruses during the latter part of the 2018–2019 season was associated with decreased VE, supporting the A(H3N2) vaccine component update for 2019–2020 northern hemisphere influenza vaccines.
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- 2019
34. Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2018-19 Season and Composition of the 2019-20 Influenza Vaccine
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Krista Kniss, Lynnette Brammer, Xiyan Xu, Melissa A Rolfes, Larisa V. Gubareva, Alicia P Budd, Lenee Blanton, Sankan Nyanseor, James Stevens, John Barnes, Charisse N Cummings, Alissa O’Halloran, Alicia M. Fry, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Erin Burns, Noreen Alabi, Matthew Biggerstaff, Wendy Sessions, Rebecca Kondor, David E. Wentworth, Shikha Garg, Daniel B. Jernigan, and Vivien G. Dugan
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Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,medicine.disease_cause ,Severity of Illness Index ,Seasonal influenza ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Cost of Illness ,Infant Mortality ,Outpatients ,Influenza A virus ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Full Report ,Child ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Hospitalization ,Influenza Vaccines ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Child Mortality ,Seasons ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Influenza vaccine ,Influenza season ,Antiviral Agents ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,030225 pediatrics ,Severity of illness ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Humans ,Aged ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Influenza a ,Pneumonia ,medicine.disease ,Infant mortality ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Influenza activity* in the United States during the 2018-19 season (September 30, 2018-May 18, 2019) was of moderate severity (1). Nationally, influenza-like illness (ILI)† activity began increasing in November, peaked during mid-February, and returned to below baseline in mid-April; the season lasted 21 weeks,§ making it the longest season in 10 years. Illness attributed to influenza A viruses predominated, with very little influenza B activity. Two waves of influenza A were notable during this extended season: influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from October 2018 to mid-February 2019 and influenza A(H3N2) viruses from February through May 2019. Compared with the 2017-18 influenza season, rates of hospitalization this season were lower for adults, but were similar for children. Although influenza activity is currently below surveillance baselines, testing for seasonal influenza viruses and monitoring for novel influenza A virus infections should continue year-round. Receiving a seasonal influenza vaccine each year remains the best way to protect against seasonal influenza and its potentially severe consequences.
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- 2019
35. Influenza Activity - United States, September 30-December 1, 2018
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Krista Kniss, Rebecca Garten, Alicia P Budd, Calli Taylor, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Jacqueline M. Katz, Lenee Blanton, Wendy Sessions, Lisa A. Grohskopf, Lynnette Brammer, Xiyan Xu, Erin Burns, Noreen Alabi, John Barnes, David E. Wentworth, Daniel B. Jernigan, Shikha Garg, Natalie Kramer, Larisa V. Gubareva, Vivien G. Dugan, Alicia M. Fry, Charisse N Cummings, and Alissa O’Halloran
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0301 basic medicine ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,medicine.disease_cause ,03 medical and health sciences ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Ambulatory care ,Influenza, Human ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Ambulatory Care ,Humans ,Full Report ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,030104 developmental biology ,Outpatient visits ,Population Surveillance ,Seasons ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Influenza activity in the United States was low during October 2018, and, although it increased slowly during November, activity remains low across most of the country.* During the week ending December 1, 2018, the percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness† (ILI) was equal to the national baseline§ (Figure) and was at or slightly above the region-specific baseline in four of the 10 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regions¶ (Regions 4 and 7–9). The majority of jurisdictions experienced minimal or low ILI activity since September 30; however, two experienced moderate ILI activity, and two experienced high ILI activity** during the week ending December 1. The percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza remains below the epidemic threshold,†† and the rate of influenza-associated hospitalizations remains low. Five laboratory-confirmed, influenza-associated pediatric deaths occurring since September 30 have been reported to CDC. During the week ending December 1, the majority of jurisdictions (40 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands) reported sporadic or local geographic spread of influenza activity, nine states reported regional activity, and one state reported widespread activity.§§ Open in a separate window FIGURE Percentage of visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) — U.S. Outpatient Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network (ILINet), weekly national summary, 2018–2019* and selected previous seasons * As of December 7, 2018.
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- 2018
36. Update: Influenza Activity — United States and Worldwide, May 22–September 10, 2016
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Alicia Budd, Lenee Blanton, Krista Kniss, Sophie Smith, Desiree Mustaquim, Stacy L. Davlin, Natalie Kramer, Brendan Flannery, Alicia M. Fry, Lisa A. Grohskopf, Sonja J. Olsen, Joseph Bresee, Wendy Sessions, Rebecca Garten, Xiyan Xu, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Larisa Gubareva, John Barnes, David E. Wentworth, Erin Burns, Jacqueline Katz, Daniel Jernigan, and Lynnette Brammer
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0301 basic medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health (social science) ,Health Information Management ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,030106 microbiology ,030212 general & internal medicine ,General Medicine - Abstract
During May 22-September 10, 2016,* the United States experienced typical low levels of seasonal influenza activity overall; beginning in late August, clinical laboratories reported a slight increase in influenza positive test results and CDC received reports of a small number of localized influenza outbreaks caused by influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses were detected during May-September in the United States and worldwide. The majority of the influenza viruses collected from the United States and other countries during that time have been characterized antigenically or genetically or both as being similar to the reference viruses representing vaccine components recommended for the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere vaccine. During May 22-September 10, 2016, 20 influenza variant virus
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- 2016
37. Influenza-Associated Pediatric Deaths in the United States, 2010–2016
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Lyn Finelli, Seema Jain, Lenee Blanton, Lynnette Brammer, Karen K. Wong, R. Dhara, and Alicia M. Fry
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Adolescent ,business.industry ,Infant ,United States ,Confidence interval ,Vaccination ,Influenza B virus ,Influenza A virus ,Influenza Vaccines ,Interquartile range ,Child, Preschool ,Relative risk ,Influenza, Human ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Hospital admission ,Epidemiology ,Humans ,Medicine ,Medical history ,Symptom onset ,Mortality ,Child ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Influenza-associated pediatric deaths became a notifiable condition in the United States in 2004. METHODS: We analyzed deaths in children aged RESULTS: Overall, 675 deaths were reported. The median age was 6 years (interquartile range: 2–12). The average annual incidence was 0.15 per 100 000 children (95% confidence interval: 0.14–0.16) and was highest among children aged CONCLUSIONS: Each year, influenza-associated pediatric deaths are reported. Young children have the highest death rates, especially infants aged
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- 2018
38. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 1, 2017-February 3, 2018
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Alicia P. Budd, David E. Wentworth, Lenee Blanton, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Noreen Alabi, John Barnes, Lynnette Brammer, Erin Burns, Charisse N. Cummings, Todd Davis, Brendan Flannery, Alicia M. Fry, Shikha Garg, Rebecca Garten, Larisa Gubareva, Yunho Jang, Krista Kniss, Natalie Kramer, Stephen Lindstrom, Desiree Mustaquim, Alissa O’Halloran, Sonja J. Olsen, Wendy Sessions, Calli Taylor, Xiyan Xu, Vivien G. Dugan, Jacqueline Katz, and Daniel Jernigan
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0301 basic medicine ,Gerontology ,Male ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,medicine.disease_cause ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Pregnancy ,Influenza A virus ,Ambulatory Care ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Full Report ,Child ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Hospitalization ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Child Mortality ,Female ,Seasons ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Antiviral Agents ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Humans ,Aged ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Recem nascido ,Infant, Newborn ,Continuing education ,Vaccine virus ,Infant ,Influenza a ,Pneumonia ,medicine.disease ,Infant newborn ,Virology ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,030104 developmental biology ,business - Abstract
From October through mid-December 2015, influenza activity remained low in most regions of the United States. Activity began to increase in late December 2015 and continued to increase slowly through early February 2016. Influenza A viruses have been most frequently identified, with influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominating during October until early December, and influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominating from mid-December until early February. Most of the influenza viruses characterized during that time are antigenically similar to vaccine virus strains recommended for inclusion in the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere vaccines. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 4, 2015-February 6, 2016, and updates the previous summary (1).
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- 2018
39. Update: Influenza Activity - United States and Worldwide, May 21-September 23, 2017
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Lenee Blanton, David E. Wentworth, Noreen Alabi, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, John Barnes, Lynnette Brammer, Erin Burns, C. Todd Davis, Vivien G. Dugan, Alicia M. Fry, Rebecca Garten, Lisa A. Grohskopf, Larisa Gubareva, Krista Kniss, Stephen Lindstrom, Desiree Mustaquim, Sonja J. Olsen, Katherine Roguski, Calli Taylor, Susan Trock, Xiyan Xu, Jacqueline Katz, and Daniel Jernigan
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0301 basic medicine ,Gerontology ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Influenza vaccine ,viruses ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,030106 microbiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Global Health ,H5N1 genetic structure ,Virus ,Disease Outbreaks ,Seasonal influenza ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Global health ,Influenza A virus ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Full Report ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Virology ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,Population Surveillance ,Human mortality from H5N1 ,Seasons ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S ,business - Abstract
During May 21-September 23, 2017,* the United States experienced low-level seasonal influenza virus activity; however, beginning in early September, CDC received reports of a small number of localized influenza outbreaks caused by influenza A(H3N2) viruses. In addition to influenza A(H3N2) viruses, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B viruses were detected during May-September worldwide and in the United States. Influenza B viruses predominated in the United States from late May through late June, and influenza A viruses predominated beginning in early July. The majority of the influenza viruses collected and received from the United States and other countries during that time have been characterized genetically or antigenically as being similar to the 2017 Southern Hemisphere and 2017-18 Northern Hemisphere cell-grown vaccine reference viruses; however, a smaller proportion of the circulating A(H3N2) viruses showed similarity to the egg-grown A(H3N2) vaccine reference virus which represents the A(H3N2) viruses used for the majority of vaccine production in the United States. Also, during May 21-September 23, 2017, CDC confirmed a total of 33 influenza variant virus
- Published
- 2017
40. Influenza-Associated Pediatric Deaths in the United States, 2010–2015
- Author
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Lenee Blanton, Alicia M. Fry, Sonja J. Olsen, Lynnette Brammer, and Mei Shang
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0301 basic medicine ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.disease_cause ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Interquartile range ,030225 pediatrics ,Influenza A virus ,Medicine ,General Environmental Science ,Pneumonitis ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,medicine.disease ,Vaccination ,Pneumonia ,deaths ,030104 developmental biology ,pediatric ,Respiratory failure ,surveillance ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,ISDS 2016 Conference Abstracts ,business ,Complication ,influenza - Abstract
Objective To characterize and describe influenza-associated pediatric deaths in the United States over five influenza seasons, 2010–11 through 2014–15. Introduction Community influenza infection rates are highest among children. In children, influenza can cause severe illness and complications including, respiratory failure and death. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥ 6 months. In 2004, influenza- associated deaths in children became a notifiable condition. Methods Deaths that occurred in children aged
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- 2017
41. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 2, 2016-February 4, 2017
- Author
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Lenee Blanton, Desiree Mustaquim, Noreen Alabi, Krista Kniss, Natalie Kramer, Alicia Budd, Shikha Garg, Charisse N. Cummings, Alicia M. Fry, Joseph Bresee, Wendy Sessions, Rebecca Garten, Xiyan Xu, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Larisa Gubareva, John Barnes, David E. Wentworth, Erin Burns, Jacqueline Katz, Daniel Jernigan, and Lynnette Brammer
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,01 natural sciences ,Antiviral Agents ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Pregnancy ,Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,Outpatients ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Full Report ,0101 mathematics ,Child ,Aged ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,010102 general mathematics ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,General Medicine ,Pneumonia ,Middle Aged ,Influenza A Virus, H7N2 Subtype ,United States ,Hospitalization ,Influenza B virus ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Child Mortality ,Female ,Seasons - Abstract
This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 2, 2016-February 4, 2017
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- 2017
42. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 2-December 17, 2016
- Author
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Daniel B. Jernigan, Lynnette Brammer, Mei Shang, Lisa A. Grohskopf, Natalie Kramer, Stacy L. Davlin, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Brendan Flannery, Erin Burns, David E. Wentworth, Shikha Garg, Stephen Barnes, Sonja J. Olsen, Larisa V. Gubareva, Noreen Alabi, Desiree Mustaquim, Alicia P Budd, Joseph S. Bresee, Xiyan Xu, Rebecca Garten, John R. Barnes, Charisse N Cummings, Alicia M. Fry, Lenee Blanton, Jacqueline M. Katz, Wendy Sessions, and Krista Kniss
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Adult ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Antiviral Agents ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Influenza A virus ,Ambulatory Care ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,Child ,Aged ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,010102 general mathematics ,Recem nascido ,Infant, Newborn ,virus diseases ,Infant ,Influenza a ,General Medicine ,Pneumonia ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Infant newborn ,United States ,Hospitalization ,Influenza B virus ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Child Mortality ,Seasons ,business ,Pneumonia (non-human) - Abstract
This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 2-December 17, 2016.† Influenza activity in the United States remained low in October and has been slowly increasing since November. Influenza A viruses were identified most frequently, with influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominating. Most influenza viruses characterized during this period were genetically or antigenically similar to the reference viruses representing vaccine components recommended for production in the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines.
- Published
- 2016
43. The epidemiological signature of influenza B virus and its B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in the 21st century
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John Paget, Olga Bessonova, Joseph S. Bresee, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Saverio Caini, Binay Thapa, Francisco José de Paula Júnior, Jenny Lara Araya, Florette K. Treurnicht, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Brechla Moreno Arévalo, Zhibin Peng, Raquel Guiomar, Gabriela Kusznierz, Q. Sue Huang, Herman Kosasih, Antonino Bella, Doménica de Mora, Rakhee Palekar, Olha Holubka, Maria R. Castrucci, Rudevelinda Rivera, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Gideon O. Emukule, Rodrigo Fasce, Rocio Higueros, Sandra S. Chaves, Fatima el Falaki, Mai T. Q. Le, Herve A. Kadjo, Patricia Bustos, Luzhao Feng, Ainash Makusheva, Vernon J. Lee, Richard Njouom, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Coulibaly Daouda, Gé Donker, Alfredo Bruno, Alla Mironenko, Cheryl Cohen, Jean-Michel Heraud, Li Wei Ang, Sonam Wangchuk, Mónica Jeannette Barahona de Gámez, Maria Zambon, Clotilde El Guerche-Séblain, Angel Balmaseda, Lynnette Brammer, Amal Barakat, Richard Pebody, Adam Meijer, Verònica Vera Garate, Tim Wood, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research [Utrecht] (NIVEL), Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Dr. Emilio Coni [Santa Fe, Argentina] (INER), Ministry of Health [Bhoutan], Ministry of Health [Brasília, Brazil], Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health [Costa Rica], Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública [Guayaquil, Ecuador] (INSPI), Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Public Health England [London], Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social [Guatemala] (MSPAS), Ministry of Health [Honduras] (SESAL), US Naval Medical Research Unit No.2 [Jakarta, Indonesia] (NAMRU-2), Naval Medical Research Center [Silver Spring, USA] (NMRC), Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Institut National de Santé Publique d'Abidjan-INSP, Ministry of Healthcare [Kazakhstan], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Kenya], Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut National d'Hygiène [Maroc], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Ministry of Health [Nicaragua] (MINSA), Pan American Health Organization [Washington] (PAHO), Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud [Panamá], Instituto Nacional de Saùde Dr Ricardo Jorge [Portugal] (INSA), Ministry of Health [Singapore], National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Sanofi Pasteur [Lyon, France], The study is supported by a research grant from Sanofi Pasteur: the ‘Global Epidemiology of Influenza B’ research project. The funder provided support in the form of salaries for two authors (CEGS and JP) but did not have any additional role in the data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript., The 'Global Influenza B Study team' (group authorship) includes the following scientists: Juan Manuel Rudi (jmrudi@anlis.gov.ar), National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Emilio Coni', Santa Fe, Argentina, Dorji Wangchuk (dorjiwangchuk@health.gov.bt) and Sangay Zangmo (szangmo@health.gov.bt), Royal Centre for Disease Control, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan, Daiana Araujo da Silva (daiana.silva@saude.gov.br), Ministry of Health, Department of Surveillance of Transmissible Diseases, Brasília/DF, Brazil, Winston Andrade (wandrade@ispch.cl), Sub-Department of Viral Diseases, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Jiandong Zheng (zhengjd@chinacdc.cn) and Ying Qin (qinying@chinacdc.cn), Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China, Joanna Ellis (joanna.ellis@phe.gov.uk), Public Health England, London, United Kingdom, Simona Puzelli (simona.puzelli@iss.it), National Influenza Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy, Caterina Rizzo (rizzocaterina@gmail.com), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy, Linus Ndegwa (ikf7@cdc.gov), Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, Marit MA de Lange (marit.de.lange@rivm.nl) and Anne C. Teirlinck (anne.teirlinck@rivm.nl), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, Jeffery Cutter (jeffery_cutter@moh.gov.sg) and Raymond Tzer Pin Lin (raymond_lin@moh.gov.sg), Public Health Group, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore, Than T. Le (lmot82@yahoo.com), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam, and Peter Kinuthia 42 (polorien@gmail.com), IHRC Inc., Atlanta, USA.
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RNA viruses ,Male ,Infecções Respiratórias ,0301 basic medicine ,Viral Diseases ,medicine.disease_cause ,MESH: Influenza Vaccines ,Seasonal influenza ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,0302 clinical medicine ,[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,Epidemiology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Influenza A virus ,030212 general & internal medicine ,MESH: Influenza B virus ,Pathology and laboratory medicine ,Northern Hemisphere ,Vaccines ,[SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases ,Multidisciplinary ,Geography ,MESH: Influenza, Human ,virus diseases ,Medical microbiology ,3. Good health ,Infectious Diseases ,Influenza Vaccines ,Population Surveillance ,Viruses ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,Medicine ,Southern Hemisphere ,Female ,Age distribution ,Seasons ,Pathogens ,MESH: History, 21st Century ,Research Article ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Infectious Disease Control ,Science ,MESH: Influenza A virus ,Biology ,Microbiology ,History, 21st Century ,Virus ,MESH: Population Surveillance ,MESH: Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,03 medical and health sciences ,Age Distribution ,Population Metrics ,Influenza, Human ,medicine ,Influenza viruses ,Humans ,Epidemics ,MESH: Epidemics ,Disease burden ,MESH: Humans ,Biology and life sciences ,Population Biology ,Organisms ,Viral pathogens ,[SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology ,Estados de Saúde e de Doença ,Virology ,Influenza ,MESH: Male ,Microbial pathogens ,Earth sciences ,Influenza B virus ,Vaccine mismatch ,030104 developmental biology ,Virus type ,[SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,MESH: Epidemiological Monitoring ,Geographic areas ,MESH: Seasons ,MESH: Female ,Orthomyxoviruses - Abstract
Free PMC article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/31513690/ We describe the epidemiological characteristics, pattern of circulation, and geographical distribution of influenza B viruses and its lineages using data from the Global Influenza B Study. We included over 1.8 million influenza cases occurred in thirty-one countries during 2000-2018. We calculated the proportion of cases caused by influenza B and its lineages; determined the timing of influenza A and B epidemics; compared the age distribution of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata cases; and evaluated the frequency of lineage-level mismatch for the trivalent vaccine. The median proportion of influenza cases caused by influenza B virus was 23.4%, with a tendency (borderline statistical significance, p = 0.060) to be higher in tropical vs. temperate countries. Influenza B was the dominant virus type in about one every seven seasons. In temperate countries, influenza B epidemics occurred on average three weeks later than influenza A epidemics; no consistent pattern emerged in the tropics. The two B lineages caused a comparable proportion of influenza B cases globally, however the B/Yamagata was more frequent in temperate countries, and the B/Victoria in the tropics (p = 0.048). B/Yamagata patients were significantly older than B/Victoria patients in almost all countries. A lineage-level vaccine mismatch was observed in over 40% of seasons in temperate countries and in 30% of seasons in the tropics. The type B virus caused a substantial proportion of influenza infections globally in the 21st century, and its two virus lineages differed in terms of age and geographical distribution of patients. These findings will help inform health policy decisions aiming to reduce disease burden associated with seasonal influenza. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2019
44. Influenza Activity - United States, 2015-16 Season and Composition of the 2016-17 Influenza Vaccine
- Author
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Desiree Mustaquim, Rebecca Garten, Natalie Kramer, Lenee Blanton, Lisa A. Grohskopf, Daniel B. Jernigan, Erin Burns, Joseph S. Bresee, Alicia M Fry, Krista Kniss, Jessica Cohen, Jacqueline M. Katz, Lynnette Brammer, Anwar Isa Abd Elal, Xiyan Xu, Brendan Flannery, John R. Barnes, Wendy Sessions, Teresa R. Wallis, Charisse N Cummings, Stacy L. Davlin, Larisa V. Gubareva, David E. Wentworth, Shikha Garg, and Sophie Smith
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Gerontology ,Veterinary medicine ,Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,medicine.disease_cause ,0302 clinical medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Health Information Management ,Infant Mortality ,Outpatients ,Influenza A virus ,Live attenuated influenza vaccine ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Hospitalization ,Outpatient visits ,Influenza Vaccines ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Child Mortality ,Human mortality from H5N1 ,Seasons ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Influenza vaccine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,Humans ,Aged ,business.industry ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Infant, Newborn ,Vaccine virus ,Infant ,Pneumonia ,medicine.disease ,Infant mortality ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,030104 developmental biology ,business - Abstract
During the 2015-16 influenza season (October 4, 2015-May 21, 2016) in the United States, influenza activity* was lower and peaked later compared with the previous three seasons (2012-13, 2013-14, and 2014-15). Activity remained low from October 2015 until late December 2015 and peaked in mid-March 2016. During the most recent 18 influenza seasons (including this season), only two other seasons have peaked in March (2011-12 and 2005-06). Overall influenza activity was moderate this season, with a lower percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI),(†) lower hospitalization rates, and a lower percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) compared with the preceding three seasons. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominated overall, but influenza A(H3N2) viruses were more commonly identified from October to early December, and influenza B viruses were more commonly identified from mid-April through mid-May. The majority of viruses characterized this season were antigenically similar to the reference viruses representing the recommended components of the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine (1). This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during the 2015-16 influenza season (October 4, 2015-May 21, 2016)(§) and reports the vaccine virus components recommended for the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines.
- Published
- 2016
45. Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination?
- Author
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Marietjie Venter, Juan Yang, Simona Puzelli, Antonino Bella, Joshua A. Mott, Rodrigo Fasce, Coulibaly Daouda, Jenny Lara, Hongjie Yu, Winston Andrade, Selim Badur, Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques, François G. Schellevis, Jean-Michel Heraud, Akerke Ospanova, Sonam Wangchuk, Brechla Moreno, Herve A. Kadjo, Raymond T. P. Lin, Juan Manuel Rudi, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Gabriela Kusznierz, Joseph S. Bresee, Cheryl Cohen, Mai thi Quynh Le, Rhonda Owen, Maria Zambon, Maria Luisa Matute, Kunzang Dorji, Kate Pennington, Global Influenza B Study, Herman Kosasih, Nurhayati, Alla Mironenko, Ming Li, Angel Balmaseda, Alexey Clara, Alfredo Bruno, Richard Njouom, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Celina de Lozano, Luzhao Feng, Olha Holubka, Amal Barakat, Lyazzat Kiyanbekova, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Saverio Caini, Meral Akcay Ciblak, Raquel Guiomar, Richard Pebody, Leticia Castillo, Gideon O. Emukule, Liza Lopez, Doménica de Mora, Jeffery Cutter, Q. Sue Huang, Marie-Astrid Vernet, Abderrahman Bimohuen, John Paget, Lynnette Brammer, General practice, EMGO - Quality of care, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Istanbul University, Ministry of Health [Nicaragua] (MINSA), Ministry of Health [Morocco], Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública [Guayaquil, Ecuador] (INSPI), Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social [Guatemala] (MSPAS), US Centers for Disease Control, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Ministry of Health, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Ministry of Health [Bhoutan], US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Instituto nacional de saude, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Astana Center of Sanitary Epidemiology Expertise, US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Dr. Emilio Coni', Ministry of Health [Costa Rica], National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Ministry of Health [Honduras] (SESAL), National Influenza Center, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia (DHAISS), Public Health England [London], National Institute of Health, University of Pretoria [South Africa], The Global Influenza B Study is supported by an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur. The study sponsor had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, and and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. The study sponsor had no access to the data in the study.
- Subjects
Infecções Respiratórias ,Influenza Viruses ,Epidemiology ,Gripe ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,Geographical locations ,0302 clinical medicine ,[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,DRIVERS ,Estados de Saúde ,Public and Occupational Health ,SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ,lcsh:Science ,MESH: Influenza B virus ,Northern Hemisphere ,[SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases ,Geography ,MESH: Influenza, Human ,Vaccination ,virus diseases ,3. Good health ,Global Influenza B Study ,MESH: Tropical Climate ,[SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Immunology ,Disease Surveillance ,SEASONAL INFLUENZA ,Microbiology ,Influenza Vaccin ,03 medical and health sciences ,Influenza Vaccination ,SURVEILLANCE ,Humans ,Microbial Pathogens ,Retrospective Studies ,MESH: Humans ,Science & Technology ,lcsh:R ,Organisms ,Correction ,Influenza a ,MESH: Retrospective Studies ,[SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Influenza ,MADAGASCAR ,lcsh:Q ,Preventive Medicine ,People and places ,Demography ,RNA viruses ,Viral Diseases ,lcsh:Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Tropical climate ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Influenza A virus ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Multidisciplinary ,Medical microbiology ,Vaccination and Immunization ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,Infectious Diseases ,Viruses ,Human mortality from H5N1 ,Southern Hemisphere ,Seasons ,Pathogens ,Brazil ,Research Article ,Infectious Disease Control ,General Science & Technology ,030231 tropical medicine ,MESH: Influenza A virus ,Healthcare improvement science Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 18] ,MD Multidisciplinary ,Influenza, Human ,Temperate climate ,medicine ,Tropical Climate ,Biology and life sciences ,business.industry ,Other Research Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 0] ,Viral pathogens ,Tropics ,MESH: Vaccination ,South America ,Seasonality ,Earth sciences ,Influenza B virus ,Infectious Disease Surveillance ,[SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,business ,Geographic areas ,MESH: Seasons ,Orthomyxoviruses - Abstract
Erratum in - Correction: Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination? PLoS One. 2016 May 2;11(5):e0155089. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155089. Introduction: Determining the optimal time to vaccinate is important for influenza vaccination programmes. Here, we assessed the temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres and in the tropics, and discuss their implications for vaccination programmes. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of surveillance data between 2000 and 2014 from the Global Influenza B Study database. The seasonal peak of influenza was defined as the week with the most reported cases (overall, A, and B) in the season. The duration of seasonal activity was assessed using the maximum proportion of influenza cases during three consecutive months and the minimum number of months with 80% of cases in the season. We also assessed whether co-circulation of A and B virus types affected the duration of influenza epidemics. Results: 212 influenza seasons and 571,907 cases were included from 30 countries. In tropical countries, the seasonal influenza activity lasted longer and the peaks of influenza A and B coincided less frequently than in temperate countries. Temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics were heterogeneous in the tropics, with distinct seasonal epidemics observed only in some countries. Seasons with co-circulation of influenza A and B were longer than influenza A seasons, especially in the tropics. Discussion: Our findings show that influenza seasonality is less well defined in the tropics than in temperate regions. This has important implications for vaccination programmes in these countries. High-quality influenza surveillance systems are needed in the tropics to enable decisions about when to vaccinate. The Global Influenza B Study is supported by an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2016
46. Hospitalizations Associated With Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the United States, 1993–2008
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Corinne M. Ringholz, David K. Shay, Hong Zhou, Lynnette Brammer, Cécile Viboud, Claudia A. Steiner, Larry J. Anderson, Po Yung Cheng, William W. Thompson, and Glen R. Abedi
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Adult ,Male ,Microbiology (medical) ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,viruses ,Population ,Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ,Virus ,Young Adult ,Age Distribution ,Influenza, Human ,Humans ,Medicine ,Young adult ,Child ,Prospective cohort study ,education ,Articles and Commentaries ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Incidence ,Medical record ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,virus diseases ,Middle Aged ,United States ,Hospitalization ,Vaccination ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Respiratory virus ,Female ,business - Abstract
Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are important pathogens responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality almost every US winter. Influenza- and RSV-associated illnesses are difficult to count because the symptoms associated with infection are nonspecific, laboratory testing is not routine, and influenza and RSV codes are listed incompletely in administrative medical records. Recent prospective studies have enrolled persons seeking care for respiratory conditions and tested them for infection [1–6]; however, such studies are resource intensive and rarely conducted in multiple sites or over seasons. In contrast, modeling approaches using broad disease outcomes have been used to estimate the burden of influenza and RSV in large populations and over long periods [7–13], but these approaches generally focus on a single pathogen. A better understanding of the relative burdens of influenza and RSV in all age groups is important for prevention efforts, particularly to guide deliberations about the expansion of existing vaccination recommendations and the development of new vaccines. Annual influenza and RSV epidemics often overlap in temperate regions [12, 14], increasing the difficulty of modeling their effects, although their age-specific burdens do differ. Influenza is responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality among older adults [7, 8, 10–13], whereas RSV has long been recognized as the most important respiratory viral pathogen in young children [4–6, 15, 16]. However, there is debate about the relative impact of influenza and RSV infections, particularly among adults aged ≥65 years [2]. A US study that jointly assessed influenza and RSV mortality estimated that 13.8 influenza- and 4.3 RSV-associated deaths occurred per 100000 persons annually during 1990–1999 [12]. This study also suggested that mortality associated with both influenza and RSV circulation disproportionately affected older adults [12]. Another US study estimated that influenza was responsible for 88 hospitalizations per 100000 persons from 1979 through 2001 [11], but it did not provide burden estimates for infants or estimates of RSV-associated hospitalizations. Using a 1% sample of all US hospitalizations, Holman et al estimated that 2740 RSV hospitalizations per 100000 infants occur annually [17]. Using laboratory-confirmed diagnoses, Fry et al [3] estimated 1087 RSV hospitalizations per 100000 infants occurred annually in rural Thailand. Other studies focused on US children aged
- Published
- 2012
47. Update: Influenza Activity - United States
- Author
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Sophie, Smith, Lenee, Blanton, Krista, Kniss, Desiree, Mustaquim, Craig, Steffens, Carrie, Reed, Anna, Bramley, Brendan, Flannery, Alicia M, Fry, Lisa A, Grohskopf, Joseph, Bresee, Teresa, Wallis, Rebecca, Garten, Xiyan, Xu, Anwar Isa Abd, Elal, Larisa, Gubareva, John, Barnes, David E, Wentworth, Erin, Burns, Jacqueline, Katz, Daniel, Jernigan, and Lynnette, Brammer
- Subjects
Adult ,Adolescent ,Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Pneumonia ,Middle Aged ,Antiviral Agents ,United States ,Influenza B virus ,Young Adult ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Child, Preschool ,Population Surveillance ,Child Mortality ,Drug Resistance, Viral ,Influenza, Human ,Ambulatory Care ,Humans ,Seasons ,Child ,Aged - Abstract
CDC collects, compiles, and analyzes data on influenza activity year-round in the United States. The influenza season generally begins in the fall and continues through the winter and spring months; however, the timing and severity of circulating influenza viruses can vary by geographic location and season. Influenza activity in the United States remained low through October and November in 2015. Influenza A viruses have been most frequently identified, with influenza A (H3) viruses predominating. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity for the period October 4-November 28, 2015.
- Published
- 2015
48. Influenza viruses in Thailand: 7 years of sentinel surveillance data, 2004-2010
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Sunthareeya Waicharoen, Krongkaew Supawat, Malinee Chittaganpitch, Pathom Sawanpanyalert, Passakorn Akrasewi, Scott Epperson, Lynnette Brammer, Sonja J Olsen, Thitipong Yingyong, and Sirima Patthamadilok
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,Orthomyxoviridae ,medicine.disease_cause ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pandemic ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0303 health sciences ,Hemagglutination assay ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,business.industry ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,virus diseases ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,3. Good health ,Vaccination ,Infectious Diseases ,Human mortality from H5N1 ,business - Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Chittaganpitch et al. (2012) Influenza viruses in Thailand: 7 years of sentinel surveillance data, 2004–2010. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(4), 276–283. Background The re-emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1) in 2004 and the pandemic of influenza A (H1N1) in 2009 highlight the need for routine surveillance systems to monitor influenza viruses, particularly in Southeast Asia where H5N1 is endemic in poultry. In 2004, the Thai National Institute of Health, in collaboration with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, established influenza sentinel surveillance throughout Thailand. Objectives To review routine epidemiologic and virologic surveillance for influenza viruses for public health action. Methods Throat swabs from persons with influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory illness were collected at 11 sentinel sites during 2004–2010. Influenza viruses were identified using the standard protocol for polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were cultured and identified by immunofluorescence assay; strains were identified by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Data were analyzed to describe frequency, seasonality, and distribution of circulating strains. Results Of the 19 457 throat swabs, 3967 (20%) were positive for influenza viruses: 2663 (67%) were influenza A and able to be subtyped [21% H1N1, 25% H3N2, 21% pandemic (pdm) H1N1] and 1304 (33%) were influenza B. During 2009–2010, the surveillance system detected three waves of pdm H1N1. Influenza annually presents two peaks, a major peak during the rainy season (June–August) and a minor peak in winter (October–February). Conclusions These data suggest that March–April may be the most appropriate months for seasonal influenza vaccination in Thailand. This system provides a robust profile of the epidemiology of influenza viruses in Thailand and has proven useful for public health planning.
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- 2011
49. Preliminary results of 2009 pandemic influenza surveillance in the United States using the Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity
- Author
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Tiffany D'Mello, Lyn Finelli, Heidi A Davidson, Anne F McIntyre, Michael A. Jhung, William J. Gregg, Sharoda Dasgupta, Ashley Fowlkes, Victoria White, and Lynnette Brammer
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Mortality rate ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,MEDLINE ,Pandemic influenza ,medicine.disease_cause ,Infectious Diseases ,Pandemic ,Disease Notification ,Emergency medicine ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Age distribution ,Young adult ,Intensive care medicine ,business - Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Jhung et al. (2011) Preliminary results of 2009 pandemic influenza surveillance in the United States using the Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(5), 321–327. Background To augment established influenza surveillance systems in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists implemented the Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity (AHDRA) in August 2009. The AHDRA was designed to meet increased demands for timely and detailed information describing illness severity during the 2009 H1N1 influenza A (pH1N1) pandemic response. Objectives We describe the implementation of AHDRA and provide preliminary results from this new surveillance activity. Methods All 50 US states were asked to report influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths to AHDRA each week using either a laboratory-confirmed or syndromic surveillance definition. Aggregate counts were used to calculate age-specific weekly and cumulative rates per 100 000, and laboratory-confirmed reports were used to estimate the age distribution of pH1N1 influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths. Results From August 30, 2009, through April 6, 2010, AHDRA identified 41 689 laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations and 2096 laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated deaths. Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity rates peaked earlier than hospitalization and death rates seen in previous influenza seasons with other surveillance systems, and the age distribution of cases revealed a tendency for hospitalizations and deaths to occur in persons
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- 2011
50. Timely Assessment of the Severity of the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic
- Author
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Gregory L. Armstrong, Lyn Finelli, and Lynnette Brammer
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Adult ,Male ,Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,medicine.disease_cause ,Seasonal influenza ,Young Adult ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Influenza, Human ,Pandemic ,Influenza A virus ,Humans ,Medicine ,Young adult ,Child ,Intensive care medicine ,Pandemics ,Survival analysis ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Excess mortality ,business.industry ,H1N1 influenza ,Age Factors ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,Survival Analysis ,United States ,Infectious Diseases ,Mortality data ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,business ,Demography - Abstract
During the 2009 influenza pandemic, weekly mortality data were analyzed to estimate excess mortality above a seasonally adjusted baseline modeled from prior years' data. Between the 1962-1963 and 2008-2009 seasons, among persons ≥ 25 years old, excess mortality had been substantially higher during influenza A(H3N2)-dominant years than during A(H1N1)-dominant years. Among persons ≥ 15 years of age, excess mortality was higher in the 1968-1969 influenza pandemic season than during any other season. During the 2009-2010 pandemic, among all age groups
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- 2011
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