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This study was designed to determine whether a soluble dietary fiber supplement containing gum arabic and pectin in apple juice would lower serum lipids in 110 hypercholesterolemic men and women. Subjects were stabilized on an American Heart Association Phase I Diet for 8 wk. Those with elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, despite dietary modification, continued to follow the diet and were randomly assigned to receive 720 mL/d of apple juice containing 0 (control), 5, 9 or 15 g of gum arabic and pectin (4:1 ratio) for 12 wk, followed by a 6-wk apple juice-only washout phase. Serum lipid profiles, body weight and 3-day diet records were collected at 3-wk intervals. No significant differences among groups were observed in serum lipid responses during treatment or washout. During the treatment phase, mean serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increased by 3.5 and 28.5%, respectively (all groups combined, P < 0.0001). The high density lipoprotein cholesterol level did not change significantly from baseline in any group. During washout, mean total cholesterol concentration rose by an additional 2.4% (P < 0.05) compared with the value at the end of the treatment period, suggesting that the apple juice used to deliver the fiber supplement may have contributed to the adverse changes observed in the serum lipid profile. These findings do not support the hypothesized hypocholesterolemic effect of the gum arabic/pectin (4:1) mixture studied, but do underline the importance of selecting appropriate vehicles for delivery of dietary fiber mixtures.

Groups of weanling pigs were fed a purified diet containing graded concentrations of olestra ranging from 1.1 to 7.7% (wt/wt) and the NRC's requirements for micronutrients for 12 wk. Each group consisted of 12 pigs, with the exception of the control group, which had 20, with equal numbers of females and castrated males. The purpose of the study was to determine the dose-response effects of olestra on fat-soluble vitamins and selected water-soluble micronutrients. At wk 0, 4, 8 and 12, hematology, clinical chemistry and blood concentrations of vitamins A, E, K and B12, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, folate, calcium, iron, zinc and adipose concentration of vitamin E were measured. Cumulative weight gain and feed efficiency were determined weekly. Prothrombin time was measured weekly for the control group and the groups fed 5.5 or 7.7% olestra, and monthly for other groups. Liver concentrations of vitamins A, E, and B12 and iron and bone concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, zinc and ash were measured for 12 pigs killed at wk 0 and for all animals at wk 12. By wk 12, the pigs were eating from 20 to 155 g/d of olestra. Olestra did not affect the pigs' growth or feed efficiency, indicating that the digestion and absorption of macronutrients were unaffected. Olestra reduced tissue concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin E and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol in a dose-responsive manner but did not affect prothrombin time. Olestra had no effect on the status of folate, vitamin B12, zinc or iron. Statistically reduced liver concentrations of vitamin B12 and iron in groups fed 5.5 or 7.7% olestra and a significant trend in bone ash content with olestra intake were possibly due to the poor vitamin A and/or vitamin E status of the pigs.

For many professional sports, nutrition is not recognized as an important component of the team's training program. The implementation of a nutrition program for one professional hockey team has had positive results. Players who had been unable to maintain their weight during the season can now maintain their weight and be prepared for the playoffs. Others have improved their endurance with proper fluid and carbohydrate replacement. Working with the entire time—coaching staff, trainers and players—has led to the success of this program.

One hundred two normal healthy males and females were given 0, 8, 20 or 32 g/d olestra to which had been added graded amounts of vitamins A, D and E for 8 wk in a parallel, double-blind study. The primary purpose of the study was to determine the amounts of vitamins D and E needed to offset the effect of olestra on the availability of these vitamins. Serum concentrations of retinol, carotenoids, 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolites, alpha-tocopherol, phylloquinone, lipids, ferritin and total iron, iron-binding capacity and hematology parameters, plasma concentrations of des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin and prothrombin, and urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) excretion were measured biweekly. Clinical chemistry and urinalysis parameters, vitamin B12 absorption, and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration were measured at wk 0 and 8. Serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol were restored to control concentration by adding 2.1 mg d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and 0.06 microg ergocalciferol per gram of olestra, respectively, to the diet. Olestra reduced serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyergocalciferol, carotenoids and phylloquinone in a dose-responsive manner but did not affect Gla excretion, plasma des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin and prothrombin concentrations, overall vitamin D status, vitamin B12 absorption or iron status. Laboratory evaluations showed no olestra-related effects. Subjects in all groups reported mild to moderately severe transient gastrointestinal symptoms. These symptoms did not affect study compliance or the integrity of the data.

Psyllium, a water-soluble fiber, has been shown to lower total serum and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations in adult hypercholesterolemic subjects and may be effective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children. The effects of a psyllium-enriched cereal were compared with a matched control cereal in a double-blind, crossover fashion in 25 children, 6-18 y old, with hypercholesterolemia. After an 8-wk diet-stabilization period, the subjects were randomly assigned to receive the active or control cereals for 6 wk, followed by a 6-wk washout period and a 6-wk crossover treatment period. Whereas no changes were noted in total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations during consumption of the control cereal, significant changes were seen during the psyllium-cereal periods [0.31 mmol/L (12.1 mg/dL) and 0.28 mmol/L (10.9 mg/dL); P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively]. The psyllium-enriched cereal was well tolerated throughout the trial. Consumption of the psyllium-enriched cereal resulted in a modest 7% reduction in LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with the control cereal when used in this pediatric hypercholesterolemic sample. Psyllium offers a potential adjunct to a low-fat diet for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in the pediatric population because of its ease of incorporation into various foods.

In Reply. —The issues raised by Drs Sacks and Swain have been addressed in the "Results" and "Comment" sections of our article. Our objective was to determine if a dose-response relationship exists for the hypocholesterolemic effects of oat cereals rich in the water soluble fiber β-glucan. We did not isocalorically control for the higher doses of the oat cereals; however, we believe that our study supports an independent hypocholesterolemic effect for β-glucan for several reasons. There was a highly significant relationship ( r =.81) between the amount of β-glucan consumed and the reduction in LDL-C levels. If we tested the hypothesis of fat replacement as suggested by Sacks and Swain with our study's data, the correlation coefficient between the dose of oat cereals consumed (28, 56, and 84 g) and the reduction in LDL-C levels is .63. Therefore, our data support the β-glucan hypothesis more than the substitution hypothesis. In addition, the