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We measure the rate of environmentally-driven star formation quenching in galaxies at $z\sim 1$, using eleven massive ($M\approx 2\times10^{14}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$) galaxy clusters spanning a redshift range $1.010.5$) we do not find any significant excess of transition galaxies in clusters, relative to a comparison field sample at the same redshift. It is likely that such galaxies were quenched prior to their accretion in the cluster, in group, filament or protocluster environments. For lower stellar mass galaxies ($9.5, Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS Sept 6, 2021

Indexación Scopus We calculate H α-based star formation rates and determine the star formation rate-stellar mass relation for members of three Spitzer Adaptation of the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey (SpARCS) clusters at z ∼1.6 and serendipitously identified field galaxies at similar redshifts to the clusters. We find similar star formation rates in cluster and field galaxies throughout our range of stellar masses. The results are comparable to those seen in other clusters at similar redshifts, and consistent with our previous photometric evidence for little quenching activity in clusters. One possible explanation for our results is that galaxies in our z ∼1.6 clusters have been accreted too recently to show signs of environmental quenching. It is also possible that the clusters are not yet dynamically mature enough to produce important environmental quenching effects shown to be important at low redshift, such as ram-pressure stripping or harassment. © 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. https://academic-oup-com.recursosbiblioteca.unab.cl/mnras/article/499/3/3061/5913329

We study the star formation histories (SFHs) and mass-weighted ages of 331 UVJ-selected quiescent galaxies in 11 galaxy clusters and in the field at 11 has been driven by different physical processes than those at play at z=0., Comment: accepted Sept 7 2020, MNRAS

We study the stellar mass functions (SMFs) of star-forming and quiescent galaxies in 11 galaxy clusters at 1.0, Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures (excluding appendices). Accepted for publication in A&A

Astronomical images are essential for exploring and understanding the Universe. Optical telescopes capable of deep observations, such as the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), are heavily oversubscribed in the Astronomical Community. Images also often contain additive noise, which makes denoising a mandatory step in post-processing the data before further data analysis. In order to maximize the efficiency and information gain in the post-processing of astronomical imaging, we turn to machine learning. We propose Astro U-net, a convolutional neural network for image denoising and enhancement. For a proof-of-concept, we use HST images from Wide Field Camera 3 instrument UV/visible channel with F555W and F606W filters. Our network is able to produce images with noise characteristics as if they are obtained with twice the exposure time, and with minimum bias or information loss. From these images, we are able to recover $95.9{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of stars with an average flux error of $2.26{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Furthermore, the images have, on average, 1.63 times higher signal-to-noise ratio than the input noisy images, equivalent to the stacking of at least three input images, which means a significant reduction in the telescope time needed for future astronomical imaging campaigns.

We present results on the measured shapes of 832 galaxies in 11 galaxy clusters at 1.0 < z, Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 25 pages, 15 figures

We present results on the rest-frame $H$-band luminosity functions (LF) of red sequence galaxies in seven clusters at 1.0 < z < 1.3 from the Gemini Observations of Galaxies in Rich Early Environments Survey (GOGREEN). Using deep GMOS-z' and IRAC $3.6 \mu$m imaging, we identify red sequence galaxies and measure their LFs down to $M_{H} \sim M_{H}^{*} + (2.0 - 3.0)$. By stacking the entire sample, we derive a shallow faint end slope of $ \alpha \sim -0.35^{+0.15}_{-0.15} $ and $ M_{H}^{*} \sim -23.52^{+0.15}_{-0.17} $, suggesting that there is a deficit of faint red sequence galaxies in clusters at high redshift. By comparing the stacked red sequence LF of our sample with a sample of clusters at z~0.6, we find an evolution in the faint end of the red sequence over the ~2.6 Gyr between the two samples, with the mean faint end red sequence luminosity growing by more than a factor of two. The faint-to-luminous ratio of our sample ($0.78^{+0.19}_{-0.15}$) is consistent with the trend of decreasing ratio with increasing redshift as proposed in previous studies. A comparison with the field shows that the faint-to-luminous ratios in clusters are consistent with the field at z~1.15 and exhibit a stronger redshift dependence. Our results support the picture that the build up of the faint red sequence galaxies occurs gradually over time and suggest that faint cluster galaxies, similar to bright cluster galaxies, experience the quenching effect induced by environment already at z~1.15., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. 24 pages, 13 figures

Utilizing the SDSS-DR13 spectroscopic dataset, we create a new publicly-available catalog of 1,800 galaxy clusters (GalWeight cluster catalog, $\mathtt{GalWCat19}$) and a corresponding catalog of 34,471 identified member galaxies. The clusters are identified from overdensities in redshift-phase space. The GalWeight technique introduced in Abdullah, Wilson and Klypin (AWK18) is then applied to identify cluster members. The completeness of the cluster catalog ($\mathtt{GalWCat19}$) and the procedure followed to determine cluster mass are tested on the Bolshoi N-body simulations. The 1,800 $\mathtt{GalWCat19}$ clusters range in redshift between $0.01 - 0.2$ and in mass between $(0.4 - 14) \times 10^{14}h^{-1}M_{\odot}$. The cluster catalog provides a large number of cluster parameters including sky position, redshift, membership, velocity dispersion, and mass at overdensities $\Delta = 500, 200, 100, 5.5$. The 34,471 member galaxies are identified within the radius at which the density is 200 times the critical density of the Universe. The galaxy catalog provides the coordinates of each galaxy and the ID of the cluster that the galaxy belongs to. The cluster velocity dispersion scales with mass as $\log(\sigma_{200})=\log(946\pm52~ \mbox{km} ~ \mbox{s}^{-1}) +(0.349\pm0.142)\log\left[h(z) ~ M_{200}/10^{15}M_\odot\right]$ with scatter of $\delta_{\log\sigma} = 0.06$. The catalogs are publicly available at the following website\footnote{\url{https://mohamed-elhashash-94.webself.net/galwcat/}}., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures

We study the star-forming (SF) population of galaxies within a sample of 209 IR-selected galaxy clusters at 0.3$\,\leq\,z\,\leq\,$1.1 in the ELAIS-N1 and XMM-LSS fields, exploiting the first HSC-SSP data release. The large area and depth of these data allows us to analyze the dependence of the SF fraction, $f_{SF}$, on stellar mass and environment separately. Using $R/R_{200}$ to trace environment, we observe a decrease in $f_{SF}$ from the field towards the cluster core, which strongly depends on stellar mass and redshift. The data show an accelerated growth of the quiescent population within the cluster environment: the $f_{SF}$ vs. stellar mass relation of the cluster core ($R/R_{200}\,\leq\,$0.4) is always below that of the field (4$\,\leq\,R/R_{200}\, Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Environmental effects are crucial to the understanding of the evolution of galaxies in dense environments, such as galaxy clusters. Using the large field-of-view of SITELLE, the unique imaging fourier transform spectrograph at CFHT, we are able to obtain 2D spectral information for a large and complete sample of cluster galaxies out to the infall region. We describe a pipeline developed to identify emission line galaxies (ELGs) from the datacube using cross-correlation techniques. We present results based on the spatial offsets between the emission-line regions and stellar continua in ELGs from two z$\sim$0.25 galaxy clusters, Abell 2390 and Abell 2465. We find a preference in the offsets being pointed away from the cluster center. Combining the two clusters, there is a 3$\sigma$ excess for high-velocity galaxies within the virial radius having the offsets to be pointed away from the cluster center. Assuming the offset being a proxy for the velocity vector of a galaxy, as expected from ram pressure stripping, this excess indicates that ram pressure stripping occurs most effectively during the first passage of an infalling galaxy, leading to the quenching of its star formation. We also find that, outside the virial region, the continuum-normalized H$\alpha$ line flux for infalling galaxies with large offsets are on average lower than those with small or no measurable offset, further supporting ram pressure as a dominant quenching mechanism during the initial infall stages., Comment: 25 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We describe the first public data release of the Dark Energy Survey, DES DR1, consisting of reduced single epoch images, coadded images, coadded source catalogs, and associated products and services assembled over the first three years of DES science operations. DES DR1 is based on optical/near-infrared imaging from 345 distinct nights (August 2013 to February 2016) by the Dark Energy Camera mounted on the 4-m Blanco telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. We release data from the DES wide-area survey covering ~5,000 sq. deg. of the southern Galactic cap in five broad photometric bands, grizY. DES DR1 has a median delivered point-spread function of g = 1.12, r = 0.96, i = 0.88, z = 0.84, and Y = 0.90 arcsec FWHM, a photometric precision of < 1% in all bands, and an astrometric precision of 151 mas. The median coadded catalog depth for a 1.95" diameter aperture at S/N = 10 is g = 24.33, r = 24.08, i = 23.44, z = 22.69, and Y = 21.44 mag. DES DR1 includes nearly 400M distinct astronomical objects detected in ~10,000 coadd tiles of size 0.534 sq. deg. produced from ~39,000 individual exposures. Benchmark galaxy and stellar samples contain ~310M and ~ 80M objects, respectively, following a basic object quality selection. These data are accessible through a range of interfaces, including query web clients, image cutout servers, jupyter notebooks, and an interactive coadd image visualization tool. DES DR1 constitutes the largest photometric data set to date at the achieved depth and photometric precision., 30 pages, 20 Figures. Release page found at this url https://des.ncsa.illinois.edu/releases/dr1

The primary difficulty in measuring dynamical masses of galaxy clusters from galaxy data lies in the separation between true cluster members from interloping galaxies along the line of sight. We study the impact of membership contamination and incompleteness on cluster mass estimates obtained with 25 commonly used techniques applied to nearly 1000 mock clusters. We show that all methods overestimate or underestimate cluster masses when applied to contaminated or incomplete galaxy samples respectively. This appears to be the main source of the intrinsic scatter in the mass scaling relation. Applying corrections based on a prior knowledge of contamination and incompleteness can reduce the scatter to the level of shot noise expected for poorly sampled clusters. We establish an empirical model quantifying the effect of imperfect membership on cluster mass estimation and discuss its universal and method-dependent features. We find that both imperfect membership and the response of the mass estimators depend on cluster mass, effectively causing a flattening of the estimated - true mass relation. Imperfect membership thus alters cluster counts determined from spectroscopic surveys, hence the cosmological parameters that depend on such counts., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures, 3tables; accepted for publication in MNRAS

We introduce the THE THREE HUNDRED project, an endeavour to model 324 large galaxy clusters with full-physics hydrodynamical re-simulations. Here we present the data set and study the differences to observations for fundamental galaxy cluster properties and scaling relations. We find that the modelled galaxy clusters are generally in reasonable agreement with observations with respect to baryonic fractions and gas scaling relations at redshift z = 0. However, there are still some (model-dependent) differences, such as central galaxies being too massive, and galaxy colours (g − r) being bluer (about 0.2 dex lower at the peak position) than in observations. The agreement in gas scaling relations down to 1013h−1M⊙ between the simulations indicates that particulars of the sub-grid modelling of the baryonic physics only has a weak influence on these relations. We also include – where appropriate – a comparison to three semi-analytical galaxy formation models as applied to the same underlying dark-matter-only simulation. All simulations and derived data products are publicly available., Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas

We describe a new Large Program in progress on the Gemini North and South telescopes: Gemini Observations of Galaxies in Rich Early Environments (GOGREEN). This is an imaging and deep spectroscopic survey of 21 galaxy systems at $110$ in halo mass. The scientific objectives include measuring the role of environment in the evolution of low-mass galaxies, and measuring the dynamics and stellar contents of their host haloes. The targets are selected from the SpARCS, SPT, COSMOS and SXDS surveys, to be the evolutionary counterparts of today's clusters and groups. The new red-sensitive Hamamatsu detectors on GMOS, coupled with the nod-and-shuffle sky subtraction, allow simultaneous wavelength coverage over $\lambda\sim 0.6$--$1.05\mu$m, and this enables a homogeneous and statistically complete redshift survey of galaxies of all types. The spectroscopic sample targets galaxies with AB magnitudes $z^{\prime}, Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS May 26, 2017

With the advent of wide-field cosmological surveys, we are approaching samples of hundreds of thousands of galaxy clusters. While such large numbers will help reduce statistical uncertainties, the control of systematics in cluster masses becomes ever more crucial. Here we examine the effects of an important source of systematic uncertainty in galaxy-based cluster mass estimation techniques: the presence of significant dynamical substructure. Dynamical substructure manifests as dynamically distinct subgroups in phase-space, indicating an 'unrelaxed' state. This issue affects around a quarter of clusters in a generally selected sample. We employ a set of mock clusters whose masses have been measured homogeneously with commonly-used galaxy-based mass estimation techniques (kinematic, richness, caustic, radial methods). We use these to study how the relation between observationally estimated and true cluster mass depends on the presence of substructure, as identified by various popular diagnostics. We find that the scatter for an ensemble of clusters does not increase dramatically for clusters with dynamical substructure. However, we find a systematic bias for all methods, such that clusters with significant substructure have higher measured masses than their relaxed counterparts. This bias depends on cluster mass: the most massive clusters are largely unaffected by the presence of significant substructure, but masses are significantly overestimated for lower mass clusters, by $\sim10\%$ at $10^{14}$ and $\geq20\%$ for $\leq10^{13.5}$. The use of cluster samples with different levels of substructure can, therefore, bias certain cosmological parameters up to a level comparable to the typical uncertainties in current cosmological studies., 14 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables. Submitted to MNRAS

We present a new method for tracing the evolution of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) from z ∼ 2 to z ∼ 0. We conclude on the basis of semi-analytical models that the best method to select BCG progenitors at z ∼ 2 is a hybrid environmental density and stellar mass ranking approach. Ultimately, we are able to retrieve 45 per cent of BCG progenitors. We apply this method on the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey, Ultra Deep Survey data to construct a progenitor sample at high redshift. We furthermore populate the comparisons in local Universe by using Sloan Digital Sky Survey data with statistically likely contamination to ensure a fair comparison between high and low redshifts. Using these samples we demonstrate that the BCG sizes have grown by a factor of ∼3.2 since z ∼ 2, and BCG progenitors are mainly late-type galaxies, exhibiting less concentrated profiles than their early-type local counterparts. We find that BCG progenitors have more disturbed morphologies. In contrast, local BCGs have much smoother profiles. Moreover, we find that the stellar masses of BCGs have grown by a factor of ∼2.5 since z ∼ 2, and the star formation rate of BCG progenitors has a median value of 13.5 M⊙ yr−1, much higher than their quiescent local descendants. We demonstrate that over z = 1–2 star formation and merging contribute equally to BCG mass growth. However, merging plays a dominant role in BCG assembly at z ≲ 1. We also find that BCG progenitors at high z are not significantly different from other galaxies of similar mass at the same epoch. This suggests that the processes which differentiate BCGs from normal massive elliptical galaxies must occur at z ≲ 2., Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 464 (2), ISSN:0035-8711, ISSN:1365-2966, ISSN:1365-8711

We study the systematic bias introduced when selecting the spectroscopic redshifts of brighter cluster galaxies to estimate the velocity dispersion of galaxy clusters from both simulated and observational galaxy catalogues. We select clusters with Ngal > 50 at five low redshift snapshots from a semi-analytic model galaxy catalogue, and from a catalogue of SDSS DR8 groups and clusters across the redshift range 0.021, Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

This article is the second in a series in which we perform an extensive comparison of various galaxy-based cluster mass estimation techniques that utilise the positions, velocities and colours of galaxies. Our aim is to quantify the scatter, systematic bias and completeness of cluster masses derived from a diverse set of 25 galaxy-based methods using two contrasting mock galaxy catalogues based on a sophisticated halo occupation model and a semi-analytic model. Analysing 968 clusters, we find a wide range in the RMS errors in log M200c delivered by the different methods (0.18 to 1.08 dex, i.e., a factor of ~1.5 to 12), with abundance matching and richness methods providing the best results, irrespective of the input model assumptions. In addition, certain methods produce a significant number of catastrophic cases where the mass is under- or over-estimated by a factor greater than 10. Given the steeply falling high-mass end of the cluster mass function, we recommend that richness or abundance matching-based methods are used in conjunction with these methods as a sanity check for studies selecting high mass clusters. We see a stronger correlation of the recovered to input number of galaxies for both catalogues in comparison with the group/cluster mass, however, this does not guarantee that the correct member galaxies are being selected. We do not observe significantly higher scatter for either mock galaxy catalogues. Our results have implications for cosmological analyses that utilise the masses, richnesses, or abundances of clusters, which have different uncertainties when different methods are used., 25 pages, 19 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The Dark Energy Survey (DES) is a next generation optical survey aimed at understanding the accelerating expansion of the universe using four complementary methods: weak gravitational lensing, galaxy cluster counts, baryon acoustic oscillations, and Type Ia supernovae. To perform the 5000 sq-degree wide field and 30 sq-degree supernova surveys, the DES Collaboration built the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), a 3 square-degree, 570-Megapixel CCD camera that was installed at the prime focus of the Blanco 4-meter telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO). DES started its first observing season on August 31, 2013 and observed for 105 nights through mid-February 2014. This paper describes DES “Year 1” (Y1), the strategy and goals for the first year's data, provides an outline of the operations procedures, lists the efficiency of survey operations and the causes of lost observing time, provides details about the quality of the first year's data, and hints at the “Year 2” plan and outlook.

This paper is the first in a series in which we perform an extensive comparison of various galaxy-based cluster mass estimation techniques that utilise the positions, velocities and colours of galaxies. Our primary aim is to test the performance of these cluster mass estimation techniques on a diverse set of models that will increase in complexity. We begin by providing participating methods with data from a simple model that delivers idealised clusters, enabling us to quantify the underlying scatter intrinsic to these mass estimation techniques. The mock catalogue is based on a Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) model that assumes spherical Navarro, Frenk and White (NFW) haloes truncated at R_200, with no substructure nor colour segregation, and with isotropic, isothermal Maxwellian velocities. We find that, above 10^14 M_solar, recovered cluster masses are correlated with the true underlying cluster mass with an intrinsic scatter of typically a factor of two. Below 10^14 M_solar, the scatter rises as the number of member galaxies drops and rapidly approaches an order of magnitude. We find that richness-based methods deliver the lowest scatter, but it is not clear whether such accuracy may simply be the result of using an over-simplistic model to populate the galaxies in their haloes. Even when given the true cluster membership, large scatter is observed for the majority non-richness-based approaches, suggesting that mass reconstruction with a low number of dynamical tracers is inherently problematic., 25 pages, 15 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present a study of a comparison of spin distributions of subhaloes found associated with a host halo. The subhaloes are found within two cosmological simulation families of Milky Way-like galaxies, namely the Aquarius and GHALO simulations. These two simulations use different gravity codes and cosmologies. We employ ten different substructure finders, which span a wide range of methodologies from simple overdensity in configuration space to full 6-d phase space analysis of particles.We subject the results to a common post-processing pipeline to analyse the results in a consistent manner, recovering the dimensionless spin parameter. We find that spin distribution is an excellent indicator of how well the removal of background particles (unbinding) has been carried out. We also find that the spin distribution decreases for substructure the nearer they are to the host halo's, and that the value of the spin parameter rises with enclosed mass towards the edge of the substructure. Finally subhaloes are less rotationally supported than field haloes, with the peak of the spin distribution having a lower spin parameter., 10 pages, 14 figures and 3 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We use TheThreeHundred project, a suite of 324 resimulated massive galaxy clusters embedded in a broad range of environments, to investigate (i) how the gas content of surrounding haloes correlates with phase-space position at $z=0$, and (ii) to investigate the role that ram pressure plays in this correlation. By stacking all 324 normalised phase-space planes containing 169287 haloes and subhaloes, we show that the halo gas content is tightly correlated with phase-space position. At $\sim\,1.5-2\,\text{R}_{\text{200}}$ of the cluster dark matter halo, we find an extremely steep decline in the halo gas content of infalling haloes and subhaloes irrespective of cluster mass, possibly indicating the presence of an accretion shock. We also find that subhaloes are particularly gas-poor, even in the cluster outskirts, which could indicate active regions of ongoing pre-processing. By modelling the instantaneous ram pressure experienced by each halo and subhalo at $z=0$, we show that the ram pressure intensity is also well correlated with phase-space position, which is again irrespective of cluster mass. In fact, we show that regions in the phase-space plane with high differential velocity between a halo or subhalo and its local gas environment, are almost mutually exclusive with high halo gas content regions. This suggests a causal link between the gas content of objects and the instantaneous ram pressure they experience, where the dominant factor is the differential velocity., 17 pages, 12 figures, accepted to MNRAS

We present the first public data release of the GOGREEN and GCLASS surveys of galaxies in dense environments, spanning a redshift range $0.8, Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS Sept 28, 2020

We present results on the environmental dependence of the star-forming galaxy main sequence in 11 galaxy cluster fields at $1.0 < z < 1.5$ from the Gemini Observations of Galaxies in Rich Early Environments Survey (GOGREEN) survey. We use a homogeneously selected sample of field and cluster galaxies whose membership is derived from dynamical analysis. Using [OII]-derived star formation rates (SFRs), we find that cluster galaxies have suppressed SFRs at fixed stellar mass in comparison to their field counterparts by a factor of 1.4 $\pm$ 0.1 ($\sim3.3\sigma$) across the stellar mass range: $9.0 < \log(M_{*} /M_{\odot}) < 11.2$. We also find that this modest suppression in the cluster galaxy star-forming main sequence is mass and redshift dependent: the difference between cluster and field increases towards lower stellar masses and lower redshift. When comparing the distribution of cluster and field galaxy SFRs to the star-forming main sequence, we find an overall shift towards lower SFRs in the cluster population, and note the absence of a tail of high SFR galaxies as seen in the field. Given this observed suppression in the cluster galaxy star-forming main sequence, we explore the implications for several scenarios such as formation time differences between cluster and field galaxies, and environmentally-induced star formation quenching and associated timescales., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS on February 25 2020, appended erratum accepted in MNRAS on September 17 2020

We aim to determine the mass, velocity anisotropy, and pseudo phase-space density profiles (M(r), beta(r), and Q(r), respectively) of clusters of galaxies at the highest redshifts investigated in detail so far. We combine the GOGREEN and GCLASS spectroscopic data-sets for 14 clusters with mass M200 > 10^14 Msolar at redshifts 0.9 < z < 1.4. We stack these 14 clusters into an ensemble cluster of 581 member galaxies with stellar mass > 10^9.5 M_solar. We use the MAMPOSSt method and the inversion of the Jeans equation technique to determine M(r) and beta(r). We then combine the results of the M(r) and beta(r) analysis to determine Q(r) for the ensemble cluster. The concentration c200 of the ensemble cluster M(r) is in excellent agreement with predictions from LambdaCDM cosmological numerical simulations, and with previous determinations for clusters of similar mass and at similar redshifts, obtained from gravitational lensing and X-ray data. We see no significant difference between the total mass density and either the galaxy number density distributions or the stellar mass distribution. Star-forming galaxies are spatially significantly less concentrated than quiescent galaxies. The orbits of cluster galaxies are isotropic near the center and more radial outside. Star-forming galaxies and galaxies of low stellar mass tend to move on more radially elongated orbits than quiescent galaxies and galaxies of high stellar mass. Q(r), determined either using the total mass or the number density profile, is very close to the power-law behavior predicted by numerical simulations. The internal dynamics of clusters at the highest redshift probed in detail so far are very similar to those of lower-redshift clusters, and in excellent agreement with predictions of numerical simulations. The clusters in our sample have already reached a high degree of dynamical relaxation. (Abridged), Accepted for publication in A&A. 17 pages, 11 figures. New version after language editing by A&A