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Abstract--The National Marine Fisheries Service conducts fishery stock assessments to provide the best scientific information available for the U.S. regional fishery management councils. The assessment models applied in the United [...]

Many fisheries and marine science organizations are working to determine how to meet their missions in the midst of the COVID-19 outbreak. As such, it seems prudent to exchange ideas, share knowledge, and initiate a discussion among us. As the scientific leadership team for NOAA Fisheries, we wanted to offer some perspectives. Others are also evaluating the impacts of COVID-19 but from the perspective of addressing tactical, day-to-day concerns of restarting operations for various marine and fisheries-oriented organizations. Thus, it seemed appropriate to us to explore the potential challenges posed by COVID-19 and to purposefully ascertain whether there are strategic opportunities for improving how we conduct our operations. We need to find ways to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 on our mission and also to glean information from our responses while in the midst of the crisis. We offer some recommendations to that end and offer these thoughts not as having solved every problem, but to learn from each other, compare across organizations, and engage in dialogue within our discipline to advance much-needed changes. Des organismes des secteurs des peches et des sciences de la mer s'affairent a determiner comment s'acquitter de leurs missions en pleine eclosion de COVID-19. Il apparait ainsi prudent pour ces organismes d'echanger idees et connaissances et de discuter les uns avec les autres. En notre qualite d'equipe de direction scientifique du secteur des peches de la NOAA, nous souhaitions presenter certaines reflexions. D'autres parties prenantes evaluent aussi les impacts de la COVID-19, mais dans la perspective d'aborder des considerations tactiques et au jour le jour liees au redemarrage des activites pour differents organismes axes sur le secteur marin et les peches. Il nous semblait donc pertinent d'explorer les defis potentiels que pose la COVID-19 et d'etablir s'il existe des perspectives strategiques d'amelioration de nos activites. Nous devons trouver des moyens d'attenuer les effets de la COVID-19 sur notre mission et de tirer de l'information utile de nos reactions durant cette crise. A cette fin, nous formulons certaines recommandations et les offrons non pas comme solutions a tous les problemes, mais pour apprendre les uns des autres, etablir des comparaisons entre organismes et soutenir le dialogue au sein de notre discipline afin de favoriser la mise en reuvre de changements necessaires. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Many fisheries and marine science organizations are working to determine how to meet their missions in the midst of the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), [...]

Management strategy evaluation (MSE) is a simulation-based approach to examine the efficacy of management options in achieving fishery-, ecosystem-, and socioeconomic-related objectives while integrating over system uncertainties. As a form of structured decision analysis, MSE is amenable to stakeholder involvement, which can reduce implementation barriers associated with nontransparent decision-making procedures. Based on analysis of three MSE processes (Atlantic tunas (Thunnus spp.), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica)), we provide suggestions for improving stakeholder engagement in MSE. By assembling a workgroup and modeling team with diverse backgrounds, including professional facilitators, communication liaisons, and social scientists, dialogue can be improved and an atmosphere of mutual learning fostered. Communication further benefits from clearly defining roles, responsibilities, and terms of engagement for all involved; explicitly and transparently identifying goals and objectives of the MSE before modeling has begun; and, when appropriate, revisiting goals and objectives throughout the MSE process. Although MSEs are not without limitations, the participatory modeling framework, wherein stakeholders are actively engaged at each stage of MSE development, provides a useful mechanism to support fisheries management. L'evaluation des strategies de gestion (ESG) est une approche basee sur la simulation utilisee pour examiner l'efficacite de solutions de gestion possibles pour ce qui est d'atteindre des objectifs socioeconomiques et associes a la peche et a l'ecosysteme en y integrant les incertitudes associees au systeme. En tant qu'approche d'analyse decisionnelle structuree, l'ESG se prete a la participation des parties prenantes, ce qui peut reduire les barrieres a la mise en application decoulant de procedures decisionnelles non transparentes. A la lumiere de l'analyse de trois processus d'ESG (thons de l'Atlantique (Thunnus spp.), hareng de l'Atlantique (Clupea harengus) et huitres (Crassostrea virginica)), nous presentons des suggestions pour ameliorer la participation des parties prenantes aux ESG. La creation d'un groupe de travail et d'une equipe de modelisation presentant des experiences variees, dont des facilitateurs professionnels, des agents de liaison charges des communications et des specialistes des sciences sociales, il est possible d'ameliorer le dialogue et de favoriser une atmosphere d'apprentissage mutuel. La communication beneficie notamment de la definition, tot dans le processus, des roles, responsabilites et mandats de tous les intervenants, de la determination explicite et transparente des objectifs de l'ESG avant que commence la modelisation et, selon le cas, de la revision des objectifs tout au long du processus de l'ESG. Bien qu'il existe des limites aux ESG, le cadre de modelisation participatif, dans lequel les parties prenantes participent activement a toutes les etapes du developpement de l'ESG, constitue un mecanisme utile pour appuyer la gestion des peches. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction A bureaucratic approach to natural resource management has historically been utilized for managing marine fisheries, wherein resource user groups have been regarded as clients to be supervised and controlled [...]

Management strategy evaluation (MSE) is an increasingly popular tool for developing, testing, and implementing fisheries management regimes, oftentimes utilizing participatory modeling. This special issue, 'Under pressure: addressing fisheries challenges with Management Strategy Evaluation', includes eleven articles highlighting cutting edge MSE approaches and perspectives on improving stakeholder engagement. The special issue is the culmination of a two-session MSE symposium held during the 147th American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting in Tampa, Florida. We summarize the themes from the symposium and special issue articles. Contributions demonstrated that important strides have been made in quantifying and exploring risk (by including more sophisticated multispecies and socioeconomic components), developing and testing data-limited harvest control rules, acknowledging and diagnosing limitations of MSE (e.g., identifying exceptional circumstances), and dealing with issues of stakeholder engagement and dimensionality (e.g., determining appropriate representation, communication techniques, and participation levels). Although MSE is a not a panacea for marine policy and resource utilization issues, it is a useful tool for implementing co-management regimes that should become increasingly robust as the multidisciplinary nature of MSE processes continues to expand. L'evaluation des strategies de gestion (ESG) est un outil de plus en plus prise pour l'elaboration, la mise a l'essai et la mise en oeuvre de regimes de gestion des peches, qui fait souvent appel a la modelisation participative. Le present numero special, intitule << Under pressure : addressing fisheries challenges with Management Strategy Evaluation >> (Sous pression : l'evaluation des strategies de gestion appliquee a des defis associes aux peches), compte onze articles soulignant des approches d'ESG de pointe et offrant des perspectives sur l'amelioration de l'engagement des parties prenantes. Le numero constitue le point culminant d'un symposium de deux sessions sur l'ESG qui a eu lieu dans le cadre du 147e congres annuel de l'American Fisheries Society, a Tampa (Floride). Nous resumons les themes abordes durant le symposium et les articles du present numero special. Les contributions demontrent que d'importantes avancees ont ete faites dans la quantification et l'exploration des risques (en integrant des composantes multispecifiques et socioeconomiques plus sophistiquees), l'elaboration et la validation de regles de controle des prises pour des situations de donnees limitees, la reconnaissance et le diagnostic de limites de l'ESG (p. ex. la reconnaissance de circonstances exceptionnelles) et le traitement d'enjeux touchant a l'engagement et la dimensionnalite des parties prenantes (p. ex. determination de la bonne representation, techniques de communication et niveaux de participation). Bien que l'ESG ne soit pas une panacee pour les enjeux touchant aux politiques maritimes et a l'utilisation des ressources, il s'agit d'un outil utile pour la mise en oeuvre de regimes de cogestion appele a devenir plus robuste alors qu'augmente le caractere multidisciplinaire des processus d'ESG. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Developing harvest strategies that are sustainable and robust to myriad uncertainties, ranging from ecological to social, is the primary goal of fisheries management (Smith 1994). Management strategy evaluation (MSE) [...]

Fishery management decisions are commonly guided by stock assessment models that aggregate outputs across the spatial domain of the species. With refined understanding of spatial population structures, scientists have begun to address how spatiotemporal mismatches among the scale of ecological processes, data collection programs, and stock assessment methods (or assumptions) influence the reliability and, ultimately, appropriateness of regional fishery management (e.g., assigning regional quotas). Development and evaluation of spatial modeling techniques to improve fisheries assessment and management have increased rapidly in recent years. We overview the historical context of spatial models in fisheries science, highlight recent advances in spatial modeling, and discuss how spatial models have been incorporated into the management process. Despite limited examples where spatial assessment models are used as the basis for management advice, continued investment in fine-scale data collection and associated spatial analyses will improve integration of spatial dynamics and ecosystem-level interactions in stock assessment. In the near future, spatiotemporal fisheries management advice will increasingly rely on fine-scale outputs from spatial analyses. Les decisions concernant les peches sont souvent eclairees par des modeles devaluation des stocks qui regroupent les donnees de sortie a l'echelle du domaine spatial des especes. Grace a une comprehension plus fine des structures spatiales des populations, les scientifiques commencent a examiner l'influence des discordances spatiotemporelles entre les echelles des processus ecologiques, des programmes de collecte de donnees et des methodes devaluation des stocks (ou des hypotheses sous-jacentes) sur la fiabilite et, a terme, l'efficacite de la gestion regionale des peches (p. ex. l'affectation de quotas regionaux). Le developpement et revaluation de techniques de modelisation spatiale visant a ameliorer revaluation et la gestion des ressources halieutiques ont cru rapidement ces dernieres annees. Nous presentons un survol du contexte historique des modeles spatiaux en sciences halieutiques, decrivons les avancees recentes en modelisation spatiale et nous penchons sur l'integration des modeles spatiaux dans le processus de gestion. Malgre le nombre restreint d'exemples d'utilisation de modeles spatiaux comme bases pour l'etablissement d'avis en matiere de gestion, l'investissement soutenu dans la collecte de donnees a echelle fine et dans les analyses spatiales associees ameliorera l'integration de la dynamique spatiale et des interactions a l'echelle de l'ecosysteme dans revaluation des stocks. Dans un avenir rapproche, l'information spatiotemporelle eclairant la gestion des peches reposera de plus en plus sur les donnees de sortie d'analyses spatiales a echelle fine. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction 'Commencing countdown, engines on' Understanding how and why organisms disperse can help identify species' response to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations, which is important for modeling population dynamics and for [...]

The field of fisheries science and, in particular, fish population dynamics and stock assessment modeling has rapidly progressed over the last decade, largely due to advances in computing power, statistical [...]

Describes Sudan's New Educational Policy, a top-down educational reform plan promulgated by the Nimeiri Government during 1970-85. The plan attempted to increase enrollments dramatically and change a colonial British curriculum to a modern, authentically Sudanese curriculum. Fortunately, the plan ignored the Khalawi, alternative institutions that have taught literacy and Islamic moral principles equitably for 400 years. (13 references) (MLH)

Reviews the history of American Indian education since 1889, focusing on the development of educational leaders and administrators. Discusses changes in federal educational policies concerning administrator training for American Indians. Contains 11 references. (SV)

Retail employees in Study 1 and employees from multiple organizations in Study 2 completed a questionnaire investigating the moderating effect of perceived organizational support (POS) on the relationship of employees' fear of exploitation in exchange relationships (reciprocation wariness) and their in-role and extra-role job performance. When POS was low, reciprocation wariness was negatively related to in-role and extra-role job performance. With high POS, reciprocation wariness was positively related to extra-role performance and either positively related to in-role performance (for retail employees) or showed no reliable relationship with in-role performance (for the multiorganizational sample). In deciding on their work effort, reciprocation-wary employees considered how much the organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being. Implications for employee-employer exchange relationships and workforce cynicism are discussed.

The National Marine Fisheries Service conducts fishery stock assessments to provide the best scientific information available for the U.S. regional fishery management councils. The assessment models applied in the United States are often region specific, although the models share similar mathematical and statistical attributes. However, comprehensive comparison studies identifying similarities and differences among these assessment models remain scarce. We developed a multi-model comparison framework to evaluate the reliability of 4 age-structured assessment models that are commonly used in the United States: the Assessment Model for Alaska, the Age Structured Assessment Program, the Beaufort Assessment Model, and Stock Synthesis. When applied to simulated data, all 4 models produced reliable estimates of assessment quantities of interest, such as fishing mortality, spawning biomass, recruitment, and biological reference points. Although there were differences among models in the calculation of the initial population numbers at age and in the bias adjustment of recruitment, their effects on model outputs were minor when estimation models were configured similarly. In addition, we provide guidelines for converting unfished recruitment and steepness between 2 methods of bias adjustment. We recommend that next-generation stock assessment models include recruitment bias adjustment and that more research be conducted to provide guidelines for which methods might be preferred under which situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study compared eighth-grade children who lived with their fathers to those who lived with their mothers to examine the effects of parent custody on academic achievement. Predictor variables used were socioeconomic status, race, sex of child and parent, residence, and student perception of parent interest in school. Results are discussed. (DF)

The humanization of bureaucracies is essential in modern society. Traditionally, the training of administrators has emphasized three models of organizations. The first is the productivity model, the second model assumes that fulfilling the needs of organizational members will increase client satisfaction, and the third assumes a stable environment that can be manipulated by attending to selected clients. In the past, professionals have shaped bureaucracies to their own ends and away from a primary aim of service to people. Four reforms of bureaucracies are advisable: (1) promoting norms that support professional science, satisfaction for the actors in the bureaucracy, and effective service to clients, (2) considering some organizations expendable, especially those that are inhumane to actors or clients, (3) replacing the ideal of the cosmopolitan upwardly mobile professional with that of a "cosmo-local" who is committed to the present job setting and client relationships as well as to professional effectiveness, and (4) restoring excellence of service to clients by developing and relating the three kinds of knowledge that may be called "gnosis" (theory and scientific development), "episteme" (skill or knowledge application), and "logos" (explanation of the relation between theory and skill). Four types of professionals can be identified by a classification system using the types of knowledge they emphasize (episteme or gnosis) and the type of orientation they have (client-community or science). (Author/JM)