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Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The genus Brentiscerus Scudder, 1962 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Lygaeoidea, Rhyparochromidae, Drymini) is widely distributed in the Australian Region; however, no species have been recorded in the Palaearctic Region. Here, we report Brentiscerus putoni (White, 1878) from Japan, based on materials collected from Honshu, Kyushu, and Kamikoshiki-shima Island. This discovery represents the first Palaearctic record of the genus and suggests that B. putoni may be an alien species in Japan. All 25 specimens were collected in a well-investigated region of Japan since 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New records of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Syria are reported. L. occidentalis has been observed in Duraykish, Coastal area; Mazraat Deir Al-Ashayer, west of Damascus and Urman, As-Sweida, southern Syria. Information on the distribution of this invasive species in the neighboring areas has been documented, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in 46 localities with different habitat characteristics in Amasya Province and its surroundings between 2020-2021. As a result of the diagnosis of the collected samples revealed 21 species and 11 genera belonging to 2 subfamilies from Lygaeidae. All species except Lygaeus equestris (Linnaeus, 1758) are new records for the Lygaeidae fauna from Amasya province. Of those, the species Apterola lownii (Saunders, 1876), Lygaeosoma anatolicum Seidenstücker, 1960, Lygaeosoma angulare Reuter, 1885 and Nysius thymi (Wolff, 1804) are new records for the fauna of Black Sea Region and also Horvathiolus superbus (Pollich, 1781), Lygaeus simulans Decker, 1985, Spilostethus pandurus Scopoli, 1763, Nysius ericae (Schilling, 1829), Nysius helveticus (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850), Orsillus maculatus Fieber, 1861 and Ortholomus punctipennis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1839) are new records for Central Black Sea Region. In this study according to the chorotype analysis, the species of Lygaeidae have been categorized into 9 categories, and West Palaearctic species (47,62 %) is a major group in Amasya province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect artificial diets are not only an important tool for mass rearing, nutritional research, and maintaining laboratory colonies but also for studying insect‐plant interactions. For herbivorous insects able to sequester plant toxins, feeding and sequestration assays based on artificial diet allow for the investigation of physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions which may be difficult to study using real plants representing complex chemical environments. We developed a simple artificial diet, consisting of sunflower meal pressed into pills, for the milkweed bugs Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) and Spilostethus saxatilis (Scopoli) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), which are capable of sequestering cardenolides and colchicum alkaloids, respectively. We assessed insect performance, suitability of the diet for sequestration assays, and its shelf life. Compared to sunflower seeds which are widely used as a laboratory maintenance diet for milkweed bugs, no differences were found in terms of weight development, presence of deformities, speed of development, or mortality. Importantly, after feeding O. fasciatus and S. saxatilis sunflower pills enriched with crystalline ouabain (cardenolide) or colchicine (colchicum alkaloid), respectively, sequestration was observed in both species. Moreover, as a prerequisite to test ecological hypotheses, our method allows for adequate concentration control and homogenous distribution of toxins across the diet. Under relatively warm conditions (27 °C and 60% r.h.), the new diet was stable for up to 10 days when used for feeding assays with adult bugs. Therefore, studies focusing on the role of plant toxins in predator–prey interactions and plant defense, but also insecticide research could benefit from using this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fauna of arboreal hemiptera of mountain ecosystems of south-eastern Kazakhstan includes 51 species from 10 families: Tingidae, Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Reduviidae, Miridae, Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Coreidae, Acanthosomatidae, Pentatomidae. According to trophic specialization, they are divided into 4 groups: mycetophages (3 species), phytophages (22 species), zoophytophages (8 species); zoophages (18 species), and according to life forms they are distributed into 5 groups: dendrobiont (28 species), dendro-tamnobiont (8 species), dendro-tamno-hortobiont (4 species), dendro-hortobiont (10 species); eurybiont (1 species), according to the number of generations per year, arboreal hemiptera are divided into 6 groups: monovoltine (37 species), bivoltine (5 species), 2-3 generations per year (3 species), polyvoltine (2 species), acyclic (3 species), the number of generations is unknown (1 species). Among the arboreal hemiptera of Kungei Alatau, 29 species hibernate in the imago stage, 13 species in the egg stage, 7 species in the larval and imago stages, and 2 species in the larval stage. There are 2 ecological groups in the woody hemipterofauna of mountain ecosystems of south-eastern Kazakhstan: meso-xerophiles (2 species), mesophiles (49 species). Economically, the fauna of arboreal hemiptera includes both harmful and beneficial species. Most of the harmful species belong to the families Tingidae, Miridae, Aradidae, Lygaeidae, Coreidae, Acanthosomatidae, Pentatomidae. Predatory species (Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Reduviidae, Pentatomidae, subfamilies Asopinae) are useful for humans, as they regulate the number of harmful insects in biocenoses. Analysis of the geographical distribution of the hemiptera of mountain ecosystems of south-eastern Kazakhstan allowed us to identify 17 types of species ranges. The fauna is based on species of hemiptera with Holarctic, trans-Palearctic, Western Palearctic, Trans-Eurasian, Western Eurasian habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collections of Heteroptera at the Natural History Museum in Belgrade include four species of genus Stygnocoris: S. cimbricus, S. fuligineus, S. rusticus and S. sabulosus. S. cimbricus is a new species in Serbian fauna. This paper combines all records of genus Stygnocoris in Serbia and presents data for 46 specimens within 22 recording sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed true bugs among aboveground and soil inhabitants of four different biocoenoses of pine forests representing the intrazone flora and fauna areas of the Kazakh Upland. True bugs were collected from litter according to the methods of soil zoological studies. The results of a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of the dominant and ecological structures of Heteroptera complexes of aboriginal and derived forest types are presented. Fourteen species and subspecies of three families were listed for the Central Kazakhstan region for the first time. The species Eremocoris podagricus was not previously registered for the territory of Kazakhstan. Fifteen species (50%) were true aboveground inhabitants or live on grass, whereas other species use soil surfaces and ground litter as temporary habitats. Drymus brunneus and Eremocoris fenestratus play a key role in the structure and function of the true bug assemblages in the studied biotopes. The ecological success of typical forest and boreal inhabitants in biotopes of arid regions is explained by the relict nature of forests and ancient connections with the taiga zone of Western Siberia and the mountain forests of the Urals and Altai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer a análise faunística de Heteroptera em um plantio de eucalipto e, em seguida, comparar com uma área de mata nativa no intuito de determinar as famílias com potencial de praga ou inimigo natural para a cultura do eucalipto em Barra do Choça, Bahia. O levantamento foi por meio de coletas mensais utilizando a armadilha Malaise, sendo instaladas duas no eucaliptal e duas na mata. Após coleta, os insetos foram identificados em nível de família e foram feitas análises de índices faunísticos, diversidade de Shannon, Constância e Dominância. A abundância foi correlacionada com fatores climáticos. Foram totalizados 39 percevejos, sendo Lygaeidae e Miridae os observados com maior frequência. Os fatores ambientais não apresentaram correlação significativa com a abundância. No eucaliptal ocorreu maior biodiversidade do que na mata. Este estudo é inédito nessa região da Bahia contribuindo para o avanço do conhecimento da biodiversidade local.

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Records are given of five species of true-bugs from Bos 't Ename (Oudenaarde, Oost-Vlaanderen). Three species are new to the Belgian fauna: Orthotylus (Parapachylops) caprai Wagner, 1955, Psallus (Psallus) criocoroides Reuter, 1879 (Miridae) and Nysius cymoides (Spinola, 1837) (Lygaeidae). The presence of Physatocheila costata (Fabricius, 1794) (Tingidae) in Belgium is confirmed and Dicyphus (Dicyphus) bolivari Lindberg, 1943 (Miridae), recently added to the Belgian list, was also found in the forest. Details on distribution and biology of the species are summarized from the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using sown groundcovers as trap crops to protect a cash crop is a traditional pest management tool. Pistachio is a major crop in California's Central Valley, where high summer temperatures and little to no precipitation between May and November lead to summer dry-down of annual groundcover. Hemipteran pests that consist of 'small bugs' and 'large bugs' are a major contributor to nut damage, especially in organic production. In this 2-year field study, we tested the use of irrigated trap crop mixtures, sown between tree rows, to reduce those hemipteran pests' abundance or damage. Biweekly beat samples of the tree canopy and sweep samples of the sown groundcovers in trap crop plots and resident weedy vegetation in control plots were taken over two consecutive growing seasons. Arthropod richness and abundance were highest in the groundcover and tree canopy in the trap crop plots. Small and large bug pest populations were higher and lower, respectively, in the tree canopy in trap crop plots, indicating a mixed response of these hemipterans to the presence of the trap crops. Additionally, natural enemy populations were more abundant in the tree canopy in trap crop plots than in control plots. There was no difference in nut damage between plots with and without the trap crop. These findings suggest that populations of hemipteran pests and beneficials can be manipulated successfully with irrigated trap crops, but future studies will need to focus on doing so in a way that decreases hemipteran pistachio damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new genus, Zygocellus gen. nov., with the single species Z. saphisus sp. nov from Bolivia, is described. Additionally, three new species in the genus Ochrimnus are described: Ochrimnus (Aglaochrimnus) nigrosteolaris sp. nov. from Venezuela, O. (Aglaochrimnus) rostratum sp. nov. from Brazil, and O. (Orthochrimnus) naevillus sp. nov. from Colombia. Also, the new species Zygochrimnus morronesus sp. nov. is described from Argentina. Photographs of the dorsal habitus of each species, and the parameres of some species are included. A discussion of their relationships with related species, in their respective genera, is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed true bugs among aboveground and soil inhabitants of four different biocoenoses of pine forests representing the intrazone flora and fauna areas of the Kazakh Upland. True bugs were collected from litter according to the methods of soil zoological studies. The results of a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of the dominant and ecological structures of Heteroptera complexes of aboriginal and derived forest types are presented. Fourteen species and subspecies of three families were listed for the Central Kazakhstan region for the first time. The species Eremocoris podagricus was not previously registered for the territory of Kazakhstan. Fifteen species (50%) were true aboveground inhabitants or live on grass, whereas other species use soil surfaces and ground litter as temporary habitats. Drymus brunneus and Eremocoris fenestratus play a key role in the structure and function of the true bug assemblages in the studied biotopes. The ecological success of typical forest and boreal inhabitants in biotopes of arid regions is explained by the relict nature of forests and ancient connections with the taiga zone of Western Siberia and the mountain forests of the Urals and Altai.

An annotated list of seed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) of the Northeast of European Russia is presented, comprising 36 species from 22 genera of 7 subfamilies and summarizing the original and literature data on the regional records of species, their zonal and biotopic preferences, ecology, and general distribution. Ischnodemus sabuletii (Fallén, 1826), Geocoris ater (Fabricius, 1787), Oxycarenus modestus (Fallén, 1829), Gastrodes abietum Bergroth, 1914, Pachybrachius luridus Hahn, 1826, Peritrechus geniculatus (Hahn, 1832), Rhyparochromus phoeniceus (Rossi, 1794), and Stygnocoris rusticus (Fallén, 1807) are recorded for the first time from the Northeast of European Russia. The subfamily Rhyparochrominae includes 24 species while other subfamilies are represented by 1–4 species in the region. The core of the fauna consists of species with Holarctic (30%), trans-Eurasian (25%), and trans-Palaearctic (16%) distribution; by the type of latitudinal extension, most of the species have boreal-subtropical ranges (84%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, subfamilies, genera, and species of Lygaeidae are given, accompanied by synonyms, local and general distribution. This study was carried out during the years 2007-2010 in the country of Libya. This study revealed the presence of 111 species in Libya under 52 genera to 8 subfamilies. 31 are recoded from Libya for the first time in the present study.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Tropidothorax sinensis (Reuter, 1888) was determined in the present study by using high-throughput sequencing. This mitogenome is 15,422 bp in size and comprises 37 typical coding genes and a control region. All protein-coding genes are initiated with ATN, except for COX1 and ND4L use TTG as the start codon, and terminate with TAA or TAG with the exception of COX2, COX3 and ND1 which use a single T residue as the stop codon. Twenty-one of the 22 transfer RNA genes have the typical clover-leaf structure except for tRNASer(AGN). The monophyly of the family Lygaeidae and the sister relationship between T. sinensis and T. cruciger is supported by maximum likelihood analysis based on the protein-coding and ribosomal RNA gene sequences.

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The new genus Shinckadunus (Rhyparochromidae: Myodochini) is described to accommodate the species Dushinckanus mesopotamicus Dellapé & Melo, 2005 known from northeastern Argentina. Photographs of the male genitalia and scanning electron micrographs of head and profemur are provided. The generic affinities of this new monotypic genus with the other myodochine genera with strong sclerotized spines on aedeagus are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult individuals of Geocoris pallidipennis (Costa, 1843) were observed and collected at the end of October 2019 and 2020 in Szászvár (Baranya county), Hungary. They were found in a drainage ditch in the village. This is the first Hungarian record of the species. With 2 figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Nysius fuscovittatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). This mitogenome was 14575 bp long, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA unit genes (rrnL and rrnS), and a putative control region. All genes were arranged in the same order as that of most true bugs. Eleven PCGs started with a typical ATN, and the remaining two PCGs started with TTA (nad4L) and TTG (cox1). The N. fuscovittatus mitogenome with an A + T content of 76.42% showed a positive AT-skew (0.15) and a negative GC-skew (–0.15). With the exception of trnS1 that lacked the dihydrouridine arm, all tRNAs had a typical cloverleaf secondary structure. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 13 PCGs showed that N. fuscovittatus clustered with other three Lygaeidae species.

Geocoris pallidipennis (Costa, 1843) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) is a generalist predator of insect pests and it is used in insect pest biological control. However, there has yet to be established a mass rearing protocol for this predator that using artificial diets, and therefore its field applications are limited. This study was undertaken to optimize the mass rearing of G. pallidipennis employing a microencapsulated artificial diet. We selected four types of ingredients for the diet recipes: insect body, homogenate of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch, 1856); micronutrient (fish egg) homogenates; nectar source (pure honey & corn pollen); and nutritional supplements, namely soluble L-Tyrosine & yeast extract. We tested 25 combinations of the ingredients using an orthogonal test to establish the most effective factors in the ingredients, and we screened the best five combinations. The results showed that the different ingredients and their combinations significantly influenced various biological traits of G. pallidipennis. Development to sexual maturity was achieved only with five ingredient combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many insect families contain one or more predatory species. In some of these families, all species are predators. Many predators are important as biological control agents against crop pest insects in agricultural pest management. Among them are true bugs (Hemiptera) with about dozen families of predators that they prey on insects and other small invertebrates. This study is based upon material of predatory Heteroptera collected from different localities of Turkey between 1967 and 2015. In this study, predatory Heteroptera and their potential prey species are investigated and 19 species of true bugs from the families Anthocoridae, Lygaeidae and Miridae, feeding on aphids are revealed in Turkey. In addition, information on their sampling localites is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of researchs of hemipterans' biodiversity on the territory of "Kolsai Koldery", 50 species from 31 genus and 5 families have been identified: Lygaeidae (39 species), Aradidae (5 species), Piesmatidae (2 species), Berytidae (3 species), Pyrrhocoridae (1 species). According to bybiological features and trophic connections, 5 species (10%) of mycetofage, 38 species (88%) of phytophage, 30 species (60%) of polyphythofag, 6 species (12%) of large scale oligophythofag, 6 species (12%) of narrow oligophythofag, 2 species (4%) of monophage and 1 species (2%) of zoophythophage were identifid on the area of the SNNP "Kolsai Koldery". According to environmental features the following groups of species were singled out: meso-xerophile -3 species (6%), mesophile -47 species (94%). As for inhabitation, the hemipterans on this territory fall into several categories: dendrobionts (8 species, 18%), dendro-thamnobionts (1 - 2%), hortobyonts (15 species, 30%), herpetobionts (14 species, 28%), herpeto-hortobyonts (11 species, 22%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retracing the routes of invasions and determining the origins of invading species is often critical in understanding biological invasions. The Western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis, an insect native of western North America, was first accidentally introduced to eastern North America and then to Europe. The colonization of the entire European continent occurred in ca. 10-15 years, probably promoted by independent introductions in different parts of Europe. A multi-marker approach (mtDNA and microsatellites) combined with approximate Bayesian computation analyses was used to track the origin of European populations and to determine whether this rapid invasion was caused by multiple introductions. Our results show that at least two independent introductions of L. occidentalis have occurred in Europe. Moreover, the analyses showed a stronger genetic similarity of European invasive populations with the eastern North American populations than with those of the native range, suggesting that invasive North American population acted as a bridgehead for European invasion. The results also revealed that natural dispersal as well as human-mediated transportations as hitchhikers probably enhanced the rapid spread of this invasive pest across Europe. This study illustrates the complexity of a rapid invasion and confirms that bridgehead and multiple introductions have serious implications for the success of invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) (Family: Amaranthaceae – APG classification) is an Andean grain recently introduced on the European market and cultivated in experimental fields. In one of these experimental fields, in San Giorgio Piacentino (Italy), a heavy bug infestation was observed. The species was identified as Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Heteroptera Lygaeidae), a polyphagous species known as a pest of different crops. It occurs in the Mediterranean area from the sea level to the alpine meadows.

The first records of Lygaeus simulans Deckert, 1985 in Albania are reported. Additional information on the ecology (habitat preferences, host plants) and the distribution of this species is given.

The male intromittent organ of the seed bug Lygaeus simulans ends in a long, sclerotized structure which is used to transfer sperm during mating. Observations suggest that this structure becomes brittle and is liable to breakage after being artificially exposed to the air for an extended period of time. In this study we investigate the frequency of intromittent organ breakage in L. simulans. We first examined the intromittent organ of a sample of males that mated once, and found that breakage was rare. We hypothesised that breakages are likely to be more frequent if a male is able to mate multiple times, and so we next paired males with a female for 21 days in order to provide the opportunity for multiple mating. Almost a quarter (22.5%) of these males exhibited signs of genital breakage. The point of breakage varied: for six males only the tip of the structure (around 6% of its length) was missing, whereas for three males over 50% of the structure was missing. However we were unable to locate any fragments of male genitalia in the reproductive tracts of any females that came into contact with these males. This suggests that breakages do not necessarily occur during mating itself, but instead probably occur as the intromittent organ is being retracted into the genital capsule following mating. In this species breakage may not significantly reduce male reproductive fitness as sperm transfer may still be possible.

Zygochrimnus henryi, new genus and new species, is described from Ecuador and Peru, and included in the lygaeid subfamily Lygaeinae. Dorsal and lateral view photographs of Melanopleurus, Melanopleuroides, and Zygochrimnus are provided to allow comparison of the three closely related genera; photographs of the posterior view of the pygophore and the paramere of the new species are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bifenthrin, a neurotoxic insecticide, is used to control sucking and chewing insect pests. This study reports the development of resistance in a field collected Oxycarenus hyalinipennis population treated in the laboratory with bifenthrin for ten successive generations, which developed 163.0 and 781.4-fold resistance to bifenthrin as compared to a susceptible laboratory and the parental field population, correspondingly. The bifenthrin resistant strain displayed a high cross resistance to lambda cyhalothrin (resistance ratio RR = 399.8), while, no cross resistance between bifenthrin and profenofos, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid or chlorfenapyr was recorded. The results showed bifenthrin resistance in O. hyalinipennis to be unstable with high reduction in lethal concentration (LC 50 ) ranging from 531.38 to 65.0 mg/L (in contrast to the susceptible strain) when reared for up to five generations without application of bifenthrin. The current research showed that activities of glutathione S-transferase, acid and alkaline phosphatases increased up to the 10th generation as compared to five generations (G 11 -G 15 ) when selection pressure was removed, while the activities of total esterase and acetylcholinesterase were less than glutathione S-transferase, acid and alkaline phosphatases. It appeared that increased metabolism facilitated by the detoxification enzymes was a major cause for bifenthrin resistance in O. hyalinipennis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hemiptera superfamily Lygaeoidea is represented in the Canadian Prairie Provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba by 76 species distributed among 10 families, namely: Artheneidae (1 species), Berytidae (2), Blissidae (3), Cymidae (4), Geocoridae (7 described plus 1 undescribed species), Lygaeidae (18) (Ischnorhynchinae (2), Lygaeinae (7), Orsillinae (9)), Oxycarenidae (3), Pachygronthidae (1), Piesmatidae (4) and Rhyparochromidae (31). Keys to families and species are presented and for each species we provide notes on distribution, recognition and ecology as well as a photograph of the dorsal habitus. The general ecology of lygaeoid bugs with special reference to those of the Canadian Prairies is discussed. Within the region, known lygaeoid fauna is most diverse in the Cypress Hills and adjacent dry prairie regions of southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. There the dominant transcontinental faunal element is enriched by western, eastern and southern species reaching their distribution limits. Few introduced species are present, and these are largely synanthropic or ecological specialists and appear to have had little effect on the native fauna. Humans, through disrupting natural ecosystems, generally enhance lygaeoid bug faunas for most species favour disturbed or early successional stage environments. However, modern prairie agriculture has probably greatly impacted the fauna by fragmenting and reducing habitat through the wide extent of cultivation, use of chemicals and intensive grazing. Most species of Lygaeoidea appear to be resilient to these impacts due to their rather general ecological requirements and there is no evidence that any species has been lost from the fauna although some are in surprisingly low densities or have small, very widely distributed populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]