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Background Interpretive front-of-pack labels (FoPLs) are supported by World Health Organization as an important policy tool to promote healthy diets. At present, various FoPLs formats co-exist in the European Union (EU). However, as part of the Farm to Fork strategy published in 2020, the European Commission stated that it would propose a single mandatory FoPL. The aim of this study was to analyze Spanish consumers’ preference and objective understanding of Nutri-Score and NutrInform, two FoPLs that are currently the subject of debate in the EU. Methods In a representative sample of 1026 Spanish adults (50% women, mean age ± SD = 46 ± 14 years), objective understanding was assessed by asking participants to identify the healthiest food products in three food categories (breakfast products, breakfast cereals and added fats). The preference dimensions were tested by asking participants about the perceived helpfulness of the FoPL in discriminating the nutritional quality of food products (subjective understanding) and their overall assessment of the FoPL’s ease of use, informativeness, trust and liking (perception). Results In terms of objective understanding, Nutri-Score was significantly associated with an increase in consumers’ ability to identify healthier food products across all food categories compared with NutrInform [OR (odds ratio) = 19.1 [14.2–25.7], P Conclusions This study provides new evidence to support Nutri-Score in comparison with NutrInform in Spanish consumers, on both objective understanding and preference aspects.

Elodie de Bock,1 Kevin Dolgin,2 Léa Kombargi,2 Benoit Arnould,1 Tanguy Vilcot,1 Guillaume Hubert,2 Marie-Eve Laporte,3 Lydiane Nabec,4 Gérard Reach5 1Patient Centred Outcomes, ICON plc, Lyon, France; 2Observia, Paris, France; 3IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France; 4Université Paris-Saclay, RITM (Réseaux, Innovation, Territoire et Mondialisation), Paris, France; 5Health Education and Practices Laboratory (LEPS), Sorbonne Paris-Nord University, Bobigny, FranceCorrespondence: Elodie de Bock, ICON plc, 27 rue de la Villette, Lyon, 69003, France, Tel + 33 472 13 59 81, Email Elodie.deBock@iconplc.comPurpose: The SPUR (Social, Psychological, Usage and Rational) Adherence Profiling Tool is a recently developed adaptive instrument for assessing key patient-level drivers for non-adherence. This study describes the SPUR questionnaire’s finalization and psychometric evaluation.Patients and Methods: Data were collected through an online survey among patients with type 2 diabetes included by general practitioners and diabetologists in France. The survey included four questionnaires, SPUR and three validated adherence measures: BMQ, MARS and ACCEPT. Item-level analysis and a partial credit model (PCM) were performed to refine the response option coding of SPUR items. The final item selection of SPUR was defined using a PCM and a principal component analysis (PCA). Construct validity, concurrent validity and known-groups validity were assessed on the final SPUR questionnaire.Results: A total of 245 patients (55% men, mean age of 63 years) completed the survey remotely and were included in this analysis. Refining response option coding allowed a better discrimination of patients on the latent trait. After item selection, a short, an intermediate, and a long form composed the final SPUR questionnaire. The short form will be used to screen patients for risk and then the other forms will allow the collection of further information to refine the risk assessment and decide the best levers for action. Results obtained were supportive of the construct validity of the forms. Their concurrent validity was demonstrated: moderate to high significant correlations were obtained with BMQ, MARS and ACCEPT scores. Their known-groups validity were shown with a logical pattern of higher scores obtained for patients considered non-adherent and significant differences between the scores obtained for patients considered adherent versus non-adherent.Conclusion: SPUR is a valid tool to evaluate the risk of non-adherence of patients, allowing effective intervention by providing insights into the respective individual reasons for lack of adherence.Keywords: digital questionnaire, non-adherence drivers, psychometric validation, Rasch modelling

In May 2020, the European Commission announced a proposal for a mandatory front-of-pack label (FoPL) for all European Union (EU) countries. Indeed, FoPLs have been recognized by several public institutions as a cost-effective measure to guide consumers toward nutritionally favorable food products. The aim of this study was to compare the performance and consumer preference of two FoPLs currently proposed or implemented in EU countries, the interpretive format Nutri-Score and the non-interpretive format NutrInform Battery, among Italian consumers. The experimental study was conducted in 2021 on a representative sample of 1064 Italian adults (mean age = 46.5 ± 14.1 years; 48% men). Participants were randomized to either Nutri-Score or NutrInform and had to fill out an online questionnaire testing their objective understanding of the FoPL on three food categories (breakfast products, breakfast cereals and added fats) as well as purchase intention, subjective understanding and perception. Multivariable logistic regressions and t-tests were used to analyze the answers. In terms of the capacity of participants to identify the most nutritionally favorable products, Nutri-Score outperformed NutrInform in all food categories, with the highest odds ratio being observed for added fats (OR = 21.7 [15.3–31.1], p < 0.0001). Overall, with Nutri-Score, Italian participants were more likely to intend to purchase nutritionally favorable products than with NutrInform (OR = 5.29 [4.02–6.97], p < 0.0001). Focusing on olive oil, participants of the Nutri-Score group had higher purchase intention of olive oil compared to those in the NutrInform group (OR = 1.92 [1.42–2.60], p < 0.0001) after manipulating the label. The interpretive format Nutri-Score appears to be a more efficient tool than NutrInform for orienting Italian consumers towards more nutritionally favorable food choices.

Consumers increasingly demand information about the environmental impacts of their food. The French government is in the process of introducing environmental labelling for all food products. A scientific council was set up, and its main conclusions are presented in this article, through six questions: What environmental issues should be considered? What objective should be targeted? What data are needed, and for whom? What methods for assessing environmental impacts? Which environmental scores should be chosen? What label format should be proposed? By answering these questions and considering the context, the available data, the proposed methods and adjustments, and the knowledge of consumer perception of formats, the scientific council considers that a labelling scheme is feasible and relevant.

Background: Front-of-pack nutrition labels (FoPLs) aim at increasing transparency and consumers’ awareness of the nutritional composition of pre-packed food products in order to improve the nutritional quality of their food choices. Nevertheless, the legitimacy of the Nutri-Score - the FoPL officially adopted in France and several other European countries - is subject to both technical and political controversy, particularly in Italy. In this study, we investigated how and by whom the legitimacy of the Nutri-Score, recognized by several institutional authorities, could be deconstructed within a specific system of norms, values and beliefs among Italian stakeholders. Methods: A netnography completed with qualitative interviews with eight Italian and French nutrition and public health experts were carried out to highlight the dimensions (pragmatic, normative and cognitive) in which the Nutri-Score’s legitimacy is being challenged among the stakeholders involved in FoPLs’ implementation in Italy. The degree of influence and the position of these stakeholders on the debate around the Nutri-Score were assessed through the Stakeholder Theory (SHT), using their respective level of power, legitimacy and urgency. Furthermore, we compared the Italian and the French contexts on the issue. Results: The direct implication of political parties and media outlets in framing the Italian debate around Nutri-Score as well as the high influence of corporate unions, led to a different political outcome than in France. Results also show that the deconstruction of the legitimacy of the Nutri-Score in Italy pertained mainly to its pragmatic dimension according to the Italian public health experts. Nevertheless, its two other dimensions (normative and cognitive) are also questioned by high-influence stakeholders. Conclusion: Due to the limited mobilization of scientific expertise over the issue, the debate in Italy stayed centered around the "attack" of the Nutri-Score to the Italian way of life, mixing up concepts such as Made in Italy products and the Mediterranean diet.

International audience; The trust that people place in consumer associations to protect their interests in dealing with commercial entities is at the heart of the consumerist mission. It is therefore important to identify the factors underpinning this trust. The results of one qualitative study (51 respondents) and one quantitative study (315 individuals) reveal that intentions to trust a consumer association depend on its recognized degree of cognitive, pragmatic and moral legitimacy. Furthermore, the effect of pragmatic legitimacy on such intentions varies in accordance with the perceived vulnerability of consumers in dealing with commercial entities. However, perceived vulnerability does not moderate the relationship between cognitive and moral legitimacy and intentions to trust consumer associations: it has a direct influence on this response variable.

The nutrition labelling on food products represents a major challenge for the public authorities: to improve the dietary behaviour of consumers. This article provides an overview of current knowledge on this issue and invites marketing researchers to consider the contributions of transformative consumer research (TCR) as part of a new research agenda. It aims to understand the effects of nutrition labelling on the food well-being of consumers in light of the specific features of their social, cultural and societal context.

Ancree dans une perspective sociale, cette recherche analyse les effets des logos nutritionnels apposes sur la face-avant des produits agroalimentaires, tel que le preconise la Loi de Sante 2016, sur leur evaluation par les consommateurs. A partir d’une experimentation realisee en ligne aupres de 176 individus sur des cereales pour le petit dejeuner de trois niveaux differents de qualite nutritionnelle, nous montrons que les logos interpretatifs – comme le systeme 5C – sont plus efficaces que ne le sont les logos descriptifs pour alerter les consommateurs sur les produits de mauvaise qualite nutritionnelle, ainsi que pour promouvoir les produits sains.

International audience; L’étiquetage nutritionnel des produits agroalimentaires porte un enjeu majeur pour les pouvoirs publics : améliorer les comportements alimentaires des consommateurs. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances actuelles sur le sujet et invite les chercheurs en marketing à considérer les apports de la Transformative Consumer Research (TCR) dans un agenda de recherche. Il vise à comprendre les effets de l’étiquetage nutritionnel sur le Bien-être alimentaire des consommateurs au regard des spécificités de leur contexte social, culturel et sociétal.

We investigate a common but under-studied practice, the temporary alliance between a selective brand and a mass retailer, online or offline. Using a before-and-after methodology, we show how the attitude towards the new offer of a selective brand at a mass retailer plays a central mediating role. It is influenced by brand–retailer fit and product-category fit. It influences purchase intention towards the new offer, attitude changes towards the selective brand and mass retailer, and therefore purchase intention towards the brand and retailer. We also reveal a counterintuitive direct negative route from product-category fit to changes in purchase intention towards the retailer. To offer important managerial implications, we break out results for two selective brands and two types of mass retailers.

La confiance qu’accordent les individus aux associations de consommateurs pour protéger leurs intérêts face aux acteurs marchands est au cœur de la mission consumériste. Il est donc important d’identifier les facteurs sur lesquels repose cette confiance. Les résultats d’une étude qualitative (51 répondants) et d’une étude quantitative (315 individus) montrent que l’intention d’accorder sa confiance à une association de consommateurs dépend du degré de légitimité cognitive, pragmatique et morale qui lui est reconnu. Par ailleurs, l’effet de la légitimité pragmatique sur l’intention de confiance varie selon la vulnérabilité perçue des individus face aux acteurs marchands. En revanche, la vulnérabilité perçue ne modère pas la relation entre la légitimité cognitive ou la légitimité morale et l’intention de confiance dans les associations : elle a une influence directe sur cette variable à expliquer.

While prior research has extensively studied nutrition labeling use and consumer errors of judgment in the nutrition evaluation process, less attention has been paid to the consumer motivations that simplify the reading of on-pack nutrition information. To address this gap. this study examines how food consumption goals affect consumer reading of this information. On the basis of a qualitative study, eight food consumption goals have been identified and classified into four types of motivations which impact reading behaviors: "Food Optimization," "Food Regulation," "Food Gratification," and "Food as Mere Necessity." From this typology, we derive eight on-pack nutrition information reading heuristics as well as specific inference biases resulting from these simplifying reading strategies. This research also provides guidelines for policymakers so that nutritional messages given to consumers will he more targeted in order to promote better reading of on-pack nutrition information at the point of sales. ********** Because obesity and excess weight is considered today to be a worldwide epidemic (WEIO, Fact Sheet No. 311, March 2013), on-pack nutrition information has become a top priority for both the food industry and public authorities. Compulsory in many countries (such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Australia), this information tool has been set up to help consumers be better informed in making food choices and to assist them in maintaining healthy dietary practices (Souiden, Abdelaziz, and Fauconnier 2013). While increasing regulations concerning labeling may create tough constraints for companies who are positioning their products to appeal to the consumer's need for pleasure, on-pack nutrition information could become an effective communication tool for those food manufacturers whose focus is on nutrition innovation. Yet, no matter what the position or strategy of a company might be, nutrition information must first be read and understood by the consumers so that their decisions are well-founded whatever their food choices may be. As a consequence of on-pack nutrition information overload, consumers, however, neither read nor use all the information that is made available to them (Grunert, Bolton, and Raats 2012; Grunert, Wills, and Fernandez-Celemm 2010). Instead, they apply simplifying shortcuts--called heuristics--to minimize judgment task difficulty (Andrews, Burton, and Kees 2011; Aydinoglu and Krishna 2011; Bettman, Luce, and Payne 1998; Dhami and Harries 2010; Scheibehenne, Miesler, and Todd 2007; Schulte-Mecklenbeck et al. 2013; Wansink, Just, and Payne 2009). Although extensive research has been done to understand consumer misinterpretations and errors of judgment in the nutrition evaluation process (Andrews, Netemeyer, and Burton 1998; Chandon and Wansink 2007a, 2007b; Kozup, Creyer, and Burton 2003; Oakes and Slotterback 2005; Rozin, Ashmore, and Markwith 1996; Scott et al. 2008; Van Ittersum and Wansink 2012; Wansink and Chandon 2006), little work has been done to explore how consumers simplify the reading of on-pack nutrition information before product evaluation. This lack of interest may come from the fact that scholars generally assume that consumers exhibit homogenous needs, attitudes, and behaviors when exposed to nutritional information (Souiden, Abdelaziz, and Fauconnier 2013), whereas consumer food choices are actually guided both by multiple and conflicting goals which determine what information consumers will look for and how they will interpret it (Aakerand Lee 2001: Hausman 2012; Stroebe et al. 2008). This diversified range of food goals pursued by consumers implies the existence of multiple strategies in their reading of nutrition information and needs to be further explored by the literature. In this article, we address this gap by proposing a typology of on-pack nutrition information reading heuristics based on consumers' food consumption goals. …

Cet article explore les motivations et les manifestations de la resistance parentale a la consommation enfantine et au kids marketing a partir d’une etude qualitative realisee dans le domaine des jouets. Trois formes de resistance parentale sont identifiees - « engagee », « nostalgique » ou « situationnelle » - avec plusieurs manifestations. Il en decoule des implications strategiques pour les marques sur le marche des jouets.

International audience; Legitimacy and legitimation strategies of consumer organizations in the current consumerist landscape The role of non-profit consumer protection organizations, which have been key players historically,, has weake- ned over the past several years. Legitimizing their position within the public arena is a major issue in terms of consumer protection in the marketplace. The aim of this paper is to identify the legitimization strategies that can help them do so. A qualitative study helps us to analyze their legitimacy through the representations and practices of 51 respondents when trying to inform and defend themselves in litigation cases. Four strategies to legitimize their activity are presented, taking into account the risks inherent in their implementation: increasing consumer organization awareness, targeting priority populations, building specific expertise, and promoting class actions.; Depuis plusieurs années, la position des associations de consommateurs, acteurs historiques du mouvement consumériste, s’est fragilisée. Légitimer leur rôle auprès de leurs publics est pourtant un enjeu majeur de la protection des intérêts des consommateurs. L’objectif de cet article est d’identifier les stratégies de légitimation qui peuvent les y aider. Une étude qualitative permet de dresser un diagnostic sur leur légitimité au travers des représentations et des pratiques de cinquante et un répondants pour s’informer sur les caractéristiques de l’offre et se défendre en cas de litige. Quatre stratégies de légitimation sont présentées, avec les risques inhérents à leur mise en oeuvre : accroitre la visibilité des associations de consommateurs, sélectionner des cibles prioritaires, se spécialiser pour gagner en expertise et soutenir les actions collectives

International audience; Nutrition labelling reading strategies: a semiotic analysis of nutritional rules representationsThis research identifies eight types of readers of nutritional information available on food product labeling onpackaging. A qualitative study is carried out on 20 consumers and a semiotic analysis of their discourse isconduced. The results show that readers vary according to their representations of the nutritional rules and theway they read this information. Finally, implications for brand nutritional labeling strategies are presented anddetailed through practical examples.; Cet article identifie huit profils de lecteurs de l’information nutritionnelle communiquée via l’étiquetage desproduits agro-alimentaires. L’étude repose sur 20 entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de consommateurset sur une analyse sémiotique structurale de leur discours. Les lecteurs-types identifiés diffèrent selon leursreprésentations des règles nutritionnelles et leurs pratiques de lecture. Les implications concernant les stratégiesd’étiquetage nutritionnel des marques sont exposées et illustrées par des exemples issus de la pratique.

L’enseigne est aujourd’hui au cœur de la strategie des distributeurs. L’objectif est ici de proposer aux managers un cadre et des outils permettant d’apprehender la valeur d’une enseigne aux yeux des consommateurs. Pour cela, il est necessaire de revenir sur le role de l’enseigne dans la strategie du distributeur. La complexite de sa gestion, comparee a celle d’une marque produit, est mise en evidence. Nous proposons alors une definition du capital-enseigne et des mesures operationnelles directe (echelle) ou indirecte (mesures de la notoriete et de l’image).

International audience

International audience

International audience

Google-Books-ID: yUNnCwAAQBAJ; National audience; Pourquoi s'intéresser à la protection des consommateurs aujourd'hui ? Parce que "nous sommes tous des consommateurs !", pourrait-on répondre. Oui, mais pas seulement. La consommation est aussi en perpétuelle mutation et nous n'avons de cesse de réinventer nos propres pratiques. "Le paradoxe du choix" qui caractérise les marchés matures met les consommateurs aux prises avec une multiplicité d'offres censées répondre à leurs besoins, mais dans lesquelles ils peinent à s'orienter. Le rythme des innovations, le développement des nouvelles technologies et l'ouverture des marchés complexifient les manières de consommer. De nouvelles attentes en matière sociale, environnementale et éthique conduisent les consommateurs eux-mêmes à bricoler et inventer des manières différentes d'échanger. Ces pratiques émergentes nécessitent une réinvention perpétuelle de la protection de leurs intérêts. Il s'agit de mieux les informer sur les caractéristiques de l'offre et de renforcer la défense de leurs droits en cas de litige. En découlent de nouveaux enjeux pour le consumérisme. C'est à cette question de la protection des consommateurs que cet ouvrage s'attache à répondre en analysant, au travers de treize contributions, ses principaux enjeux sur le plan économique, juridique, sociologique, politique, managérial et sociétal : le rôle de l'État dans l'accès à la consommation, la mutation des modèles consommatoires et leurs conséquences juridiques, les modalités d'information des consommateurs, de même que les manières, parfois inventives, qu'ils ont de défendre leurs droits. Les différents chapitres esquissent tout au long de l'ouvrage des pistes de réflexion quant à la vulnérabilité ou aux capacités des consommateurs à s'informer et se défendre, mais aussi quant au rôle que jouent, dans ce domaine, les pouvoirs publics, les acteurs consuméristes historiques, ou les nouvelles parties prenantes. Nous espérons que le lecteur y trouvera matière à s'orienter pour sa compréhension des mutations du monde de la consommation et de la protection des consommateurs.