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The direct functionalization of inert C(sp3)‐H bonds to form carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom bonds offers vast potential for chemical synthesis and therefore receives increasing attention. At present, most successes come from strategies using metal catalysts/reagents or photo/electrochemical processes. The use of organocatalysis for this purpose remains scarce, especially when dealing with challenging C−H bonds such as those from simple alkanes. Here we disclose the first organocatalytic direct functionalization/acylation of inert C(sp3)‐H bonds of completely unfunctionalized alkanes. Our approach involves N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyst‐mediated carbonyl radical intermediate generation and coupling with simple alkanes (through the corresponding alkyl radical intermediates generated via a hydrogen atom transfer process). Unreactive C−H bonds are widely present in fossil fuel feedstocks, commercially important organic polymers, and complex molecules such as natural products. Our present study shall inspire a new avenue for quick functionalization of these molecules under the light‐ and metal‐free catalytic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of catalyst‐controlled methods for direct functionalization of two distinct C−H bonds represents an appealing approach for C−C formations in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we describe an organocatalytic approach for straightforward acylation of C(sp3)−H bonds employing readily available aldehyde as "acyl source" involving dehydrogenative coupling of aldehydes with ether, amine, or benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds. The developed method affords a broad range of ketones under mild conditions. Mechanistically, simple ortho‐cyanoiodobenzene is essential in the oxidative radical N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis to give a ketyl radical and C(sp3) radical through a rarely explored intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer pathway, rendering the acylative C−C formations in high efficiency under a metal‐ and light‐free catalytic conditions. Moreover, the prepared products show promising anti‐bacterial activities that shall encourage further investigations on novel agrochemical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary starch structure on muscle protein synthesis and gastrointestinal amino acid (AA) transport and metabolism of goats. Twenty-seven Xiangdong black female goats (average body weight = 9·00 ± 1·12 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatments, i.e., fed a T1 (normal maize 100 %, high amylose maize 0 %), T2 (normal maize 50 %, high amylose maize 50 %) and T3 (normal maize 0 %, high amylose maize 100 %) diet for 35 d. All AA in the ileal mucosa were decreased linearly as amylose:amylopectin increased in diets (P < 0·05). The plasma valine (linear, P = 0·03), leucine (linear, P = 0·04) and total AA content (linear, P = 0·03) increased linearly with the increase in the ratio of amylose in the diet. The relative mRNA levels of solute carrier family 38 member 1 (linear, P = 0·01), solute carrier family 3 member 2 (linear, P = 0·02) and solute carrier family 38 member 9 (linear, P = 0·02) in the ileum increased linearly with the increase in the ratio of amylose in the diet. With the increase in the ratio of amylose:amylopectin in the diet, the mRNA levels of acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase B (linear, P = 0·04), branched-chain amino acid transferase 1 (linear, P = 0·02) and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex B (linear, P = 0·01) in the ileum decreased linearly. Our results revealed that the protein abundances of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) (P < 0·001), phosphorylated 4E-binding protein 1 (P < 0·001) and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinases 1 (P < 0·001) of T2 and T3 were significantly higher than that of T1. In general, a diet with a high amylose ratio could reduce the consumption of AA in the intestine, allowing more AA to enter the blood to maintain higher muscle protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 20th century, the localization of psychology in China has moved from its embryonic stage, through its rising and its initial exploration, to its full development, producing along the way a series of localized academic achievements and claims. After more than 100 years' exploration, current Chinese scholars of psychology have begun consciously constructing original and indigenous psychological theories. However, up to now there is still no systematic theory to win global influence and no methodology to tally with the situations in China. Psychology is enjoying a relatively weak position in that its theoretical contents, disciplinary systems and team building are far from being adequate. It still needs to put more effort into the defining of the subject areas, the establishment of core framework and the integration of academic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thought of treatment diseases previously mainly refers to promote people to take preventive or therapeutic means to prevent the occurrence, change and relapse of disease, which has been highly esteemed in the Chinese culture sand the Chinese society and occupies the highest point of Chinese medicine treatment methodology as a kind of physical and mental state of highly sensitive body philosophy. Therefore, a special cultural phobia-worrying about "feeble" body has been created, which leads to obsession on health seeking medical treatment for healthy body. When the medical system gradually westernized, this kind of attendance is no longer acceptable and being dubbed a modem medical terminology as the somatoform disorders, which is the epitome of the western and eastern medicine collision, and also an entry point for analyzing specific medical problems from the cultural psychology perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hidden rules as the undiscovered or illegitimate rules or behavior patterns bring about phenomena that various rule exist simultaneously and the discrepancy between name and the reality in Chinese society. The origination of the hidden roles derives from the cultural psychological structure of Chinese tradition which would never allow a strictly logical manner of actions. The tradition has been changing under the impact of modernity that the traditional habitus lost its legitimacy, but could not be replaced. Therefore, the conflicts between the tradition and modernity give rise to the cultural psychological background of the prevailing of hidden rules which should be systematically studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]