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With the development of new technology for multiple energy applications, household appliances using electricity and other energy sources are becoming increasingly abundant. Users can freely choose the way of energy consumption based on the price of electricity and other energy sources. The phenomenon has become one of the important factors affecting real‐time pricing. This study considers real‐time pricing in the case of multiple energy coexistence on the user side. According to the spatiotemporal coupling of electricity and other energy sources and the relationship between other energy sources and total energy consumption, an optimization model that satisfies the actual situation is established. By using the relaxation theory and dual decomposition technology, a partially distributed algorithm is proposed for multi‐period coupling and finding the optimal energy scheduling scheme for the energy company and each user, so as to maximize social welfare. In addition, under the background of multiple energy coupling, real‐time pricing can guide users to adjust their electricity consumption behaviour vertically and horizontally, change the type of energy, meet energy demand for end users and effectively reduce the peak‐to‐average ratio. Simulation results verify the rationality of the model and the effectiveness of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the escalation of fossil fuel pollution and the challenges of climate change, the smart grid is forced to address the carbon emissions associated with fossil fuel use. Real-time pricing of smart grid is an effective means to regulate the balance of supply and demand in the grid as well as to achieve energy conservation and environmental protection. This paper takes traditional fossil energy and clean energy power supply as the background, takes social welfare maximization as the goal, combines carbon emission cost with traditional power generation cost, and constructs a real-time pricing model that takes into account carbon emission cost, so that thermal power enterprises participate in the power market and carbon market at the same time. By using duality methods, we transformed the original optimization problem into an equivalent one. Furthermore, a distributed iterative algorithm based on the subgradient projection method is employed to solve the dual problem. The simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed real-time pricing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser plasma accelerators (LPA) can produce very high-energy electrons (VHEE) with ultra-short bunch duration, which may facilitate the application of ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) to treat deep-seated tumors. The study aims to evaluate the dose rate delivery by spot-scanning VHEE beams produced by LPA and to discuss the feasibility and beam specifications for FLASH-RT implementation. Various dose rate metrics, including averaged dose rate (ADR), dose-averaged dose rate (DADR), and dose-threshold dose rate (DTDR), are examined in the context of spot-scanning. Theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations are employed to quantify the dose rate distribution for a water phantom and explore the impact of beam parameters. All the beam parameters are based on experimental results. With a lower pulse repetition rate of 5 Hz, ADR can only reach a dose rate in the order of 10 − 1 Gy / s , while attaining the FLASH-RT dose rate of 40 Gy / s necessitates the utilization of high-power lasers with a kilohertz working repetition rate. In contrast to ADR, DADR and DTDR remain independent of the scanning path and can reach the ultra-high dose rate surpassing 10 14 Gy / s at the phantom surface. Meanwhile, the ultrashort electron bunch can be stretched during scattering within the water, resulting in a dependence of DADR and DTDR on the penetration depth. Both the charge per shot and angular spread are important parameters in dose rate calculations. This investigation offers insights into practical beam parameters for preclinical applications and supplies guidance for designing the LPAs suitable for future spot-scanning VHEE FLASH-RT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on 6Li neutron capture therapy (LiNCT) in anticipation of using carbon nanoparticles to deliver targeted, high linear energy transfer radiation to non-resectable tumors. Our investigations show that, compared with existing 10B neutron capture therapy (BNCT), 6Li offers similar dose potential for equal mass density ( D Li ∼ D B when m Li = m B ), for capture products that span 7 times more range and approximately three cell lengths. Consequently, 6Li-filled nanoparticles dispersed more than half-a-cell-length apart, better convey high doses and ultra-high dose-rates, as LiNCT generates substantially less γ-rays and becomes more targeted than BNCT. To this end, we propose a neutron production scheme involving laser-plasma driven protons incident on various 7Li targets, capable of producing > 10 9 n /sr/pulse. For high repetition frequency, efficient neutron moderation, and ideal 6Li concentration, the modality offers greater precision than existing neutron capture therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress causes deregulation of endothelial cell differentiation. Carnosol is a potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory compound. In the present study, we examined whether the antioxidant effect of carnosol might protect bone marrow stem cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and promote endothelial differentiation. We examined cell viability by the MTT assay; oxidative stress and apoptosis were analyzed through changes in ROS levels, apoptotic ratio and caspase-3 activity; changes in protein expression of OCT-4, Flk-1, CD31 and Nrf-2 were assessed by Western blot analysis. H2O2 treatment increased oxidative stress and reduced cell viability, while the stem cell marker OCT-4 and endothelial markers Flk-1, CD31 were significantly downregulated as a result of the treatment with H2O2. Treatment with carnosol improved the antioxidant status, increased OCT-4 expression and promoted endothelial differentiation. This study provides evidence that carnosol could increase the antioxidant defense mechanism and promote endothelial differentiation.

We proposed and examined experimentally that the charge of the 100 MeV-class electron bunches from laser wakefield accelerators (LWFAs) can be improved to ∼400 pC with the aid of a structured nozzle system. A 43 TW laser pulse driver with 30 fs duration is incident on a density structured gas target, which is created by a 4 mm long gas jet and a moveable slender needle nozzle with 0.8 mm diameter. The charge of produced beam increases compared with that from merely a gas jet (∼100 pC) and reaches its maximum (∼400 pC) at an optimal relative position. Particle-in-cell simulations show that the self-focused spot size and intensity of the laser pulse can be tuned continuously and reveal how the detailed dynamics of the laser pulse evolution, the electron injection, and acceleration in this structured gas target affects the beam charge. This work demonstrates the feasibility of adjusting the laser pulse distribution through its evolution in a plasma to significantly improve the injected charge in LWFAs, which is beneficial for many applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]