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Currently, the oncogenic mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress‐CAF (ERS‐CAF) subpopulation in chordoma remains unknown. Here, single‐cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler, data‐independent acquisition proteomics, bulk RNA‐seq, and multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence are used to unveil the precise molecular mechanism of how ERS‐CAF affected chordoma progression. Results show that hypoxic microenvironment reprograms CAFs into ERS‐CAF subtype. Mechanistically, this occurrs via hypoxia‐mediated transcriptional upregulation of IER2. Overexpression of IER2 in CAFs promotes chordoma progression, which can be impeded by IER2 knockdown or use of ERS inhibitors. IER2 also induces expression of ERS‐CAF marker genes and results in production of a pro‐tumorigenic paracrine GMFG signaling, which exert its biological function via directly binding to ITGB1 on tumor cells. ITGB1 inhibition attenuates tumor malignant progression, which can be partially reversed by exogenous GMFG intervention. Further analyses reveal a positive correlation between ITGB1high tumor cell counts and SPP1+ macrophage density, as well as the spatial proximity of these two cell types. Clinically, a significant correlation of high IER2/ITGB1 expression with tumor aggressive phenotype and poor patient survival is observed. Collectively, the findings suggest that ERS‐CAF regulates SPP1+ macrophage to aggravate chordoma progression via the IER2/GMFG/ITGB1 axis, which may be targeted therapeutically in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: Retrospective pooled analysis of individual patient data. Objectives: Spinal chondroblastoma (CB) is a very rare pathology and its clinicopathological and prognostic features remain unclear. Here, we sought to characterize the clinicopathological data of a large spinal CB cohort and determine factors affecting the local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients. Methods: Electronic searches using Medline, Embase, Google Scholar and Wanfang databases were performed to identify eligible studies per predefined criteria. A retrospective review was also conducted to include additional patients at our center. Results: Twenty-seven studies from the literature and 8 patients from our local institute were identified, yielding a total of 61 patients for analysis. Overall, there were no differences in clinicopathological characteristics between the local and literature cohorts, except for absence or presence of spinal canal invasion by tumor on imagings and chicken-wire calcification in tumor tissues. Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that previous treatment, preoperative or postoperative neurological deficits, type of tumor resection, secondary aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), chicken-wire calcification and radiotherapy correlated closely with LRFS, though only type of tumor resection, chicken-wire calcification and radiotherapy were predictive of outcome based on multivariate Cox analysis. Analyzing OS, we found that a history of preoperative treatment, concurrent ABC, chicken-wire calcification, type of tumor resection and adjuvant radiotherapy had a significant association with survival, whereas only type of tumor resection remained statistically significant after adjusting for other covariables. Conclusion: These data may be helpful in prognostic risk stratification and individualized therapy decision making for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI), resulting in damage of the normal structure and function of the spinal cord, would do great harm to patients, physically and psychologically. The mechanism of SCI is very complex. At present, lots of studies have reported that autophagy was involved in the secondary injury process of SCI, and several researchers also found that calcium ions (Ca2+) played an important role in SCI by regulating necrosis, autophagy, or apoptosis. However, to our best of knowledge, no studies have linked the spinal cord mechanical injury, intracellular Ca2+, and autophagy in series. In this study, we have established an in vitro model of SCI using neural cells from fetal rats to explore the relationship among them, and found that mechanical injury could promote the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and the increased Ca2+ level activated autophagy through the CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR pathway. Additionally, we found that apoptosis was also involved in this pathway. Thus, our study provides new insights into the specific mechanisms of SCI and may open up new avenues for the treatment of SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The type of soil microbial population plays an important role in soil quality and growth of crops. Studying the impact characteristics of different oligosaccharides on soil microbial population will help to use oligosaccharides correctly, efficiently and safely. In this study, the soils were placed in an artificial climate chamber, 50mg⋅L-1 Chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) and Cello-oligosaccharide (COS) solution were applied into the soils, treated with clean water (CK) as the control, cultured for 6 days, sampled, and analyzed the structure composition and diversity distribution characteristics of soil microbial community by high-throughput sequencing technology. The CSOS and COS treatments significantly changed the community structure of bacteria and fungi, increased the observed number of bacterial species. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacteria. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mortierllomycota were the dominant fungi. Through the comparative analysis of community composition among groups, it could be seen that the treatments both reduced the relative abundance of Acidobacteria in different degrees, and increased Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chytridiomycota and beneficial bacteria, Lysobacter, Nitrospira, Haliangium, Blastococcus and Streptomyces. However, compared with the COS, the CSOS treatment had a greater change in microbial community composition. In addition, the CSOS and COS treatments had some differences in regulating soil microbial community structure. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Talaromyces treated with the CSOS increased by 195%, and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Pseudomonas treated with the COS increased by 215%. In conclusion, chitosan oligosaccharide and cello-oligosaccharide both could optimize the structure and composition of soil microbial community. The difference between the CSOS and COS helped to realize the regulating mechanism, and promote their application and popularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]