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Increasing drought severity and evaporative demand in Mediterranean areas makes it necessary to implement irrigation systems with high water and nutrient supply efficiency. The combined management of drip irrigation burial depth and different nitrogen (N) sources, thus far unexplored, predicting these effects using proximal and spectral vegetation indices. A 2-year field experiment was conducted comparing maize yield and N uptake from four N fertilization treatments: ammonium sulfate (AS), AS with the nitrification inhibitor DMPP (AS+INH), calcium nitrate (CN) and a control without N fertilization combined with surface or subsurface (30 cm depth) drip fertigation. Multispectral data were collected to calculate various vegetation indices, while the chlorophyll content was measured with a soil plant analysis development (SPAD) sensor in the second year. Subsurface drip and AS+INH increased maize grain yields compared to surface drip and AS-only (by 12 % and 18 %, respectively, P < 0.05). However, this was observed only in the second season, as were increases in grain N content. The results show that the use of CN performed better in surface drip, while the use of NH4+-N-based fertilizers were recommended for subsurface irrigation. Regarding the spectral data, at the flowering-milky kernel and dent kernel phenological stages Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) and the canopy chlorophyll content index (CCCI) were the two vegetation indices that best estimated agronomical parameters and were able to discriminate the phenological differences between irrigation systems. This study highlights the potential for (i) predicting yield and N uptake using proximal and multispectral sensors in drip-fertigated maize and (ii) optimizing crop performance by combining drip burial depth and N source (DMPP combined with subsurface irrigation), with relevant implications for climate change adaptation (i.e., potential improvements in crop phenology and water saving).

ABSTRACT The high-consequence pathogen Bacillus anthracis causes human anthrax and often results in lethal infections without the rapid administration of effective antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrobial resistance profiling is therefore critical to inform post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment decisions, especially during emergencies such as outbreaks or where intentional release is suspected. Whole-genome sequencing using a rapid long-read sequencer can uncover antimicrobial resistance patterns if genetic markers of resistance are known. To identify genomic markers associated with antimicrobial resistance, we isolated B. anthracis derived from the avirulent Sterne strain with elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations to clarithromycin. Mutants were characterized both phenotypically through broth microdilution susceptibility testing and observations during culturing, as well as genotypically with whole-genome sequencing. We identified two different in-frame insertions in the L22 ribosomal protein-encoding gene rplV, which were subsequently confirmed to be involved in clarithromycin resistance through the reversion of the mutant gene to the parent (drug-susceptible) sequence. Detection of the rplV insertions was possible with rapid long-read sequencing, with a time-to-answer within 3 h. The mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance described here will be used in conjunction with known genetic markers of resistance for other antimicrobials to strengthen the prediction of antimicrobial resistance in B. anthracis.IMPORTANCEThe disease anthrax, caused by the pathogen Bacillus anthracis, is extremely deadly if not treated quickly and appropriately. Clarithromycin is an antibiotic recommended for the treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of anthrax by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, little is known about the ability of B. anthracis to develop resistance to clarithromycin or the mechanism of that resistance. The characterization of clarithromycin-resistant isolates presented here provides valuable information for researchers and clinicians in the event of a release of the resistant strain. Additionally, knowledge of the genetic basis of resistance provides a foundation for susceptibility prediction through rapid genome sequencing to inform timely treatment decisions.

Soil stands as one of the principal resources for agricultural development, with this activity encompassing approximately 38% of the Earth’s surface. The resulting product is directed towards human consumption and animal feed, as well as energy crops, among other purposes. Given the pivotal role of this activity and the escalating demand for its products within the economic sphere, coupled with population growth, the need arises not only for increased crop yield but also for addressing the per capita reduction in available land. Consequently, an imperative arises to explore emerging alternatives for soil conservation and restoration in pursuit of this goal. Thus, a dynamic system model is introduced to assess the patterns of land use for agricultural cultivation in Colombia. Modelling is a useful tool for system conceptualisation, understanding, projection of future scenarios and hypothesis testing about the impact of disruptions in a system’s overall behaviour about changes in its components. The main purpose of this article is to evaluate, through simulation with system dynamics, soil recovery scenarios from the use of residues from the same crops, specifically in the case of monocultures, such as sugarcane. Similar studies have not been found in the literature review and, therefore, this work is novel and establishes a starting point to continue exploring these soil recovery alternatives. The formulation of this model was accomplished through the utilization of the Vensim DSS software (Version 5.10a), followed by simulations of various land use scenarios across two distinct types of crops. The outcomes of these simulations unveiled a gradual degradation of the soil. To counter this trend, scenarios were evaluated, with composting emerging as a viable and significant alternative. There are some scenarios in which land degradation is lower by more than 50% compared with those in which the alternative is not considered. The composting process reduces costs in terms of fertilization, labour and support for environmental enhancement by restoring physical, chemical and biological soil properties. This study proposes for this model to be extended to other agricultural chains, thereby demonstrating its potential for guiding decisions regarding land use and crop activity scheduling that share similarities with the system under investigation.

Community involvement in research is key to translating science into practice, and new approaches to engaging community members in research design and implementation are needed. The Community Scientist Program, established at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston in 2018 and expanded to two other Texas institutions in 2021, provides researchers with rapid feedback from community members on study feasibility and design, cultural appropriateness, participant recruitment, and research implementation. This paper aims to describe the Community Scientist Program and assess Community Scientists' and researchers' satisfaction with the program. We present the analysis of the data collected from 116 Community Scientists and 64 researchers who attended 100 feedback sessions, across three regions of Texas including Northeast Texas, Houston, and Rio Grande Valley between June 2018 and December 2022. Community Scientists stated that the feedback sessions increased their knowledge and changed their perception of research. All researchers (100%) were satisfied with the feedback and reported that it influenced their current and future research methods. Our evaluation demonstrates that the key features of the Community Scientist Program such as follow-up evaluations, effective bi-directional communication, and fair compensation transform how research is conducted and contribute to reducing health disparities.

Pruning determines the plant water status due to its effects on the leaf area and thus the irrigation management. The primary aim of this study was to assess the use of high-resolution multispectral imagery to estimate the plant water status through different bands and vegetation indexes (VIs) and to evaluate which is most suitable under different pruning management strategies. This work was carried out in 2021 and 2022 in a commercial Merlot vineyard in an arid area of central Spain. Two different pruning strategies were carried out: mechanical pruning and no pruning. The stem water potential was measured with a pressure chamber (Ψstem) at two different solar times (9 h and 12 h). Multispectral information from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) was obtained at the same time as the field Ψstem measurements and different vegetation indexes (VIs) were calculated. Pruning management significantly determined the Ψstem, bunch and berry weight, number of bunches, and plant yield. Linear regression between the Ψstem and NDVI presented the tightest correlation at 12 h solar time (R2 = 0.58). The red and red-edge bands were included in a generalised multivariable linear regression and achieved higher accuracy (R2 = 0.74) in predicting the Ψstem. Using high-resolution multispectral imagery has proven useful in predicting the vine water status independently of the pruning management strategy.

El artículo presenta una experiencia de innovación desde la perspectiva de la modelización y la argumentación en la enseñanza de la física. Se implementa una estrategia para la formación de competencias investigativas, mediadas por la introducción de lenguajes de programación de alto nivel como Python en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la física aplicada, en el contexto de la física mecánica, sus modelos matemáticos deterministas, las ciencias básicas y de la salud. Tal experiencia se enmarca en una metodología de investigación-acción articulada con un método pragmático-sociológico para el análisis de experiencias de aprendizaje en estudiantes que se inician en la educación superior, con el objetivo de plantear y resolver problemas teóricos, propios de la asignatura de física mecánica newtoniana, con la perspectiva que ofrece el desarrollo de pseudocódigos, diagramas de flujo y algoritmos simples programados en el lenguaje de Python, favoreciendo metacognitivamente el desarrollo de competencias investigativas en los estudiantes. Se evidencia que las competencias más fortalecidas son la resolución de problemas, la planeación de proyectos, el diseño de experimentos, el manejo de tecnologías, entre otras.

Physiological responses in seaweeds are influenced by environmental conditions such as UV radiation among other abiotic factors, concerns that must be taken into account for bioprospecting purposes. The production of UV-absorbing compounds is a well-known strategy for protecting organisms against UV radiation stress as the compounds absorb and dissipate short wavelengths. Besides their natural photoprotective sunscreen value, there is strong evidence of potential use as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory and anticancer agents. Here, we studied the relationship of potential cell damage to antioxidant activity and bioactive properties of brown seaweed Sargassum filipendula under the effect of radiation treatments: PAR (control), PAR+UVA and PAR+UVB after 10 days of exposure. Cell damage was assessed as DNA impairment by the quantification of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Antioxidant potential, tested by ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and chelating activity assays and quantification of total phenolic compounds were performed using methanolic crude extracts at different concentrations. Antiviral activity was assessed by the ability of different concentrations of methanolic and aqueous extracts to inhibit retroviral reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. PAR+UVB treatment negatively affected DNA integrity, and more CDP-DNA complexes were observed. Higher antioxidant activity was observed under PAR treatment than UVA and UVB radiation treatments. There was 25–90% inhibition of the RT enzyme for methanolic extracts, while aqueous extracts showed nearly 100% inhibition for all treatments and tested concentrations. UV-absorbing compounds in S. filipendula provide adaptive advantages against UV radiation exposure. Additionally, the species can be considered as a potential biotechnology source of natural bioactive compounds, and isolation of these compounds or obtaining bioactively rich extracts will potentially be of great benefit for the development of functional bioproducts.

Abstract Background and Aim Different studies have shown pharmacogenetic variants related to drug toxicity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Our aim was to identify the association between ABCB1, CDA, DCK, GSTT1, and GSTM1 variants with clinical outcomes and toxicity in pediatric patients with AML. Methods Fifty‐one confirmed de novo AML pediatric patients were included. A SNaPshot™ assay and conventional PCR were used to evaluate ABCB1, CDA, DCK, GSTT1, and GSTM1 variants. Clinical outcomes and toxicity associations were evaluated using odds ratios and Chi‐square analysis. Results Patients carrying ABCB1 (1236C > T, rs1128503) GG genotype in had a 6.8 OR (CI 95% 1.08–42.73, p = .044) for cardiotoxicity as compared to patients carrying either AA or GA genotypes 0.14 OR (CI 95% 0.023–0.92, p = .044). For ABCB1 (1236G > A rs1128503/2677C > A/T rs2032582/3435G > A rs1045642) AA/AA/AA combined genotypes had a strong association with death after HSTC OR 13.73 (CI 95% 1.94–97.17, p = .009). Combined genotypes GG/CC/GG with CDA (79A > C, rs2072671) CA genotype or CDA (‐451G > A, rs532545) CT genotype, had a 4.11 OR (CI 95% 2.32–725, p = .007) and 3.8 OR (CI 95% 2.23–6.47, p = .027) with MRD >0.1% after first chemotherapy cycle, respectively. Conclusion Our results highlight the importance of pharmacogenetic analysis in pediatric AML, particularly in populations with a high degree of admixture, and might be useful as a future tool for patient stratification for treatment.

Aim of study:To evaluate the effect of leaf covering, leaf position, leaf age, time and sample size in measurements of stem water potential (Ψstem) in olive hedgerow orchards. Area of study: The experimental orchards were located in the Centre of Spain (Toledo) Material and methods: Midday Ψstem was measured using a pressure chamber in two super-intensive olive hedgerow orchards subjected to various water status. Main results: Measurements were taken at solar noon on shaded leaves at mid canopy height following at least 1 hour of covering. Such measurements on 5 trees were sufficient to define the water status of individual homogeneous irrigation blocks. This combination of techniques is essential for repeatable measurements of Ψstem required to establish critical irrigation points and manage deficit irrigation strategies seeking to control vegetative growth and reduce water use with minimal effect on oil yield in olive hedgerow orchards and maximum oil quality. Part of our results weren’t previously reported: 1) Covering leaves with aluminium doesn’t completely stop transpiration and leaves must be covered and located in the shaded part of the canopy. 2) Ψstem depends on leaf height on olive hedgerow. 3) Ψstem of young leaves was less variable than in older ones. 4) Ψstem at solar noon presented larger differences with previous hours than later. Research highlights: Leaves for measurements of stem water potential must be previously covered and located in the middle height of the shaded part of the canopy.

Introducción: La bronquiolitis obliterante postinfecciosa es una enfermedad pulmonar poco frecuente; existen limitados reportes en Sudamérica. Caso clínico: En esta serie se reportan 10 pacientes con esta enfermedad diagnosticados en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño-Breña (Lima-Perú). La mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue de 19 meses. Todos los pacientes presentaron el antecedente de infección respiratoria aguda grave. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron tos, dificultad respiratoria, sibilancias e hipoxemia; el patrón de atenuación en mosaico fue la característica más frecuente en la tomografía. Todos tenían serología positiva para adenovirus. Se administró tratamiento con pulsos de metilprednisolona, azitromicina, hidroxicloroquina y corticoides inhalados. Ningún paciente falleció durante el seguimiento. Conclusiones: En los niños previamente sanos con antecedente de infección respiratoria aguda grave y sintomatología obstructivo bronquial persistente se debe considerar el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis obliterante postinfecciosa. Este es el primer reporte en Perú con un régimen terapéutico adaptado a nuestra institución.

Colombia es uno de los países más afectados por el flagelo del desplazamiento forzoso, el cual tiene mayor impacto en la vida de mujeres y niños. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la relación entre la inteligencia emocional y las estrategias de afrontamiento en mujeres desplazadas. Para verificar dicha relación, se utilizaron los instrumentos TMMS-24 y el CRI-A, aplicados a 151 mujeres del municipio La Jagua de Ibirico, con edad promedio de 35.6 (DT = 13.39). Los resultados de las estrategias adecuadas de afrontamiento se asociaron de manera positiva con las dimensiones de claridad y reparación emocional. A su vez, estas dimensiones mostraron correlaciones negativas de forma inesperada con las estrategias desadaptativas. Se halló en general un buen nivel de claridad y reparación y un regular nivel de atención emocional. Aunque un poco más de la mitad de participantes usen estrategias de aproximación, se observó que una proporción importante de participantes usaban la aceptación/resignación. En conclusión, las mujeres desplazadas no muestran una tendencia específica hacia una estrategia de afrontamiento pero sí unos niveles de inteligencia emocional adecuados. Los resultados se comparan con los de investigaciones anteriores, proponiéndose indicaciones para futuras investigaciones.

This work evaluated the ability of UAVs to detect field heterogeneity and their influences on vineyard development in Yepes (Spain). Under deficit irrigation, vine growth and yield variability are influenced by soil characteristics such as water holding capacity (WHC). Over two irrigation seasons (2021–2022), several vegetation indices (VIs) and parameters of vegetative growth and yield were evaluated in two field zones. Multispectral and thermal information was obtained from bare soils. The water availability showed annual differences; it was reduced by 49% in 2022 compared to 2021, suggesting that no significant differences were found for the parameters studied. The zone with higher WHC also had the higher vegetative growth and yield in 2021. This agreed with the significant differences among the VIs evaluated, especially the ratio vegetation index (RVI). Soil multispectral and thermal bands showed significant differences between zones in both years. This indicated that the soil spectral and thermal characteristics could provide more reliable information for zoning than vine vegetation itself, as they were less influenced by climatic conditions between years. Consequently, UAVs proved to be valuable for assessing spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the monitoring of vineyards. Soil spectral and thermal information will be essential for zoning applications due to its consistency across different years, enhancing vineyard management practices.

Introducción: El paso del adolescente con trasplante renal del servicio de pediatría al de adulto se relaciona con aumento en el rechazo y pérdida del injerto renal. La evidencia señala que un proceso de transición adecuado disminuye el riesgo de rechazo y mejora los desenlaces clínicos. Objetivo: Caracterizar socio demográficamente adolescentes con trasplante renal o en protocolo pre-trasplante previo a la implementación de un programa de transición. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron los pacientes del servicio de nefrología pediátrica de la Fundación Valle del Lili entre 11-19 años, obteniendo 31 participantes con trasplante renal y 4 en protocolo pre-trasplante. Se realizó una prueba piloto de la encuesta sociodemográfica con un grupo diferente con salud similar salud, se ajustó y aplicó la encuesta a la población objeto. Resultados: 54% eran de sexo masculino, el promedio de edad 14,3 ± 2,3 años, 23% afrodescendientes, el 65% provenían del Valle del Cauca y el 35% de otros departamentos del suroccidente colombiano. El nivel socioeconómico fue bajo en el 65%. El 44% cursó primaria, 47% secundaria y 9% cursaba educación superior. La madre fue el cuidador principal en el 85% y el 63% de los cuidadores cursó algún grado de secundaria. La enfermedad renal de base fueron las malformaciones congénitas 57%, y el 89% calificó su estado de salud como bueno. Conclusiones: Este estudio generó una apropiación de conocimientos y cumplimiento del tratamiento en los adolescentes, dando paso a la segunda fase de evaluación del programa en un futuro estudio.

Abstract Previous studies have shown the sugarcane microbiome harbors diverse plant growth promoting microorganisms, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria (diazotrophs), which can serve as biofertilizers. The genomes of 22 diazotrophs from Colombian sugarcane fields were sequenced to investigate potential biofertilizers. A genome-enabled computational phenotyping approach was developed to prioritize sugarcane associated diazotrophs according to their potential as biofertilizers. This method selects isolates that have potential for nitrogen fixation and other plant growth promoting (PGP) phenotypes while showing low risk for virulence and antibiotic resistance. Intact nitrogenase (nif) genes and operons were found in 18 of the isolates. Isolates also encode phosphate solubilization and siderophore production operons, and other PGP genes. The majority of sugarcane isolates showed uniformly low predicted virulence and antibiotic resistance compared to clinical isolates. Six strains with the highest overall genotype scores were experimentally evaluated for nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and the production of siderophores, gibberellic acid, and indole acetic acid. Results from the biochemical assays were consistent and validated computational phenotype predictions. A genotypic and phenotypic threshold was observed that separated strains by their potential for PGP versus predicted pathogenicity. Our results indicate that computational phenotyping is a promising tool for the assessment of bacteria detected in agricultural ecosystems.

UV radiation is a factor affecting the distribution and physiology of photosynthetic organisms in an aquatic ecosystem. Studies with macroalgae indicate diverse biological disturbances in response to UV radiation. This work aimed to study sensitivity of the brown macroalga Sargassum filipendula exposed to UV radiation: PAR (control), PAR+UVA+UVB(++) and PAR+UVA(++)+UVB. Changes in the physiological parameters growth rate, total soluble proteins, photosynthetic pigments and the UV-vis absorbing compounds were analysed after T0, T4, T7 and T10 (days) of UV exposure. Physiological parameters showed little variation between treatments and over time, suggesting that moderate UV radiation doses could regulate resistance responses to re-establish the cellular homoeostasis condition through activation of an antioxidant defence system, such as an overproduction of phenolic compounds. Responses recorded in S. filipendula would be related to acclimation mechanisms against acute UV radiation stress, triggering resistance responses to avoid serious damage to the metabolic machinery, activating control systems to maintain hormesis, and homoeostasis of deleterious actions of reactive species, similar to the phenomenon known as preparation for oxidative stress. Finally, UV-visible absorption spectra showed absorption bands evidencing the presence of mainly UV-absorbing compounds with photoprotective function, such as phlorotannins, flavonoids and carotenoids, which could provide adaptive advantages for organisms exposed to UV radiation.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of activated carbon obtained from coffee husk (Coffea arabica L.) on the adsorption of turbidity, colour and metals (iron-manganese) present in aquifer waters, in order to contribute to the treatment of confined waters susceptible to contamination, in a natural way due to the geographical conditions of the soil. The variables evaluated were: activated carbon from coffee husk and adsorption of turbidity, colour and metals (iron-manganese). The adsorption capacity of the activated carbon of an agro-industrial waste was determined by applying different concentrations of the substance obtained experimentally on the water of the aquifer to be treated. The data were statistically analysed at two points in time; by means of the analysis of variance it was possible to show that the variations in the weight of the carbon, speed, volume and mixing time did not significantly influence the removal of pollutants; the removal percentage was determined, where the results obtained demonstrated the adsorbent effect of the activated carbon on turbidity, colour and metals (iron-manganese).

Low-income students' preferences for higher education might depend on the uncertainty of financial aid. Using a time discontinuity design, this paper exploits the unanticipated cancellation of a nationwide Colombian merit and need-based scholarship, called "Ser Pilo Paga," to study its consequences on students' preferences for higher education. Preferences are measured using a discrete choice experiment administrated to 949 low-income high school students in 2018. The findings reveal that the scholarship's cancellation reduced higher education ambitions among low-income students due to the decreased interest in both financial aid and high-quality universities. The effects were particularly concentrated on income-eligible individuals who were more likely to obtain the scholarship, as their choices for financial aid and high-quality institutions declined by 15 to 50% of the baseline preference.

Abstract Background Hemophilia B (HB) is a coagulation disorder with an X‐linked recessive inheritance pattern, caused by plasma FIX deficiency. In Colombia, HB is considered a rare and high‐cost disease, with 362 males reported in 2017. Methods Here, we characterized 20 HB apparently unrelated families by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. Results Fourteen unique variants were identified: seven missense, three nonsense, one variant in the 3′ UTR region, two large deletions >50 bp, and one intronic substitution that affects splicing c.520+13A>G that was present in 7/20 patients (35%). All these variants have been previously reported in the literature, except for exons 3 and 4, deletions, present in one patient. The genotype‐phenotype association correlates with the reported in the literature, with the exception of one patient. Conclusion This molecular analysis allowed us to establish the causal variant of HB in 100% of patients, to provide the appropriate genetic counseling to each of the families, and to propose a more cost‐effective carrier analysis. Here, we reported the first variants in Colombian population with Hemophilia B, finding a new variant and one intron recurrent variant present in 35% of patients.

Soil stands as one of the principal resources for agricultural development, with this activity encompassing approximately 38% of the Earth's surface. The resulting product is directed towards human consumption and animal feed, as well as energy crops, among other purposes. Given the pivotal role of this activity and the escalating demand for its products within the economic sphere, coupled with population growth, the need arises not only for increased crop yield but also for addressing the per capita reduction in available land. Consequently, an imperative arises to explore emerging alternatives for soil conservation and restoration in pursuit of this goal. Thus, a dynamic system model is introduced to assess the patterns of land use for agricultural cultivation in Colombia. Modelling is a useful tool for system conceptualisation, understanding, projection of future scenarios and hypothesis testing about the impact of disruptions in a system's overall behaviour about changes in its components. The main purpose of this article is to evaluate, through simulation with system dynamics, soil recovery scenarios from the use of residues from the same crops, specifically in the case of monocultures, such as sugarcane. Similar studies have not been found in the literature review and, therefore, this work is novel and establishes a starting point to continue exploring these soil recovery alternatives. The formulation of this model was accomplished through the utilization of the Vensim DSS software (Version 5.10a), followed by simulations of various land use scenarios across two distinct types of crops. The outcomes of these simulations unveiled a gradual degradation of the soil. To counter this trend, scenarios were evaluated, with composting emerging as a viable and significant alternative. There are some scenarios in which land degradation is lower by more than 50% compared with those in which the alternative is not considered. The composting process reduces costs in terms of fertilization, labour and support for environmental enhancement by restoring physical, chemical and biological soil properties. This study proposes for this model to be extended to other agricultural chains, thereby demonstrating its potential for guiding decisions regarding land use and crop activity scheduling that share similarities with the system under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes es un patógeno causante de enfermedades alimentarias. En la búsqueda de controlar su propagación utilizando sustancias naturales se planteó el objetivo de mostrar si el extracto etanólico foliar de neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss.) tiene efecto antimicrobiano sobre L. monocytogenes ICTA-12446. El extracto se obtuvo a partir de hojas de neem sometidas a secado por 8 días, se redujeron de tamaño mecánicamente, se sometieron a maceración en frío por 3 días usando etanol 96% en recipientes ámbar, se filtró y concentró en rota evaporador. Se estandarizó el concentrado con dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) a una concentración de 60 mg/L. Listeria monocytogenes ICTA-12446, fue inoculado en caldo nutriente junto con soluciones del extracto a diferentes concentraciones (20, 30, 40, 50 y 60 mg/L), se emplearon tiempos de contacto (2.5, 5, 10 y 15 minutos). Cumplido cada tiempo se realizaron diluciones seriadas e inocularon en agar nutritivo por extensión durante 24 h a 37ºC. Se efectuó el recuento en Unidades Formadoras de Colonias UFC. Al comparar las concentraciones del extracto se evidencia entre 20 y 60 mg/mL diferencia significativa, mientras que en 30, 40 y 50 mg/mL un comportamiento similar. Al contrastar tiempos de contacto, se observa que entre el tiempo 2.5 min y los restantes un p=0,03. El tiempo mínimo donde existió inhibición fue 2.5 minutos, y concentración mínima inhibitoria de 20 mg/mL. Los cuatro tiempos de contacto arrojan porcentajes de inhibición microbiana de 100% al emplear 60mg/mL. Se concluye que el extracto etanólico foliar de neem posee un efecto inhibitorio sobre Listeria monocytogenes.

The article discusses the Community Scientist Program, which aims to facilitate communication and co-learning between researchers and community members. The program provides researchers with feedback from community members on various aspects of research, such as study design, cultural appropriateness, and participant recruitment. The evaluation shows that the program has had a positive impact, increasing the knowledge of Community Scientists and influencing researchers' current and future research methods. The program's key features, such as follow-up evaluations, bi-directional communication, and fair compensation, contribute to reducing health disparities. The program has successfully transitioned to a virtual format during the COVID-19 pandemic and is continuously evolving based on feedback. [Extracted from the article]