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Earthquake every year leads to human and material losses and unpredictability of it by now makes this natural disaster worsen. The objective of the current study was to determine the anomalies in land surface temperature (LST) in areas affected by earthquakes. In this research, three earthquakes (M >6) were studied. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Aqua and Terra day and night LST data used from 2003 to 2018. The interquartile range (IQR) and mean ± 2σ methods utilized to select anomalies. As a result, based on the IQR method, no prior and after anomaly detected in selected cases and data. Based on mean ± 2σ, usually positive anomaly occurred during daytime. However, negative (or positive) anomaly occurred during the nighttime before the Mexico and Bolivia earthquakes. During 10 days after the earthquake, sometimes a negative anomaly detected.

Presents several letters concerning medicine. Deaths caused by drunk driving; Use of serum fructosamine concentration as measure of blood glucose control in insulin dependent diabetes; Analysis of the rapid system for patients with fractures of the proximal femur.

Insulin antibodies and T-cell lymphocyte cytotoxic reactivity against insulin and its related peptides were studied longitudinally in 3 groups of patients with type I diabetes mellitus (DM). Group 1 patients were those in whom the diagnosis was made within 1 week of the initiation diagnosis. They were subdivided into those receiving MC porcine (A) or MC bovine (B) insulin. Group 2 patients were those with a duration of DM for 2-6 years who were receiving either MC porcine (A) or MC bovine (B) insulins. Group 3 subjects were those who had been on conventional recrystallized insulin and then switched to MC porcine (A) or MC bovine (B) insulins for 2 weeks before the start of the study. The incidence of cytotoxic reactions and insulin antibodies were approximately 40-50% for group 1 (either 1A or 1B) at the initiation of the study. At 3-month follow up all patients in group 1B developed insulin antibodies (p less than 0.02) and a significant increase in the frequency of cytotoxic reactions (p less than 0.01). By contrast there was a decline in the frequency of cytotoxic reactions in group 1A (p less than 0.01 at 1 year) and the increase in insulin antibodies was non-significant. Group 2B had higher frequency in cytotoxic reactions (p less than 0.005) and of insulin antibodies (p less than 0.05) than group 2A. A significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in cytotoxic reactions was observed at 3 months following the switch of patients from conventional bovine insulin preparations to 'A' but not to 'B'. However in both subgroups insulin antibodies persisted for at least 12 months. Cross-reactivity between antibodies to human, porcine and bovine insulins was evident in all groups. The early cellular and humoral immune phenomena were positively correlated in both group 1A and 1B suggesting their common involvement in the pathogenesis of DM.

The following conclusions may be drawn as a result of our study: 1. Serum calcitonin by radioimmunoassay proved to be the only valid preoperative indicator in a case of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid occurring with vocal cord paralysis. This test should be considered in all cases of idiopathic recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, especially when obscure thyroid pathology is suspected. 2. Provocative calcitonin testing, such as a calcium infusion test, may help verify presence or absence of disease in equivocal cases of calcitonin assay. 3. Vocal cord paralysis may be the first sign of intrathroid malignancy. 4. In the furture, serum calcitonin assay (drawn posttreatment) may be a valuable prognostic indicator and may guide the need for additional treatment.

Using a cellular cytotoxicity assay, we have investigated the antigenicity of pharmaceutical insulins and of highly purified insulin constituents (unformulated monocomponent (MC) insulin, insulin B-component and C-peptide) in control, insulin naive, subjects and in three groups of type I diabetic patients. These were: Group 1, newly diagnosed patients receiving either porcine or bovine MC insulins for less than one week; Group 2, established patients receiving porcine or bovine MC insulin for 2-6 years; Group 3, established patients receiving conventional bovine insulin for 2-6 years, and tested within two weeks of switching to either porcine or bovine MC insulins. In control subjects, there was a higher incidence of cytotoxic reactions with beef (72%) than with porcine (33%) pharmaceutical preparations (p less than 0.01) but there was a similar incidence of reactions with the purified beef and pork constituents. All patients, except those Group 3 patients receiving bovine MC insulins, had a significantly increased incidence of aggregate reactions to the spectrum of antigens. In porcine treated patients, there was an increase in the incidence of reactions to pharmaceutical preparations in Group 1 (p less than 0.05) and Group 3 (p less than 0.001), but this was absent from each of the bovine treated groups. All patient groups showed significant increases in the incidence of reactions against insulin constituents of their therapeutic analog. In Groups 1 and 2, but not 3, there was significant analog cross reactivity. We deduce that the reactivity seen in control subjects is principally directed against unidentified formulation constituents of bovine pharmaceutical preparations. Patients on both acute and chronic therapy with insulin show T-cell sensitization to MC insulin and its components. Chronic therapy with conventional bovine insulin induces tolerogenesis, but this is reversed on exposure to a fresh insulin analog.

Semen samples were collected from 50 prevasectomy patients and 43 infertility clinic patients. Various parameters were measured, including semen radioimmunoreactive prolactin (rPRL) levels. Linear correlations were tested between the measured parameters, and a significant correlation was found between semen rPRL concentration and sperm count for both the prevasectomy (r = 0.73, P less than 0.00002) and the clinic patients (r = 0.72, P less than 0.00002). For the clinic patients a correlation was also found between the amount of ejaculate rPRL and sperm motility (r = 0.46, P less than 0.002) and between ejaculate volume and motility (r = 0.36, P less than 0.02).