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Introduction:Safe and effective procedures in the perioral region rely on a clear understanding of the facial anatomy, as insufficient knowledge of this aspect can lead to severe complications. Materials and methods:We performed thorough layer-by-layer dissections of the perioral region on 11 freshly formalinized cadaver heads. Dissections were performed between 2020 and 2022 in the dissection laboratory of the Anatomy Department, where the ethical conducts were regulated by „Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, and fall under its jurisdiction. Dissections were digitally photographed and edited without altering the scientific content. By performing minute dissections, a considerable amount of attention has been paid to the trajectory and diameter of the superior and inferior labial arteries and their relations with the surrounding structures. Results:We demonstrated the presence of the fibro-muscular compartment above the philtrum, where the superior labial artery passes and gives off the columellar and septal branches, and where it can be compressed in case of either the migration of the filler or quick bolus injections of substance. We also emphasized the importance of the labial salivary glands as risk elements in the perioral region. The depth of the inferior labial artery varied between 4.1-5.4 mm and that of the superior labial artery between 4.8-5.6 mm. Discussion: Safe and complication-free procedures require an exact knowledge of the anatomy of the main neurovascular bundle of each facial region and their anatomical variability should be highlighted. Conclusion:The clinically relevant anatomical observations and descriptions of landmarks presented in our research serves as crucial information for plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgeons and dentists. Doppler ultrasound imaging has a considerable potential for both diminishing the risk and facilitating the prompt treatment of complications, especially because it is an affordable, repeatable, quick and reliable procedure. Cadaveric dissection for anatomy training provides an unparalleled opportunity to precisely understand the structure of actual human tissue and the clinical and structural relationships between the multitude of anatomical risk elements.

Most of the Upper Paleolithic settlements in Romania are located at the East of the Carpathian Mountains, on the Bistriţa and Prut rivers valleys. By their chronological framework and their lithic technical system, most of them seem to belong to a gravettian technical tradition. Nowadays, around 20 settlements were described on the Bistriţa river alone, even though not all of them have been equally studied. One of the key-sites for this region is Poiana Cireşului-Piatra Neamţ, where several research campaigns have been carried out recently. The research in this site revealed four archaeological layers: one Epigravettian layer and three Gravettian ones, separated by thick sterile levels. Chronologically, these occupations overlap almostthe entire lato sensu Gravettian development period (20-27 ka uncal. BP), thus covering a wide time frame before and after the Last Glacial Maximum. Preliminary analysis of the archaeological assemblages showed a diversity of techno-economic and symbolic behaviors for each layer. This diversity reflects certainly the cultural variability of the groups that occupied the site, and more broadly, the one which is also expressed in the vast European technical entity named ‘Gravettian’, La plupart des gisements du Paléolithique supérieur de Roumanie sont situés à l’est des Carpates, dans les vallées des rivières de la Bistriţa et du Prut. Par leur cadre chronologique et leur système technique lithique, ces gisements semblent se rattacher à une tradition technique gravettienne. A ce jour, une vingtaine de gisements ont été décrits pour la seule vallée de la Bistriţa, même si tous n’ont pas été étudiés de la même manière. Poiana Cireşului-Piatra Neamţ, où plusieurs campagnes de fouilles programmées ont été menées ces dernières années, est l’un des sites clés de cette région. Quatre couches archéologiques y ont été identifiées : une couche épigravettienne et trois couches gravettiennes, séparées par des niveaux stériles épais. Chronologiquement, ces occupations recouvrent presque toute la période de développement du Gravettien lato sensu (20 à 27 ka BP), couvrant ainsi une large période avant et après le dernier maximum glaciaire. Une analyse préliminaire des ensembles archéologiques a permis de mettre en évidence une diversité diachronique des comportements techno-économiques et symboliques pour chacun des niveaux; cette diversité reflète certainement la variabilité culturelle des groupes qui ont occupé le site, et plus largement, celle qui s’exprime aussi au sein de la vaste entité technique européenne nommée « Gravettien ».

Contributions to understanding the Neanderthals symbolism. In order to explain the behavior and cognitive capacity of the Neanderthal man researchers reported, through time, to several discoveries categories, mainly related to the technical evolution in the Mousterian. A distinct category is represented by the discoveries interpreted as proofs of symbolism, from among which the most frequently mentioned, are : ocher, fossils, mineralrocks and the cave bear cult. There were numerous debates regarding these aspects, especially since the presence of ocher or of fossil remains in Mousterian sites does not necessarily prove their symbolistic aspect, as they could have had various utilitarian functions. In this study we will present a few discoveries regarding symbolism in the Mousterian in Romania which have already entered the international scientific circuit. The focus will be on the modern analysis performed, which included optical fiber digital microscopy (20X/200X magnification) and computerized tomography which allows 3D reconstructions. The new discoveries brought significant contributions and direct evidence especially to the use of ocher with symbolic purposes by the Neanderthal man., Cârciumaru Marin, Niţu Elena-Cristina, Nicolae Adrian, Ionuț Lupu Florin, Dincă Remus. Contributions to understanding the Neanderthals symbolism. Examples from the Middle Paleolithic in Romania. In: Annales d'Université "Valahia" Târgovişte. Section d'Archéologie et d'Histoire, Tome 17, Numéro 2, 2015. pp. 7-31.

Among the many Palaeolithic discoveries in the Bistriţei Valley, an impressive collection of lithic materials (almost 3,000 pieces) have been collected, over the years, from Izvorul Alb-Bicaz (north-eastern Romania). Most of the items come from surface recoveries and at this moment no site has been accurately located. We present an analysis of the first collection of lithic materials found at Izvorul Alb in 1977 and 1978, recovered from two distinct places, Baicu and Piciorul Gol. Our observations point to several differences between the items collected in the two places. Generally, some of the items come from a late Palaeolithic level, Epigravettian or even Epipalaeolithic, and the rest of lithic materials may belong to Gravettian traditions sensu lato., Niţu Elena-Cristina, Matei Mihai, Popa Daniel-Dumitru, Cârciumaru Marin, Leu Marian, Cîrstina Ovidiu, Ionuț Lupu Florin, Nicolae Adrian. Technical observations on the first Palaeolithic surface collection from Izvorul Alb (Bicaz, Romania). In: Annales d'Université "Valahia" Târgovişte. Section d'Archéologie et d'Histoire, Tome 20, 2018. pp. 17-27.