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SUMMARY Lupinus mutabilis is an under‐domesticated legume species from the Andean region of South America. It belongs to the New World lupins clade, which groups several lupin species displaying large genetic variation and adaptability to highly different environments. L. mutabilis is attracting interest as a potential multipurpose crop to diversify the European supply of plant proteins, increase agricultural biodiversity, and fulfill bio‐based applications. This study reports the first high‐quality L. mutabilis genome assembly, which is also the first sequenced assembly of a New World lupin species. Through comparative genomics and phylogenetics, the evolution of L. mutabilis within legumes and lupins is described, highlighting both genomic similarities and patterns specific to L. mutabilis, potentially linked to environmental adaptations. Furthermore, the assembly was used to study the genetics underlying important traits for the establishment of L. mutabilis as a novel crop, including protein and quinolizidine alkaloids contents in seeds, genomic patterns of classic resistance genes, and genomic properties of L. mutabilis mycorrhiza‐related genes. These analyses pointed out copy number variation, differential genomic gene contexts, and gene family expansion through tandem duplications as likely important drivers of the genomic diversity observed for these traits between L. mutabilis and other lupins and legumes. Overall, the L. mutabilis genome assembly will be a valuable resource to conduct genetic research and enable genomic‐based breeding approaches to turn L. mutabilis into a multipurpose legume crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: γ-Conglutin is a hemagglutinating lectin found in the seeds of the Andean legume Lupinus mutabilis. Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana is the etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is endemic in Peru. Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that lacks an effective and non-toxic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of γ-conglutin from L. mutabilis Patón Grande ecotype (CoPG) on human monocyte cultures before infection with L. (V.) peruviana and to determine the production of molecules that stimulate cellular immunity. Methods: CoPG was isolated by chromatography from a hexane extract of L. mutabilis seeds. Monocytes were obtained by density gradient centrifugation. The effect of CoPG on their viability was determined by the MTT assay. To assess superoxide and nitric oxide production, monocyte cultures were pre-treated with CoPG and then infected with L. (V.) peruviana. Transcriptional expression of TNF-α and IL-1α in CoPG-treated and parasite-infected monocytes was determined by RT-PCR. Result: CoPG retained its hemagglutinating activity throughout the isolation process. The purified protein had a molecular weight of 47 KDa. Besides, CoPG at a 20 µg mL-1 induced the production of superoxide on the treated monocytes. This CoPG concentration also promoted the overexpression of IL-1α and TNF-&#945' on the infected monocytes. The present study showed that CoPG has a novel in vitro immunomodulatory effect. The discovery of bioactive proteins from L. mutabilis may uncover a wide range of new applications for this Andean plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupinus mutabilis, also known as tarwi or chocho, is an important agricultural species that has been cultivated in South America since ancient times. Tarwi is native to the Andean regions of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador and has very high protein content. Despite its high nutritional value and promotion efforts by regional researchers and breeders, tarwi is not a widely cultivated crop in its center of origin. In this review, we present the work carried out by public breeding programs of L. mutabilis at national agricultural research institutes, universities, and other institutions in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The main breeding method used in the Andes to improve local landraces has been mass selection to adapt lines to specific environments. At least 25 cultivars or ecotypes have been selected and released over the last 40 years using this breeding system. Nevertheless, breeders are currently struggling to develop new varieties that are high yielding, suitable for mechanized harvesting, have a low content of alkaloids or other anti-nutritional properties, and resistant to anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum). Therefore, it is necessary to reassess the potential of this crop and invest in its research to incorporate new techniques and breeding strategies to optimize the development of new varieties in the Andes which address the current cultivation challenges of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) on the growth performance, carcass composition, liver histology, and nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. The experiment involved triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 32.10 ± 0.79 g) fed four extruded experimental diets with varying levels of Andean lupin (0, 50, 100, and 200 g kg−1) twice a day to apparent satiety over a period of 40 days. Faecal samples were collected daily for nutrient digestibility analysis. No significant correlations were observed between the dietary inclusion of Andean lupin and final weight, survival, weight gain, protein efficiency retention, thermal growth rate, feed conversion rate, and feed intake (P > 0.05). Similarly, there were no significant relationships between increasing dietary inclusion of Andean lupin and apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, carbohydrate, and energy. However, the inclusion of Andean lupin led to a decrease in apparent digestibility coefficients for ash (R2 =0.6, P 0.05). However, the hepatosomatic index decreased quadratically with increasing inclusion of Andean lupin (R2 =0.51, P

En la parroquia Chugchilán, provincia de Cotopaxi, se realizó un estudio con enfoque sistémico para identificar las estrategias campesinas de sobrevivencia en zonas sobre 3.000 m s.n.m. Los resultados evidencian diversidad de áreas: cimas frías de cordillera, flancos inferiores del volcán Quilotoa, vertientes superiores e inferiores de la cordillera occidental y fondos de la cuenca del río Toachi. Cada zona presenta particularidades en topografía, suelos, clima, que influyen en el desarrollo agropecuario. Los campesinos tienen condiciones de vulnerabilidad (bajos ingresos) e implementan estrategias para mejorar su situación: migración itinerante hacia ciudades principales para vender fuerza de trabajo; producción para venta y autoconsumo (60 % y 40 %); valorización de cultivos tradicionales como chocho (Lupinus mutabilis) para venta; y otras fuentes de remuneraciones no agrícolas (actividades de construcción, elaboración de artesanías, servicios relacionados con el turismo rural). Las condiciones socioeconómicas de los agricultores pueden mejorar o agravarse en función del agroecosistema donde se encuentren ubicados.

Abstract The development of multipurpose crops will drive the transformation of agricultural “waste” into added‐value products, helping to meet biomass demands without competing with food production or increasing environmental pressure. Lupinus mutabilis, has been proposed not only as a valid source of protein and oil for Europe but also as a possible source of lignocellulosic feedstock for the biorefinery industry. In this study, the quality of L. mutabilis lignocellulosic biomass and its genetic architecture are investigated for the first time, using a panel of 223 accessions planted across three locations in two different European cropping conditions. Biomass quality was evaluated based on the estimation of neutral detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and acid detergent lignin fractions, and on the basis of the monosaccharide composition of cell wall polysaccharides. The broad variation in yield and composition of biomass encountered in the panel confirms the potential of L. mutabilis as lignocellulosic feedstock and points out the value of this panel as a breeding tool for the improvement of biomass quality. A genome‐wide association study was conducted to identify single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with biomass quality, both across locations and per specific location. Scanning of 16,781 SNPs across the whole genome identified 46 unique quantitative trait loci for biomass quality, 4 of which were detected as common either among traits or GWAS models. For each of the traits analyzed, between 3 and 10 SNPs were detected, explaining 2.7%–15.9% of the phenotypic variation. Underlying these loci, 28 genes were proposed as candidate genes for biomass quality. Important genes involved in cellulose and sucrose synthesis (CESA4, SPP1,WRKY33, GONST2), monolignol biosynthesis (SKIP31, WAT1, CCR‐SNL6) and pectin degradation (RAV1, PE) were identified and will require validation to confirm their value for application in L. mutabilis breeding.

Background. Tarwi is a legume native to the Andes of South America and is currently an important crop in subsistence agricultural systems because it contributes to the generation of economic income and food security for the rural population. Objetive. To characterize the tarwi production units (UPT) in the inter-Andean valleys of the department of Ancash, Peru. Methodology. The research was of a descriptive, comparative, correlational, non-experimental type, survey data from 169 UPT were used and the characterization was carried out using statistical techniques of multidimensional analysis. Implications. The UPT are small-scale, they are integrated into diversified production systems, which implies knowing their characteristics in order to define coherent development plans or projects to promote the production and consumption of tarwi. Conclusions. The UPT are family farming; the family participates in running the plots and in generating economic income both from the main crop, as well as from other complementary sources. The farmers are typified mostly as small-scale, and their production is oriented towards family food security and some surpluses for the market; however, due to the gradual loss of conservation agricultural practices, abandonment of the state in promoting its conservation, cultivation, consumption and lack of financing and technical assistance, the cultivated area of tarwi is gradually decreasing.

The aim of the presented study is to examine the physicochemical parameters of the lipids present in Lupinus mutabilis seed and to compare the results with the available data for other commonly used vegetable oils. The oil quality indexes, oxidative stability index (OSI), and melting characteristics are examined. Andean lupin oil has remarkably high oxidative stability (OSI = 65 h) comparable to high‐oleic oils counterparts. Quality parameters meet commonly accepted standards, including peroxide value (3.95 meq O2 kg−1) and p‐anisidine value (1.25). The acid number value is 1.85 mg KOH g−1. The iodine value is 110.27 g/100 g, while the enthalpy required to increase the temperature of the sample from −60 to 80 °C is equal to 57.41 kJ kg−1. The beginning of the melting event (Tonset) and the phase transition temperature (Tpeak) values for L. mutabilis seed oil are −29.46 and −22.63 °C, respectively. The presented results indicate the unusually high oxidative stability of the oil obtained from L. mutabilis seeds, which opens up a whole spectrum of application possibilities, e.g., designing blends with other commonly used vegetable oils to enhance their low stability. Practical Applications: The presented results provide insight into physicochemical parameters of the lipid fraction isolated from Lupinus mutabilis seeds. Andean lupin oil has very high oxidative stability, comparable to high‐oleic rapeseed and sunflower oils. Therefore, the identified potential use of the studied oils is, e.g. an additive that can increase the stability of commercial vegetable oils characterized by much lower oxidative stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupinus mutabilis Sweet is a fabaceous plant native to the Andean highlands and produces seeds with valuable nutritional properties. Thus, as part of our research on native emerging food, the present study aimed at determining some nutritional and functional-related features of seeds from two L. mutabilis ecotypes after propagation in two different substrates commonly found in the Bogotá plateau. Propagated plants produced seeds that, after conventional debittering, exhibited attractive contents of soluble protein (24–39 g/100 g dry seed powder (dsp)), phenolic (787–1003 g/100 g dsp), isoflavone (1–104 g/100 g dsp), and iron (5.3–6.4 g/100 g dsp), as well as antioxidant capacity (39–78 µM/100 g dsp). Higher pH, humidity saturation, organic matter, and total nitrogen of silty loam soil promoted isoflavone accumulation and better antioxidant capacity at pH 4–7, and no soil effect was observed for total phenolic and iron contents. The profiles based on isoflavone aglycones were also recorded by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, detecting eleven main compounds with mutabilein as the most abundant isoflavone (38.3–104.3 g/100 g dsp). Finally, a formulation was developed to fabricate an emulsion-type drink based on the debittered, pulverized L. mutabilis seeds, resulting in different emulsifying capacities (19–100%) depending on the biopolymer stabilizer, being xanthan gum the best additive. The findings revealed an attractive Andean lupin profile to be used as a raw food material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing Lupinus mutabilis as a protein and oil crop requires improved varieties adapted to EU climates. The genetic regulation of strategic breeding traits, including plant architecture, growing cycle length and yield, is unknown. This study aimed to identify associations between 16 669 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 9 agronomic traits on a panel of 223 L. mutabilis accessions, grown in four environments, by applying a genome wide association study (GWAS). Seven environment-specific QTLs linked to vegetative yield, plant height, pods number and flowering time, were identified as major effect QTLs, being able to capture 6 to 20% of the phenotypic variation observed in these traits. Furthermore, two QTLs across environments were identified for flowering time on chromosome 8. The genes FAF, GAMYB and LNK, regulating major pathways involved in flowering and growth habit, as well as GA30X1, BIM1, Dr1, HDA15, HAT3, interacting with these pathways in response to hormonal and environmental cues, were prosed as candidate genes. These results are pivotal to accelerate the development of L. mutabilis varieties adapted to European cropping conditions by using marker-assisted selection (MAS), as well as to provide a framework for further functional studies on plant development and phenology in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of multipurpose crops will drive the transformation of agricultural "waste" into added‐value products, helping to meet biomass demands without competing with food production or increasing environmental pressure. Lupinus mutabilis, has been proposed not only as a valid source of protein and oil for Europe but also as a possible source of lignocellulosic feedstock for the biorefinery industry. In this study, the quality of L. mutabilis lignocellulosic biomass and its genetic architecture are investigated for the first time, using a panel of 223 accessions planted across three locations in two different European cropping conditions. Biomass quality was evaluated based on the estimation of neutral detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and acid detergent lignin fractions, and on the basis of the monosaccharide composition of cell wall polysaccharides. The broad variation in yield and composition of biomass encountered in the panel confirms the potential of L. mutabilis as lignocellulosic feedstock and points out the value of this panel as a breeding tool for the improvement of biomass quality. A genome‐wide association study was conducted to identify single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with biomass quality, both across locations and per specific location. Scanning of 16,781 SNPs across the whole genome identified 46 unique quantitative trait loci for biomass quality, 4 of which were detected as common either among traits or GWAS models. For each of the traits analyzed, between 3 and 10 SNPs were detected, explaining 2.7%–15.9% of the phenotypic variation. Underlying these loci, 28 genes were proposed as candidate genes for biomass quality. Important genes involved in cellulose and sucrose synthesis (CESA4, SPP1,WRKY33, GONST2), monolignol biosynthesis (SKIP31, WAT1, CCR‐SNL6) and pectin degradation (RAV1, PE) were identified and will require validation to confirm their value for application in L. mutabilis breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupinus mutabilis, also known as tarwi or chocho, is an important agricultural species that has been cultivated in South America since ancient times. Tarwi is native to the Andean regions of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador and has very high protein content. Despite its high nutritional value and promotion efforts by regional researchers and breeders, tarwi is not a widely cultivated crop in its center of origin. In this review, we present the work carried out by public breeding programs of L. mutabilis at national agricultural research institutes, universities, and other institutions in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The main breeding method used in the Andes to improve local landraces has been mass selection to adapt lines to specific environments. At least 25 cultivars or ecotypes have been selected and released over the last 40 years using this breeding system. Nevertheless, breeders are currently struggling to develop new varieties that are high yielding, suitable for mechanized harvesting, have a low content of alkaloids or other anti-nutritional properties, and resistant to anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum). Therefore, it is necessary to reassess the potential of this crop and invest in its research to incorporate new techniques and breeding strategies to optimize the development of new varieties in the Andes which address the current cultivation challenges of the species.

Establishing Lupinus mutabilis as a protein and oil crop requires improved varieties adapted to EU climates. The genetic regulation of strategic breeding traits, including plant architecture, growing cycle length and yield, is unknown. This study aimed to identify associations between 16 669 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 9 agronomic traits on a panel of 223 L. mutabilis accessions, grown in four environments, by applying a genome wide association study (GWAS). Seven environment-specific QTLs linked to vegetative yield, plant height, pods number and flowering time, were identified as major effect QTLs, being able to capture 6 to 20% of the phenotypic variation observed in these traits. Furthermore, two QTLs across environments were identified for flowering time on chromosome 8. The genes FAF, GAMYB and LNK, regulating major pathways involved in flowering and growth habit, as well as GA30X1, BIM1, Dr1, HDA15, HAT3, interacting with these pathways in response to hormonal and environmental cues, were prosed as candidate genes. These results are pivotal to accelerate the development of L. mutabilis varieties adapted to European cropping conditions by using marker-assisted selection (MAS), as well as to provide a framework for further functional studies on plant development and phenology in this species.

Summary: Tarwi is an Andean grain, belonging to the legume group and is characterised by its high protein content, exceeding that reported in soybeans being an interesting resource for obtaining bioactive peptides. The tarwi protein hydrolysate (TPH) obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase (60 min) followed by Neutrase (120 min) presented important multifunctional properties to cope with oxidative stress, hypertension and diabetes. After concentration and purification process the most active fraction containing the highest antioxidant, antihypertensive (inhibition of angiotensin‐converting enzyme I, ACE) and antidiabetic (inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPP IV) properties were found in the low‐molecular weight peptide fraction. Thus, this last fraction was subjected to a de novo sequencing LC–MS/MS analysis yielding the identification of 25 peptides, with potential activities as ACE and DPP IV inhibitors and antioxidative according to BIOPEP database. Of these, four novel peptides: AVPFWM, YSGWLGL, AHAGFGMLY and FFSMKVM, stood out for their relatively high scores in bioactivity predicted by Peptide Ranker, additionally the structure–activity evaluation performed on them, supported the predicted antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties. These results demonstrated that TPH might be considered a potential source of peptides with multifunctional bioactive properties with possibilities of application in the food and nutraceutical sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se utilizaron tres coeficientes de similitud: Simple Matching (SM), Jaccard (J) y Dice (D) para analizar la variabilidad genética mediante el uso de marcadores moleculares AFLP en 48 accesiones de Lupinus Mutabilis Sweet, 26 provenientes del Departamento de Cusco y 22 de departamentos y países distintos (Ecuador y Bolivia). A partir de matrices de similitud, se generaron dendrogramas con cada coeficiente, mediante el método UPGMA a través del software NTSYSpc versión 2.01, analizándose y comparándose entre sí, obteniendo un Coeficiente de correlación cofenética (r): SM=0,68674, J=0,79116 y D=0,79332; un Índice de consenso (Clc): SM–J=0,52, SM–D=0,52 y J–D=0,93; y niveles de similitud: SM=0,68, J=0,39 y D=0,56. Determinándose el coeficiente de Simple Matching como el más idóneo para análisis de variabilidad genética con marcadores dominantes como AFLP en L. mutabilis Sweet.

Lupinus mutabilis Sweet is a fabaceous plant native to the Andean highlands and produces seeds with valuable nutritional properties. Thus, as part of our research on native emerging food, the present study aimed at determining some nutritional and functional-related features of seeds from two L. mutabilis ecotypes after propagation in two different substrates commonly found in the Bogotá plateau. Propagated plants produced seeds that, after conventional debittering, exhibited attractive contents of soluble protein (24–39 g/100 g dry seed powder (dsp)), phenolic (787–1003 g/100 g dsp), isoflavone (1–104 g/100 g dsp), and iron (5.3–6.4 g/100 g dsp), as well as antioxidant capacity (39–78 µM/100 g dsp). Higher pH, humidity saturation, organic matter, and total nitrogen of silty loam soil promoted isoflavone accumulation and better antioxidant capacity at pH 4–7, and no soil effect was observed for total phenolic and iron contents. The profiles based on isoflavone aglycones were also recorded by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, detecting eleven main compounds with mutabilein as the most abundant isoflavone (38.3–104.3 g/100 g dsp). Finally, a formulation was developed to fabricate an emulsion-type drink based on the debittered, pulverized L. mutabilis seeds, resulting in different emulsifying capacities (19–100%) depending on the biopolymer stabilizer, being xanthan gum the best additive. The findings revealed an attractive Andean lupin profile to be used as a raw food material.

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) are an interesting alternative for separating industrial enzymes due to easy scale‐up and low operational cost. The proteases of Pseudomonas sp. M211 were purified through ABS platforms formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and citrate buffer salt. Two experimental designs 23 + 4 were performed to evaluate the following parameters: molar mass of PEG (MPEG), concentration of PEG (CPEG), concentration of citrate buffer (CCit), and pH. The partition coefficient (K), activity yield (Y), and purification factor (PF) were the responses analyzed. The best purification performance was obtained with the system composed of MPEG = 10,000 g/mol, CPEG = 22 wt%, CCit = 12 wt%, pH = 8.0; the responses obtained were K = 4.9, Y = 84.5%, PF = 15.1, and tie‐line length = 52.74%. The purified proteases of Pseudomonas sp. (PPP) were used to obtain hydrolysates of Lupinus mutabilis (Peruvian lupin cultivar) seed protein in comparison with the commercial protease Alcalase® 2.4L. A strong correlation between hydrolysis degree and radical scavenging activity was observed, and the highest antioxidant activity was obtained with Alcalase® (1.40 and 3.47 μmol Trolox equivalent/mg protein, for 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity, respectively) compared with PPP (0.55 and 1.03 μmol Trolox/mg protein). Nevertheless, the IC50 values were lower than those often observed for antioxidant hydrolysates from plant proteins. PEG/citrate buffer system is valuable to purify Pseudomonas proteases from the fermented broth, and the purified protease could be promising to produce antioxidant protein hydrolysates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonone 3 hydroxylases (EC 1.14.11.9) are key enzymes in the synthesis of anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Such compounds are involved in seed coat colour and stem pigmentation. Lupinus mutabilis (tarwi) is a legume crop domesticated in the Andean region, valued for the high protein and oil content of its seeds. Tarwi accessions are being selected for cultivation in Europe under defined breeding criteria. Seed coat colour patterns are relevant breeding traits in tarwi, and these are conditioned by anthocyanin content. We identified and isolated part of the tarwi flavonone 3-hydroxylase gene (LmF3h) from two accessions with distinct seed coat colour patterns. Two partial LmF3h paralogues, with predicted 20% amino-acid changes but little predicted tertiary structure alterations, were identified in the coloured seed genotype, while only one was present in the white seed genotype. Upon selection and validation of appropriate reference genes, a RT-qPCR analysis showed that these paralogues have different levels of expression during seed development in both genotypes, although they follow the same expression patterns. DNA and transcription analyses enabled to highlight potential F3H paralogues relatable to seed coat pigmentation in tarwi and, upon biochemical and genetic confirmation, prompt marker-assisted breeding for relevant phenotypic traits associated with flavonoid synthesis.

This survey aimed to determine the insect pests associated with Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) and its parasitoids, under Peruvian central coast conditions. Sampling was made every seven days with the following methods: linear meter evaluations, plant organ evaluations, pitfall traps, and beating trays. Infested plant organs were taken to the laboratory for adult insect recovery (phytophagous or parasitoids). Pitfall traps and beating tray samples were also processed and stored. During the survey, 14,051 individuals belonging to 11 orders and 91 families were recorded. Insects that infested Andean lupin were Melanagromyza lini Spencer (stem borer), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (leafminer), Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham) (budborer), Grammopsoides tenuicornis (Casey) (stem borer) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (bud and flower thrips). Diglyphus websteri (Crawford), D. begini (Ashmead), Chrysocharis flacilla (Walker), C. caribea Boucek, Chrysocharis sp. and Halticoptera arduine (Walker) were recorded as parasitoids of L. huidobrensis, whereas Carcelia sp. was recorded for C. aporema.

Protein crops have gained increasing interest in recent years, as a transition towards plant-protein based diets appears pivotal to ensure global food security and preserve the environment. The Andean species Lupinus mutabilis emerges as an ideal protein crop with great potential for Europe and other regions with temperate climates. This species is characterized by oil and protein content similar to soybean and is highly valued for its adaptability to colder climates and low input agriculture on marginal land. However, its introduction outside the Andes has yet to take off. To date, L. mutabilis remains an under-studied crop, lacking high yield, early maturity and a consistent breeding history. This review paper identifies L. mutabilis limitations and potential uses, and suggests the main breeding targets for further improvement of this crop. It also highlights the potential of new molecular tools and available germplasm resources that can now be used to establish L. mutabilis as a viable protein crop.

Background: Strong artificial selection and/or natural bottle necks may limit genetic variation in domesticated species. Lupinus luteus, an orphan temperate crop, has suffered diversity reductions during its bitter/sweet alkaloid domestication history, limiting breeding efforts and making molecular marker development a difficult task. The main goal of this research was to generate new polymorphic insertion–deletion (InDel) markers to aid yellow lupin genetics and breeding. By combining genomic reduction libraries and next generation sequencing, several polymorphic InDel markers were developed for L. luteus L. Results: A total of 118 InDel in silico polymorphic markers were identified. Eighteen InDel primer sets were evaluated in a diverse L. luteus core collection, where amplified between 2–3 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity (HO; 0.0648 to 0.5564) and polymorphic information content (PIC; 0.06 to 0.48) estimations revealed a moderate level of genetic variation across L. luteus accessions. In addition, ten and nine InDel loci amplified successfully Lupinus hispanicus Boiss & Reut, and Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, respectively, two L. luteus close relatives. PCA analysis identified two L. luteus clusters, most likely explained by the domestication species history. Conclusion: The development of InDel markers will facilitate the study of genetic diversity across L. luteus populations, as well as among closely related species.

Lupinus mutabilis, or tarwi, is a crop with a great cultural and nutritional importance. It has advantageous agricultural characteristics probably related to its native microflora. The aim was to characterize microflora associated with Lupinus mutabilis roots, stems, nodules and rhizosphere. Tests were performed according to PGPR capacities: indol acetic acid (IAA) production, tricalcic phosphates solubilization, siderophores production, antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum, in vitro fixation of nitrogen and tarwi seedlings growth effect. Microorganisms were obtained from plants growing in Lima and Jauja fields; we isolated 143 fungal strains and 190 bacterial strains. The most antagonist fungal strain inhibited 74% of the pathogen growth which was identified as Aspergillus. The IAA production test was used as initial screening in bacterial isolates, resulting in 36 strains with high and medium production. Then, we obtained up to 4.96 efficiency in phosphate solubilization test; 5.00 efficiency in the production of siderophores and up to 49.3% of inhibition in the antagonism test against a tarwi pathogen. The highest nitrogen fixation has found in strain NR05 with a concentration of 6 mg·l-1 of ammonium ion. Most of the bacterial isolates identified belong to the Bacillaceae family. Finally, the seedlings inoculated with strain TB05 reached the best values in plant height with an increase of 10% compared to the control. These results suggest the high potential of use in biofertilizers development from these microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) has health benefits with promising possibilities for food industry. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of processing (water debittering, extrusion, and spray‐drying) on chemical composition, heat damage and in vitro protein digestibility in Andean lupin. Findings: The processing treatment modified all the parameters while the genotype showed limited effect. The untreated lupins had high protein and lipid content (47.4 and 16.2 g/100 g dry matter). The extruded products showed higher protein content (55.7 g/100 g) and digestibility (68.1%) than the untreated lupins, along with limited heat damage (8.7 mg furosine/100 g protein). Spray‐drying led to the lowest protein content (31.8 g/100 g) and, when maltodextrin was used, the highest heat damage (54.1 ± 20.7 mg furosine/100 g protein; 0.60 mg hydroxymethylfurfural/kg; 0.58 mg glycosylisomaltol/kg), but also to the maximum protein digestibility (72.8%–74.0%). Conclusions: The chemical composition of Andean lupin was improved by the technological treatments (debittering, extrusion, and spray‐drying) applied. Processing enhanced nutritional value and digestibility, without inducing relevant heat damage. Significance and novelty: Extrusion and spray‐drying improve the in vitro protein digestibility of Andean lupin flour causing limited heat damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to test whether solar UV‐B radiation and temperature have an effect on infection of lupin seeds by Colletotrichum acutatum. Samples of infected seed were placed in a solar oven and exposed on sunny days for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 120 min. The degree of reduction in disease incidence and seed germination was dependent on the exposure time. Exposure times of 75 min (UV‐B 4.41 kJ m−2, ≈76 °C) and higher reduced incidence from 5% to undetectable levels, but also reduced seed germination by around 10% compared with untreated seed. Therefore, in a second experiment, infected seeds were exposed for 45 or 60 min in the solar oven (UV‐B 2.83 or 3.75 kJ m−2, respectively, ≈76 °C), for 60 min at ambient temperature (UV‐B 3.75 kJ m−2, ≈21 °C) or to dry heat for 60 min at 75 °C. Exposure for 60 min in the solar oven reduced seed infection by 99%, while UV‐B‐radiated seed at ambient temperature or dry‐heat reduced infection by 60% or 32%, respectively. To evaluate the effect of UV‐B plus high temperature on seedlings, lupin seed exposed for 45 or 60 min (UV‐B 2.83 or 3.75 kJ m−2, respectively, at ≈76 °C) were grown and physiological and biochemical responses of the seedlings were assessed. Seedlings from exposed seed had higher total concentrations of chlorophyll, protein and peroxidase activity than those grown from unexposed infected seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein crops have gained increasing interest in recent years, as a transition towards plant-protein based diets appears pivotal to ensure global food security and preserve the environment. The Andean species Lupinus mutabilis emerges as an ideal protein crop with great potential for Europe and other regions with temperate climates. This species is characterized by oil and protein content similar to soybean and is highly valued for its adaptability to colder climates and low input agriculture on marginal land. However, its introduction outside the Andes has yet to take off. To date, L. mutabilis remains an under-studied crop, lacking high yield, early maturity and a consistent breeding history. This review paper identifies L. mutabilis limitations and potential uses, and suggests the main breeding targets for further improvement of this crop. It also highlights the potential of new molecular tools and available germplasm resources that can now be used to establish L. mutabilis as a viable protein crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del pH (3, 5, 7 and 9) y la concentración de NaCl (0.1, 0.5 a 10 M) de forma independiente sobre las propiedades funcionales de harina entera y desgrasada de Lupinus mutabilis variedad criolla “tarwi”. Para ello, las semillas de tarwi se deslupinizaron por el método tradicional (cocción y lixiviado con agua), después se molieron y degrasaron mediante extractor Soxhlet. Las propiedades funcionales de la harina entera de tarwi fueron: absorción de agua de 4,37 g/g sólidos a pH 9, absorción de aceite de 1,18 g/g sólidos, capacidad emulsificante de 35,25% a pH 9, capacidad de hinchamiento de 6,39 ml/g sólidos a pH 9. En tanto, la harina desgrasada de tarwi tuvo una capacidad de absorción de agua de 6,14 g/g sólidos a pH 7, una capacidad de absorción de aceite 1,30 g/g sólido, una capacidad emulsificante de 40,50% a pH 9 y una capacidad de hinchamiento de 6,37 ml/g sólidos a pH 9. En ambos tipos de harina se determinaron bajas propiedades gelificantes y espumantes

La quinua y el tarwi se caracterizan por ser altamente nutritivos, con el fin de aumentar su consumo se buscan nuevas alternativas de procesos alimentarios, artesanales y biotecnológicos. En este estudio se evaluó la digestibilidad de polisacáridos contenidos en harina de quinua real (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), variedad blanca (QB), negra (QN) y en oligosacáridos contenidos en harina de tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) (T) por aplicación enzimática de α-amilasa in vitro. El análisis proximal de los granos (métodos AOAC), mostró valores similares a los de referencia. Se cuantifico el contenido de azucares libres en harina de los granos, encontrándose en %, 10,05 ± 0,3 para QB, 8,25 ± 0,3 para QN y 0,19 ± 0,01 para T. Se determinó el contenido de almidones, 51,08 ± 0,3% en QB y 49,04 ± 0,4% en QN. Los azucares reductores por efecto de Termamyl Sc en % de sustrato fue de 25 ± 1,9 (QB), 27,5 ± 1,5 (QN) y 2,01 ± 0,3 (T). Los parametros cineticos encontrados: Km: 80,4 mg/mL, Vmax 0,36 mg/mL min-1 (QB); Km: 98,8 mg/mL, Vmax 1,72 mg/mL min-1 (QN); T: Km: 3,14 mg/L y Vmax 4,81 mg/mL/min-1, se derivaron del grafico de Lineweaver Burk.

Lupinus mutabilis Sweet is an Andean protein crop with agro-economic potential. However, it is characterized by low yields and phenotypic plasticity related to environmental conditions when cultivated in different locations in Europe. Current research objective was to evaluate L. mutabilis agro-morphological performance in two locations in Greece and to record its pollinators, since these can contribute to optimization of crop performance. For this purpose, eight Andean lupin accessions, one white and one blue lupin commercial varieties were evaluated for 71 agro-morphological traits in a Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. Combined Analysis over Location presented a significant accession-location interaction for traits of economic interest such as seed crude protein and 100 seed weight. Seed crude protein was higher in L. mutabilis accessions (up to 43.8 g 100 g−1 seed) than white and blue lupins. Andean lupin yielded up to 327 kg ha−1 (LIB214) in Kalamata, while its yield was lower than the white lupin in Athens. Using principal component analysis, three groups of accessions were formed, one by each lupin species and three within Andean lupin accessions. Floral traits such as color and size are related to pollinators diversity and preference. Insect pollinators and floral traits interplay among different lupin species was examined. Pollinators visited L. mutabilis flowers belong to the genera Anthophora, Bombus, Megachile and Xylocopa. The results of the present study, indicate that L.mutabilis has agronomic potential and enhances above ground biodiversity, however breeding for higher yields is required.

Quinoa and tarwi are characterized by their high nutritional value so their crops have spread to various countries. In recent years to increase consumption new food processing alternatives are sought, artisanal and biotechnological. In this study the digestibility of polysaccharides contained in quinoa flour (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), white variety (QB), black variety (QN) and oligosaccharides of tarwi flour (Lupinus mutabilis) (T) by enzymatic application of α-amylase was evaluated in vitro. The proximal analysis of the grains was performed, finding values similar to those of reference (AOAC methods). The content of free sugars in flour of the grains was 10,05 ± 0,3 for QB, 8,25 ± 0,3 for QN and 0,19 ± 0,01 for T. The starch content was determined, 51,08 ± 0,3% in white quinoa (QB) and 49,04 ± 0,4% in black quinoa (QN). The reducing sugars by the effect of Termamyl Sc in % of substrate was 25 ± 1,9 (QB), 27,5 ± 1,5 (QN) and 2,01 ± 0,3 (T). The kinetic parameters found: Km: 80,4 mg/mL, Vmax: 0,36 mg/mL min-1 (QB); Km: 98,8 mg/mL, Vmax: 1,72 mg/mL min-1 (QN); Km: 3,14 mg/L and Vmax 4,81 mg/L min-1 (T), were derived from the Lineweaver Burk plot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andean lupin in Europe has regained interest in recent years due to its high seed protein and oil content and its potential use for food, feed as well as a crop used in biorefineries. A search for suitable germplasm in combination with a determination of appropriate agronomical practices such as planting date are needed for commercial farming in new areas. The current study aims to evaluate the performance of six selected L. mutabilis accessions in a Mediterranean area using two different planting dates for two consecutive experimental years. A split plot design with accessions as subplots and planting dates as main plots was used. Measurements such as days to flowering, plant height, total number of pods and seeds per plant, seed yield and seed crude protein content were taken. All accessions performed better when cultivation started not later than the end of autumn since high temperatures occurred during late spring shortened the growth cycle and reduced yield. Earlier cultivation applied, in the middle of autumn, did not enhance significantly seed yield production. Among the accessions, LIB223 was characterized by the highest seed crude protein content in the early planting treatment, while accessions with prolonged growth cycle (LIB209, LIB214 and LIB223) produced higher seed yield than other accessions and could be further studied as promising breeding material for cultivation under the edaphoclimatic conditions tested.

Lupinus mutabilis is an important source of protein in different Andean countries, and its use in diets, particularly those of less wealthy individuals, has been observed for thousands of years. There is an increasing demand for protein crops suitable for Europe and this species is a potential candidate. Assessment of Lupinus mutabilis genetic material in European conditions started more than 40 years ago, with the characterization of a vast number of accessions from the Andean region. In this review, abiotic and biotic constraints to L. mutabilis cultivation in European soil and climatic conditions are discussed, and cultivation management practices are suggested. The beneficial interaction of L. mutabilis with Bradyrhizobium strains in the soil and various pollinator species is also discussed, and the effect of abiotic stresses on these interactions is highlighted. Prospects of alternative uses of L. mutabilis biomass in Northern Europe and opportunities for breeding strategies are discussed. In conclusion, the different approach to crop modeling for Southern and Northern European climatic conditions is highlighted.

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lupini, is a major limiting factor for lupin production. Tarwi or Andean Lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) is generally regarded as susceptible to anthracnose, but the high protein and oil content of its seeds raise interest in promoting its cultivation in Europe. In this study we evaluated the response to anthracnose of 10 tarwi accessions contrasting in anthocyanin pigmentation, by comparison to white lupin (Lupinus albus), using a contemporary Portuguese fungal isolate. A severity rating scale was optimized, including weighted parameters considering the type of symptoms and organs affected. All tarwi accessions were classified as susceptible, exhibiting sporulating necroses on the main stem from seven days after inoculation. Anthracnose severity was lower on anthocyanin-rich tarwi plants, with accession LM34 standing out as the less susceptible. Accession I82 better combines anthracnose response and yield. In global terms, disease severity was lower on white lupin than on tarwi. Although based on a limited collection, the results of the study show the existence of genetic variability among L. mutabilis towards anthracnose response relatable with anthocyanin pigmentation, providing insights for more detailed and thorough characterization of tarwi resistance to anthracnose.

Lupinus mutabilis (tarwi) is a species of Andean origin with high protein and oil content and regarded as a potential crop in Europe. The success in the introduction of this crop depends in part on in depth knowledge of the intra-specific genetic variability of the collections, enabling the establishment of breeding and conservation programs. In this study, we used morphological traits, Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat markers and genome size to assess genetic and genomic diversity of 23 tarwi accessions under Mediterranean conditions. Phenotypic analyses and yield component studies point out accession LM268 as that achieving the highest seed production, producing large seeds and efficiently using primary branches as an important component of total yield, similar to the L. albus cultivars used as controls. By contrast, accession JKI-L295 presents high yield concentrated on the main stem, suggesting a semi-determinate development pattern. Genetic and genomic analyses revealed important levels of diversity, however not relatable to phenotypic diversity, reflecting the recent domestication of this crop. This is the first study of genome size diversity within L. mutabilis, revealing an average size of 2.05 pg/2C (2001 Mbp) with 9.2% variation (1897−2003 Mbp), prompting further studies for the exploitation of this diversity.

In order to make the genetic variability analysis among thirty accessions of andean lupine (L. mutabilis Sweet) belonging to Agrarian Innovation National Institute (INIA) Seed Bank. DNA was extracted from 300 plants and we made bulks. We standardized amplification protocol of Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers, we chose the most polymorphic primers to run in acrylamide gel. We found 255 ISSR loci with 8 primers. It was found high genetic variability of the samples under study by ISSR markers. Also observed relatively high polymorphism for autogamous species such as andean lupine. Finally phenograms showed a relationship with the geographical location, possibly due to in situ gene flow due to the exchange or sale of seeds in markets near the collection area.

In order to analyze transferibility of 15 microsatellite primers from Fabaceae family to Lupinus mutabilis Sweet "andean lupine" chosen to present transferability between species and genera, by its high rate of polymorphic content (PIC) and high degree of observed and expected heterozygosity. DNA was extracted of 300 andean lupines plants, PCR conditions were standardized by gradients of master mix components. Primers for screening were run on 3% agarose gel with some samples. Finally population was amplified and run on 6% polyacrylamide gel for its highest resolution. Only 6.67% of primers were amplified, but they were monomorphic, so they cannot be used for molecular characterization. We proposed eight microsatellite primers for andean lupin wich should be probed in laboratory conditions.

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum , is the major fungal disease of Andean lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis ). The primary infection point is contaminated seed. The objective of this study was to evaluate four Bacillus strains with demonstrated abilities to control anthracnose on lupin seed to elucidate its mechanisms of antifungal activity. First, antifungal activity assays using living cells and cell-free compounds showed a strong ability to inhibit mycelial growth and conidial germination of C. acutatum . Based on these results, the two Bacillus strains that showed the highest antifungal activities were further screened for lipopeptide identification and the presence of lipopeptide genes. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of butanolic extracts from cell-free compounds showed that both Bacillus strains produced antifungal lipopeptides, indicating that antibiosis could be a major factor involved in its biological control ability. TLC-bioautography analyses confirmed the presence of fengycin, iturin and surfactin lipopeptides and suggested that the strong antifungal activity could be associated only with fengycin lipopeptides. PCR amplification of the lipopeptide genes also displayed the presence of fengycin E, iturin B and surfactin B genes responsible for the antifungal activity of both strains. Bacteria treatments and cell-free compounds significantly reduced anthracnose incidence from 94% to 0% (untreated control). Seedlings grown from Bacillus treated seeds showed an increment in chlorophyll and protein contents, as well as in defence enzymes peroxidase and catalase, in comparison with seedlings grown from untreated control. These results suggest that Bacillus spp. strains are potential agents to control anthracnose infection on Andean lupin seed mediated by lipopeptide production, and they positively affect physiological processes and overall growth of lupin seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupinus mutabilis (LM) is a legume part of Bolivian traditional diet that has a nutraceutical property reducing blood glucose levels. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide thus; the search for novel anti-diabetic drugs is needed. Based on its traditional use, we evaluated the anti-diabetic effect of LM in the spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, a model of type 2 diabetes and in Wistar (W) rats as healthy control. LM seeds hydroethanolic extract, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, is a complex mixture of volatile and non-volatile components. A single oral administration of LM extract (2000 mg/kg b.w.) improved glucose tolerance during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (30–120 min) in GK and W rats (p < 0.0001). The long-term treatment with LM (1000 mg/kg b.w.), for 21 days, improved the area under the curve (AUC) of glucose during OGTT at day 20, in both GK (p < 0.01) and W rats (p < 0.01). The HbA1c (GK rats, p < 0.05 and W rats, p < 0.0001) and the non-fasting glucose (GK rats, p < 0.05) were also reduced. LM increased both serum insulin levels (2.4-fold in GK rats and 2.5-fold W rats), and the glucose-induced (16.7 mM glucose) insulin release in isolated islets from treated animals (6.7-fold in GK rats, and 6.6-fold in W rats). Moreover, LM (10 mg/mL) stimulated in vitro glucose induced (16.7 mM glucose) insulin release in batch incubated GK and W rat islets (p < 0.0001). In perifused GK rat islets, insulin release in 16.7 mM glucose was increased 95.3-fold compared to untreated islets (p < 0.0001), while no significant differences were found in perifused W rat islets. The LM mechanism of action, evaluated using inhibitory compounds of the insulin secretion pathway, showed that LM-dependent insulin secretion was reduced 42% by diazoxide (p < 0.001), 70% by nifedipine (p < 0.001), 86.7% by H89 (p < 0.0001), 70.8% by calphostine-C (p < 0.0001) and 93% by pertussis toxin (p < 0.0001). A similar effect was observed in W rats islets. Our findings provide evidence that LM has an anti-diabetic effect through stimulation of insulin release. The effect is-dependent on L-type calcium channel, protein kinase A and C systems, and G protein-coupled exocytosis and is partially mediated by K-ATP channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Strong artificial selection and/or natural bottle necks may limit genetic variation in domesticated species. Lupinus luteus, an orphan temperate crop, has suffered diversity reductions during its bitter/sweet alkaloid domestication history, limiting breeding efforts and making molecular marker development a difficult task. The main goal of this research was to generate new polymorphic insertion--deletion (InDel) markers to aid yellow lupin genetics and breeding. By combining genomic reduction libraries and next generation sequencing, several polymorphic InDel markers were developed for L. luteus L. Results: A total of 118 InDel in silico polymorphic markers were identified. Eighteen InDel primer sets were evaluated in a diverse L. luteus core collection, where amplified between 2-3 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity (HO; 0.0648 to 0.5564) and polymorphic information content (PIC; 0.06 to 0.48) estimations revealed a moderate level of genetic variation across L. luteus accessions. In addition, ten and nine InDel loci amplified successfully Lupinus hispanicus Boiss & Reut, and Lupinus mutabilis Sweet, respectively, two L. luteus close relatives. PCA analysis identified two L. luteus clusters, most likely explained by the domestication species history. Conclusion: The development of InDel markers will facilitate the study of genetic diversity across L. luteus populations, as well as among closely related species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]