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The developmental rhythm of the bud in the species investigated was found to remain the same within each species, independently of the year and environmental conditions, (glasshouse, field) in which they were fixed.

"Lupinus elegans is a species used in ecological restoration and agro- forestry programs, because it is tolerant to stress and fixes nitrogen. Genetic variation in quantitative traits was studied in six populations of L. elegans collected along an altitudinal gradient (2312 to 2885 m) in the Mil Cumbres region, east-central Michoacán state, México. Prov- enance tests were planted at 2600 and 2800 m altitude in two common garden field trials. Tests aimed to evaluate the performance at a differ- ent altitude than the site of the seed source, simulating an altitudinal- assisted migration. Survival, plant height growth and aerial biomass were measured. For each provenance and experimental sites, climatic variables were estimated for contemporary climate (average 1961- 1990) and future climate (decade centered in 2030, by averaging six model scenarios). It was estimated that by the year 2030 there will be, on average, an increment of 1.4 °C in mean annual temperature, an in- crease of 518 degree-days > 5 °C (DD5), a 90 mm decrease in mean an- nual precipitation (MAP) (-7.3 % of contemporary MAP), and a 0.0077 increase in an aridity index (DD50.5/MAP). An ANOVA for each site revealed that in the higher altitude site (2800 m) populations exhibited a pronounced pattern of genetic differentiation (P = 0.0001), in which plant height and biomass are associated with the transfer distance be- tween their place of origin and the experimental site. This distance can be expressed in difference in altitude, mean annual temperature, or aridity index. At the site at higher altitude, plants originated from pop- ulations growing at higher altitudes were taller and had more biomass than those originated grown at lower altitudes (R2 ≥ 0.85, P ≤ 0.0302). In contrast, in the lower altitude site (2600 m), although there were nearly significant differences (P ≤ 0.0615) between populations for all of the variables, there was no clinal pattern. In general, the populations grew less when they were moved away from their original climate: those from the higher altitudes grew less in the 2600 m site, and those from the lower altitudes grew less in the 2800 m site. This indicates that cli- mate change will likely induce less growth in several populations, thus it is recommended to promote gradual assisted migration."

Lupinus elegans HBK. es una especie representativa de la Flora del Centro-Occidente de México. Esta especie se utiliza en proyectos de restauración de bosques de coníferas en la Meseta Purépecha porque crea microambientes para el establecimiento de especies de Pinus, además de fijar nitrógeno y mejorar las condiciones del suelo empobrecido. En este estudio se evalúa la variación genética de poblaciones de L. elegans por medio de RAPD. Se colectaron un total de 159 individuos en seis poblaciones del estado de Michoacán: Cerro de Pario, Charapan, Pico de Tancítaro, San Nicolás, Villa Madero y Zitácuaro. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una variación genética (H ca. 0.20) y porcentaje de loci polimorficos de 60. El AMOVA muestra mayor variación genética dentro de las poblaciones de Lupinus elegans (58 %), que entre poblaciones (42 %) probablemente debido al comportamiento de los polinizadores y a condiciones de fragmentación de la vegetación. Los dendrogramas UPGMA generados con el coeficiente de Apareamiento Sencillo (Simple Matching) y en las distancias genéticas de Nei, agrupan a las poblaciones de Pico de Tancítaro, Villa Madero, Cerro de Pario y San Nicolás. Se encontró una correlación marginal entre las distancias genéticas y las distancias geográficas para las seis poblaciones r = 0.7065; P = 0.0670. Las poblaciones con relativamente mayor variación genética fueron las de Pico de Tancítaro, San Nicolás y Cerro de Pario de las cuales se podría obtener semilla para la restauración ecológica del dosel de bosques de coníferas en la Meseta Purépecha.

"Lupinus elegans Kunth es una especie usada en programas de reforestación ecológica y agroforestal en México y en otros países, es tolerante a condiciones de estrés y fija nitrógeno. Para comprender la estructura de la diferenciación genética entre poblaciones y acoplar los genotipos a los ambientes contemporáneos y futuros (debido al cambio climático), el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la variación genética de caracteres cuantitativos entre 12 poblaciones de L. elegans, recolectadas a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal, en el centro-este de Michoacán. En agosto del 2009 se sembró un ensayo de procedencias en campo (sitio de bosque de pinoencino, paraje La Cruz, cerca de La Mina y el mirador Mil Cumbres, centro-este de Michoacán, a 2700 m de altitud), con un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Para el sitio del ensayo se estimó la temperatura media anual, la precipitación media anual, y se calculó un índice anual de aridez para el clima contemporáneo y para el 2030. A los 10 meses de edad se registró la altura y biomasa aérea de la planta. Mediante un análisis de la varianza se detectaron diferencias genéticas significativas en el crecimiento entre poblaciones, en altura (p=0.001) y biomasa aérea (p=0.001). Hubo una asociación entre altura de planta y biomasa con la altitud de procedencia de las poblaciones, poblaciones de mayores altitudes tuvieron plantas con altura (r2=0.49; p

Lupinus elegans Kunth is a common species in the West-Central region of México. L. elegans has been used for the restoration of degraded conifer forests because it creates microenvironments suitable for the establishment of coniferous species by increasing nitrogen concentrations in the soil. In this study we determined the genetic variation of L. elegans populations using RAPD markers. One hundred and fifty individuals were collected from five populations in Michoacán: Llano de Pario, Charapan, Pico de Tancítaro, San Nicolás and Villa Madero. Results indicate genetic variation (h) about 0.20 with 60 % polymorphism. The molecular analysis showed higher genetic variation within (59 %) than between (41 %) populations. A Neighbor Joining tree was generated based on Nei's genetic distances, and the resulting tree clustered the populations of Llano de Pario and San Nicolás, followed by populations of Tancítaro, and lastly clustered Villa Madero and Charapan. No correlation was found between genetic and geographic distances. Common garden experiments indicate that plants from the local population out perform introduced plants. These results suggest that although L. elegans is a species with a considerable geographic range, seed collection for restoration purposes should be done from the closest (geographical)population possible.

Lupinus elegans is a species used in ecological restoration and agroforestry programs, because it is tolerant to stress and fixes nitrogen. Genetic variation in quantitative traits was studied in six populations of L. elegans collected along an altitudinal gradient (2312 to 2885 m) in the Mil Cumbres region, east-central Michoacán state, México. Provenance tests were planted at 2600 and 2800 m altitude in two common garden field trials. Tests aimed to evaluate the performance at a different altitude than the site of the seed source, simulating an altitudinal-assisted migration. Survival, plant height growth and aerial biomass were measured. For each provenance and experimental sites, climatic variables were estimated for contemporary climate (average 1961-1990) and future climate (decade centered in 2030, by averaging six model scenarios). It was estimated that by the year 2030 there will be, on average, an increment of 1.4 °C in mean annual temperature, an increase of 518 degree-days > 5 °C (DD5), a 90 mm decrease in mean annual precipitation (MAP) (-7.3 % of contemporary MAP), and a 0.0077 increase in an aridity index (DD50.5/MAP). An ANOVA for each site revealed that in the higher altitude site (2800 m) populations exhibited a pronounced pattern of genetic differentiation (P = 0.0001), in which plant height and biomass are associated with the transfer distance between their place of origin and the experimental site. This distance can be expressed in difference in altitude, mean annual temperature, or aridity index. At the site at higher altitude, plants originated from populations growing at higher altitudes were taller and had more biomass than those originated grown at lower altitudes (R2 ≥ 0.85, P ≤ 0.0302). In contrast, in the lower altitude site (2600 m), although there were nearly significant differences (P ≤ 0.0615) between populations for all of the variables, there was no clinal pattern. In general, the populations grew less when they were moved away from their original climate: those from the higher altitudes grew less in the 2600 m site, and those from the lower altitudes grew less in the 2800 m site. This indicates that climate change will likely induce less growth in several populations, thus it is recommended to promote gradual assisted migration.

En condiciones de restauración ecológica que dificultan el establecimiento de las plantas a partir de semillas, el uso de plantas propagadas en vivero es recomendable a pesar del mayor costo. Lupinus elegans es una leguminosa perenne de corta vida que tiene potencial para ser usada en restauración y recuperación ecológica en su área de distribución natural en Norteamérica. El tamaño del contenedor y la edad al momento de transplantar son variables de importancia porque afectan la supervivencia en campo. Los presentes resultados indicaron que las plantas crecidas en contenedores en el rango de 310 a 380 cm3 con un régimen de fertilización semanal con una dosis de 24 mg de fertilizante por planta, son adecuados para la propagación en invernadero de L. elegans. La edad de la plántula al transplante para lograr la máxima supervivencia en campo fue de tres meses.

Most Lupinus spp. (Fabaceae) grow in pine and pine-oak forests with natural and induced fires, and their seeds have physical dormancy, which could be broken in response to appropriate environmental signals, such as high temperatures, humidity and fire. We applied heat treatments to break seed dormancy of L. elegans and L. rotundiflorus from the State of Jalisco, México, with different storage times (0, 1 and 2 yr for L. elegans and 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 yr for L. rotundiflorus ). Seeds were immersed in boiling water for 5, 10, and 15 s and incubated in wet and dry sand at 100 °C, 120 °C, and 150 °C during 60 min and 90 min. Germination trials were set at 25 °C with 12 h of irradiance per day. For both species, no germination resulted after incubation at 120 °C and 150 °C. For L. rontundiflorus , germination was higher for seeds incubated in wet sand for 60 m than for those incubated for 90 m. After scarification with boiling water, fresh seeds of L. elegans , germinated more than those stored for 1 and 2 yr, whereas incubation in wet and dry sand resulted in higher germination for 1 and 2 yr old seeds than for fresh seeds. Fresh seeds of L. rotundiflorus showed higher germination than stored seeds across treatments. Our results may be useful for further studies to understand and predict ecological plant responses in Mexican forests.