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There is abundant evidence on the human ability to encode complex social networks and on the behavioral consequences of tracking social network structure. However, it remains largely understudied whether mental representations of direct (i.e., the connections between self and others) and indirect (i.e., the connections between third parties) social relations impact lower-level perceptual processing. Across three experiments, the current study addressed this issue by examining the role of both self-related (Experiment 1, n = 96) and allocentric (Experiment 2, n = 87; Experiment 3, n = 85) connections in low-level perception with a perceptual matching task. Our results revealed that the perceptual discrimination of stimuli associated with different nationalities corresponds to the closeness between two nationalities. Specifically, it was more difficult for participants to perceptually discriminate nationalities with closer relations. Notably, the effects of social ties are independent of whether the closeness in relations is self-related or allocentric. Together, our findings suggest that the encoding of nationality relations modulates human perceptual processing in a generic manner., Author(s): Wanghuan Lin [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] [sup.4] , Zhixin Zhang [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] [sup.4] , Xingmei Zhou [sup.5] , Yue-Jia Luo [sup.5] [sup.6] [sup.7] , Chunliang Feng [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] [...]

Human moral reactions to artificial intelligence (AI) agents' behavior constitute an important aspect of modern-day human–AI relationships. Although previous studies have mainly focused on autonomy ethics, this study investigates how individuals judge AI agents' violations of community ethics (including betrayals and subversions) compared with human violations. Participants' behavioral responses, event-related potentials (ERPs), and individual differences were assessed. Behavioral findings reveal that participants rated AI agents' community-violating actions less morally negative than human transgressions, possibly because AI agents are commonly perceived as having less agency than human adults. The ERP N1 component showed the same pattern with moral rating scores, indicating the modulation effect of human–AI differences on initial moral intuitions. Moreover, the level of social withdrawal correlated with a smaller N1 in the human condition but not in the AI condition. The N2 and P2 components were sensitive to the difference between the loyalty/betrayal and authority/subversion domains but not human/AI differences. Individual levels of moral sense and autistic traits also influenced behavioral data, especially on the loyalty/betrayal domain. In our opinion, these findings offer insights for predicting moral responses to AI agents and guiding ethical AI development aligned with human moral values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies examining the relationship between ingroup bias and resource scarcity have produced heterogeneous findings, possibly due to their focus on the allocation of positive resources (e.g. money). This study aims to investigate whether ingroup bias would be amplified or eliminated when perceived survival resources for counteracting negative stimuli are scarce. For this purpose, we exposed the participants and another confederate of the experimenters (ingroup/outgroup member) to a potential threat of unpleasant noise. Participants received some 'relieving resources' to counteract noise administration, the amount of which may or may not be enough for them and the confederate in different conditions (i.e. abundance vs. scarcity). First, a behavioural experiment demonstrated that intergroup discrimination manifested only in the scarcity condition; in contrast, the participants allocated similar amounts of resource to ingroup and outgroup members in the abundance condition, indicating a context‐dependent allocation strategy. This behavioural pattern was replicated in a follow‐up neuroimaging experiment, which further revealed that when contrasting scarcity with abundance, there was higher activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as stronger functional connectivity of the ACC with the empathy network (including the temporoparietal junction and medial prefrontal cortex) for ingroup compared to outgroup members. We suggest that ACC activation reflects the mentalizing process toward ingroup over outgroup members in the scarcity condition. Finally, the ACC activation level significantly predicted the influence of resource scarcity on ingroup bias in hypothetical real‐life situations according to a follow‐up examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]