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Objective： Based on transcriptome sequencing analysis, the effect of grape seed procyanidins on HepG2 cell genes and related functions was identified. The key genes and metabolic pathways involved in the treatment of HepG2 cells with procyanidins were confirmed. Methods: Through transcriptome sequencing, screening differential genes, gene functional annotation and enrichment analysis of the KEGG pathway, transcriptome studies were conducted on grape proanthocyanidin-treated cells. Results: After treating HepG2 cells with grape anthocyanins, the main biological processes enriched are cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulatory processes, immune system processes, reproductive regulation, and growth regulation. Research has found that 12 key differentially expressed genes in cell apoptosis are associated with TNF, p53, MAPK, PI3K-Akt and NF-κB signaling pathway is closely related. Conclusion: Cell apoptosis is closely related to the TNF signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway.

Fungal endophytes exhibit symbiotic relationships with their host plants and convert inorganic selenium to organoselenium and Se0. In order to elucidate how Epichloë sinensis from Festuca sinensis adapts to different concentrations of sodium selenate, the dynamic changes of mycelial enzyme activities and metabolic changes at the transcriptional level were documented over a period of 36 h. The activity of enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, cysteine synthetase, and methionine synthesis) in mycelia increased in the presence of increased Se concentrations during the cultivation period. The strain with selenium enrichment showed differential changes in gene expression compared to the strain without selenium enrichment, with more changes observed at higher Se concentrations over time. Notably, genes related to ribosomes or ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes showed significant expression differences among certain groups, with up-regulation of genes involved in oxidoreductase activity, superoxide dismutase, and siderophore biosynthetic processes, and down-regulation of genes involved in steroid biosynthesis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the transcriptional response of Epichloë sinensis to selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effects of fermentation of different yeasts on the physical and chemical properties and volatile components of fruit wine, and to identify the characteristic flavor substances of fruit wine, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and solid phase microextraction method were used to analyze the volatile components in fruit wine under fermentation of three distinct yeasts namely DV10, EC1118 and D254 with Ribes odoratum Wendl as raw material. A total of 146 volatile components were detected, including 39 alcohols, 38 esters, 30 hydrocarbons, 10 acids, 10 aldehydes, 11 ketones, 6 terpenes, and 2 other putative compounds. The total sugar content, total acid content, soluble solids, pH, chromaticity, alcohol content of the resulted three yeast-fermented Ribes odoratum Wendl fruit wine was 0.497 - 0.510 g/L, 4.625 - 5.102 g/L, 7.03 - 7.53°Brix, 4.11 - 4.22, 1.908 - 3.383, 11.1 - 14.57% vol, respectively. The types and contents of volatile components in fruit wine of Ribes odoratum Wendl by fermentation with different yeasts varied significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the major volatile components were dominated by alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, and acids. In conclusion, fruit wine under the fermentation of the EC1118 showed more abundant volatile components and better flavor in comparison with that under that of other two yeasts, and thus the EC1118 more suitable for brewing fruit wine of Ribes odoratum Wendl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa), a widely distributed grass species considered promising in the ecological restoration of degraded grassland in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, is likely to be subjected to frequent drought and waterlogging stress due to ongoing climate change, further aggravating the degradation of grassland in this region. However, whether it would acclimate to water stresses resulting from extreme climates remains unknown. Proline accumulation is a crucial metabolic response of plants to challenging environmental conditions. This study aims to investigate the changes in proline accumulation and key enzymes in hairgrass shoot and root tissues in response to distinct climate extremes including moderate drought, moderate waterlogging, and dry–wet variations over 28 days using a completely randomized block design. The proline accumulation, contribution of the glutamate and ornithine pathways, and key enzyme activities related to proline metabolism in shoot and root tissues were examined. The results showed that water stress led to proline accumulation in both shoot and root tissues of hairgrass, highlighting the importance of this osmoprotectant in mitigating the effects of environmental challenges. The differential accumulation of proline in shoots compared to roots suggests a strategic allocation of resources by the plant to cope with osmotic stress. Enzymatic activities related to proline metabolism, such as Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, ornithine aminotransferase, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, and proline dehydrogenase, further emphasize the dynamic regulation of proline levels in hairgrass under water stress conditions. These findings support the potential for enhancing the stress resistance of hairgrass through the genetic manipulation of proline biosynthesis and catabolism pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive or radioactive I- and IO3- in industrial wastewater may cause thyroid lesions and even carci-nogenesis. It does harm to the ecological environment. Therefore, it is imperative to remove I- and IO3- from wastewater. Adsorption, membrane separation and chemical precipitation are the conventional methods. In recent years, in order to improve the removal efficiency and reduce the secondary pollution caused by the regeneration process of adsorbent, electrochemical and photochemical assisted adsorption have attracted attention of most researchers. In this paper, the basic principles of the above methods are introduced, and the progress of materials for treating iodine-containing wastewater such as ion-exchange resins, layered doublehydroxides,metal organic frame compounds, natural mineral materials, biomass materials and membrane materials are emphasized. Finally, the future research directions are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) has garnered increasing attention in the field of nutrition, as it is essential for both humans and animals. Certain microorganisms can enrich inorganic selenium and convert it into organic selenium. The growth and metabolomic profiles of six lactobacilli strains exposed to 50 μg/mL of sodium selenite were performed using gas chromatography tandem time-off light mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) analysis. The addition of selenium significantly increased both the population and weight of the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PS5, Lbs. rhamnosus RT-B, Limosilactobacillus reuteri 3630, and Lmb. reuteri 1663 strains, while those of the other two strains decreased. A total of 271 metabolites were determined, with their concentrations ranked from highest to lowest as follows: organic acids and derivatives, oxygen compounds, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and benzenoids. In certain groups, the concentrations of serine, aspartic acid, trehalose, palmitic acid, methylthreonine, and melibiose increased significantly, whereas glucuronic acid, ribose, ornithine, and methionine were downregulated. The metabolic pathways were significantly associated with ABC transporters, glycine, serine, threonine metabolism, and aminobenzoate degradation and other pathways. Based on these findings, we concluded that the transport, absorption, assimilation, and stress response to selenium by lactobacilli in metabolomic changed. Furthermore, the metabolomic alterations among different types of lactobacilli varied primarily due to their distinct properties.