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Intuitive processing has a dominant effect under conditions of limited cognitive resources, because compared to analytical processing, it relies on cognitive resources to a much smaller extent. However, the effect of schema on intuitive processing has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the current study aims to explore this issue through two experiments: Experiment 1 uses a Chinese character chunk decomposition task to investigate how schema affects the performance of intuitive and analytical processing under different cognitive loads. Experiment 2 further examines the effects of schema directly on two types of processing via the removal of load. The results revealed the following: in Experiment 1, the accuracy of intuitive and analytical material was significantly higher under low load than under high load in the schema condition, but there was no effect of varying cognitive load in the non-schema condition; in Experiment 2, the accuracy of intuitive processing was significantly higher than that of analytical processing under the schema condition but there were no differences between two types of processing under the non-schema condition. The results indicate that schema facilitates an intuitive dominance effect, with the implication of intuition maybe more effective when encountering familiar information., Author(s): Yunhong Wang [sup.1] , Wei Bao [sup.1] , Haijiang Li [sup.1] , Junlong Luo [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01cxqmw89, grid.412531.0, 0000 0001 0701 1077, Department of Psychology, Education College, [...]

Although quarantine is an effective measure for containing the spread of COVID-19 and reducing the number of infected individuals, it has had negative consequences on the emotional well-being and academic performance of university students. To explore the influence mechanism of school quarantine time on academic procrastination among students, a survey research methodology was employed to assess quarantine time, negative affect, ego depletion, and academic procrastination among 538 Chinese university students, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software suite was used to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that (1) there were significant positive correlations between school quarantine time and academic procrastination, (2) school quarantine time had no direct effect on academic procrastination, but it positively predicted negative affect and ego depletion, and (3) school quarantine time affected the levels of academic procrastination among university students through three indirect paths: the mediating role of negative affect, the mediating role of ego depletion, and the chain mediating role of both negative affect and ego depletion. This cross-sectional study concludes that negative affect and ego depletion could mediate the association between school quarantine time and academic procrastination among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background According to Beck's cognitive theory of depression, individuals with depression exhibit negative bias in self-appraisals from the first-person perspective. However, comparative research between self-appraisals in the first-person and third-person perspectives (e.g., mother's perspective) is rare. Moreover, the mother is represented as a part of self among Chinese late-adolescents. Objective This study examined whether negative bias in self-appraisal is consistent between the first-person and third-person perspectives among late-adolescents with mild depression. Methods Late-adolescents with mild depression (29 in Experiment 1a and 36 in Experiment 2a) and late-adolescents without mild depression (31 in Experiment 1b and 41 in Experiment 2b) were separately tested on recognition memory using the Remember/Know self-reference paradigm in two experiments. Results In Experiment 1, there were higher recognition scores for positive valence adjectives than negative valence adjectives for self-appraisals in late-adolescents both with and without mild depression. In contrast, the reflected self-appraisals of the mother exhibited a negative bias. In Experiment 2, reflected self-appraisals of mother displayed a higher negative bias than that of a friend or classmate. Conclusion Positive self-cognition exists in late-adolescents both with and without mild depression. Negative self-cognition of late-adolescents with mild depression might be derived more from the third-person perspective of the mother than that of a classmate or a friend, indicating that the mother's negative perspective was more valued. Thus, it is important to consider mother's support during psychological interventions with Chinese late-adolescents in the early stages of depression., Author(s): Wei Bao [sup.1] , Yunhong Wang [sup.1] , Xue Fu [sup.1] , Caizhen Yue [sup.2] [sup.3] , Junlong Luo [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412531.0, 0000 0001 0701 1077, Department [...]

Pursuing improved electrode materials is essential for addressing the challenges associated with large-scale Li-ion battery applications. Specifically, silicon oxide (SiOx) has emerged as a promising alternative to graphite anodes, despite issues related to volume expansion and rapid capacity degradation. In this study, we synthesized carbon-coated SiOx using diatom biomass derived from artificially cultured diatoms. However, the inherent carbon content from diatoms poses a significant challenge for the electrochemical performance of diatom-based anodes in large-scale applications. Subsequently, we conducted further research and demonstrated excellent performance with a carbon content of 33 wt.% as anodes. Additionally, real-time characterization of the carbonization process was achieved using thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-GCMS), revealing the emission of CO and C3O2 during carbonization. Furthermore, electrochemical tests of the processed diatom and carbon (PD@C) anode exhibited outstanding rate capability (~500 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1), high initial Coulomb efficiency (76.95%), and a DLi+ diffusion rate of 1.03 × 10−12 cm2 s−1. Moreover, structural characterization techniques such as HRTEM-SAED were employed, along with DFT calculations, to demonstrate that the lithium storage process involves not only reversible transport in Li2Si2O5 and Li22Si5, but also physical adsorption between the PD and C layers. Exploring the integration of diatom frustules with the intrinsic carbon content in the fabrication of battery anodes may contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind their successful application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cognitive reflection test (CRT) is an experiment task commonly used in Western countries to test intuitive and analytical thinking styles. However, the validity of this task for Chinese participants has not been explored. Therefore, this study recruited Chinese college students to finish CRT tasks with various experimental designs. To gauge the accuracy of the CRT tasks, 438 Chinese college students first completed online questionnaires. Participants were then invited to participate in an offline laboratory with the same experimental settings. Finally, time pressure was used to strictly control intuition and analytical thinking to explore the performance of Chinese college students on CRT tasks. The results show that of the three experiments, Chinese college students had the highest accuracy in the offline test, and the CRT's intuitive conflict problem still applies to Chinese students under the time-limited condition. This study demonstrates the validity of the CRT in China and proves that time pressure is an effective method for identifying individuals with strong logic ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many scientific discoveries were frequently reported as kinds of insightful breakthrough that suddenly illuminated in one's mind, we can never exactly know whether these afterward reports were reliable or not. In this study, subjects were asked to solve a list of Remote Associate Test problems and got both subsets of the insightfully and routinely solved items. Then, this study examined whether people can recollect their "Aha!" experiences as well as "non-Aha" ones. It was found that subjects were more accurate in recollecting their Aha! experiences relative to the routine ones. The study further examined if the report bias of Aha! or non-Aha problem solving experiences could be changed by the afterward-suggestive information that indicated the discovery is unique (rare) or not. It was found that the tendency for participants to falsely recollect their routine problem solving experience as Aha! ones if they were told the item they had solved was very rare, and the tendency to falsely recollect the Aha! problem solving experiences as routine ones if the item were said to be common.

The logical intuition hypothesis proposes a difference in the strength between logical and heuristic intuitions. The labels of logical and heuristic intuitions are exclusive to conventional reasoning research. This paper reports the result of testing intuition strength using the dot-probe methodology in a novel multiplication paradigm. Here, "logical intuition" and "heuristic intuition" were relabeled as "weaker intuition" (-1 × 5 = 5) and "stronger intuition" (1 × 5 = 5), respectively, to assess the assumptions about the difference in the strength of "Chinese multiplication mnemonics" intuitions. The dot-probe paradigm was utilized in the following experiments to measure attentional bias. This was assessed by calculating the difference in reaction time between incongruent (the target location is opposite to the probe location) and congruent (the target location is the same as the probe location) conditions. Experiment 1 found attentional bias directed attention to the correct answer for both weaker and stronger intuitions. Experiment 2 replicated and extended Experiment 1 with a secondary task to manipulate high and low cognitive loads. Consequently, stronger intuitions were unaffected by cognitive load and participants were biased toward the correct answer, whereas attentional bias for weaker intuitions only occurred in low load conditions. These results revealed that although both intuitions can guide attention, stronger intuition may guide attention bias in a high-load situation due to its robust automation. Our findings extend the logical intuition hypothesis that proposes a difference in the automated strengths of intuitions to mathematical and analytic thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, novel and old scientific innovations (NSI and OSI) were selected as materials to explore the electrophysiological correlates of scientific innovation induced by heuristic information. Using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to do so, college students solved NSI problems (for which they did not know the answers) and OSI problems (for which they knew the answers). A new experimental paradigm (heuristic information learning-problems testing model) was adopted to make subjects actively find a solution. The results showed that the P3 amplitude was higher for OSI than for NSI between 360 and 430 ms after onset of the problem stimuli. This finding most likely reflects an automatic matching process based on the known answer retrieval, which would be easier for OSI than NSI problems. However, the N4 amplitude was higher for NSI than for OSI between 430 and 500 ms and a greater negativity in the NSI (in comparison with OSI) developed between 500 and 900 ms. This pattern could reflect the generation of novel solutions due to the application of heuristic information (retrieved from memory) during NSI problems solving.

With the advancement of technology and diversification of payment methods, mobile payment methods have gradually replaced traditional cash payments and become the mainstream payment mode. Although mobile payment is more convenient, is it faster than cash payment when their physical differences are controlled? Does it affect consumer behavior? We designed two studies to explore these questions. In Study 1, we required 192 participants to physically pay by cash or mobile phone and measured their willingness to pay (WTP). In Study 2, we compared the speed of the two payment methods when the physical differences between them were eliminated and measured consumers' willingness to buy from 46 students. Our results indicated that the effect of mobile payment, which increases WTP, also applies to specific products, and it does not occur if the money is a gift, as opposed to if it is earned. Moreover, when the process of cash payment is made as easy as mobile payment, people still spend less time on mobile payments than cash payment, and mobile payment effect is impacted by payment time. The above results supplement the evidence that payment methods have an impact on consumer behavior, and provide consumers, merchants, and regional managers with suggestions on payment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]