181 results on '"Lundin, Lisa"'
Search Results
2. Historic distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) in a Skagerrak fjord, Swedish west coast as reflected in a high-resolution sediment record and compared to the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS)
- Author
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Nordberg, Kjell, Björk, Göran, Abrahamsson, Katarina, Josefsson, Sarah, and Lundin, Lisa
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Digitalizing customer journeys in B2B markets
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Lundin, Lisa and Kindström, Daniel
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Aspects of chemical recycling of complex plastic waste via the gasification route
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Weiland, Fredrik, Lundin, Lisa, Celebi, Mustafa, van der Vlist, Klaas, and Moradian, Farzad
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Behavior of PCDF, PCDD, PCN and PCB during low temperature thermal treatment of MSW incineration fly ash
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Weidemann, Eva and Lundin, Lisa
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- 2015
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- View/download PDF
6. Distribution, source and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of northern part of the Persian Gulf
- Author
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Bateni, Fatemeh, Mehdinia, Ali, Lundin, Lisa, Hashtroudi, Mehri Seyed, Bateni, Fatemeh, Mehdinia, Ali, Lundin, Lisa, and Hashtroudi, Mehri Seyed
- Abstract
Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of 43 compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial sediments of the Persian Gulf were investigated. The sediments were sampled from 60 offshore stations during an oceanographic cruise in the winter of 2012. Gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the PAHs determinations in sediment samples. The concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs and 4 nitrated PAHs were 9.0–201.5 ng g−1 dw, 3.3–60.3 ng g−1 dw, 15.2–172.7 ng g−1 dw and 0.1–8.3 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Among 21 parental PAHs, naphthalene (29.35 ng g−1 dw), phenanthrene (4.6 ng g−1 dw), and pyrene (3.18 ng g−1 dw) were the most abundant compound. 1-acenaphthenone (43.41 ng g−1 dw) and 2-methylnaphthalene (7.15 ng g−1 dw) showed the highest concentration in the oxy- and methyl-PAHs, respectively. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs were between not detected to 4 ng g−1 dw. According to the ecological risk assessment, the calculated total toxicity of PAHs was at below the lethal level on benthic organisms in all stations in the Persian Gulf, but there is risk of toxicity for the benthic organism in the Gulf of Oman (from the Strait of Hormuz to Jask). In general, nitrogenated and oxygenated derivatives did not show a significant risk in the study area. Based on the diagnostic ratios, the mixed sources (both petrogenic and pyrogenic) and pyrogenic sources have been identified for PAHs. Biomass combustion source has been identified for the stations near flares and gas fields. Principle component analysis-multivariate linear regression analysis for source identification shows that maritime traffic, abundant flares that burn the gas in oil, gas fields and dust storms have a major impact on the production of PAHs in this area.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Multiactor touchpoints in the customer journey
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Brege, Harald, Lundin, Lisa, Kindström, Daniel, Brege, Harald, Lundin, Lisa, and Kindström, Daniel
- Abstract
This paper explores how B2B firms can manage the value creation process at multi-actor touchpoints in the customer journey. We argue that B2B firms can benefit from opening up their touchpoints to multi-actor interactions between the customer, firm, partners and other customers, answering recent calls for broadening the scope of customer journeys to also include such multi-actor touchpoints. In our research we perceive the value creating process as the actors, activities and resources involved in the emergence of value through the customer journey. An ecosystem perspective is adopted to increase understanding of how firms can enhance the value creating process through the B2B customer journey. By empirically examining an industrial ecosystem, our tentative findings point towards the importance of balancing the number of touchpoints as well as designing touchpoints depending on the customer’s needs and requirements to manage the value creation process.
- Published
- 2022
8. Distribution, source and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of northern part of the Persian Gulf
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Bateni, Fatemeh, primary, Mehdinia, Ali, additional, Lundin, Lisa, additional, and Hashtroudi, Mehri Seyed, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Head in the Clouds : A quantitative study on cloud adoption in a industrial setting
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa
- Subjects
TOE ,Teknik och teknologier ,Cloud computing ,Engineering and Technology ,adoption of innovation ,cloud adoption - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors that influence cloud adoption and contribute to existing research about cloud computing. Ten hypotheses were derived from the Technological, Organizational, and Environmental (TOE) framework combined with the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) framework. Data was collected using a questionnaire and 91 individuals working in several industries and different countries participated in the study. The research model was tested using a quantitative approach using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The main factors that were identified as drivers for adoption of cloud computing are: digital strategy, competitive pressure, trading partner support, standardization, firm size and network and collaboration. These findings have important implications and great value to the research field, companies and cloud providers as they could formulate better strategies for a successful cloud adoption. The study also provides a new approach in research about cloud adoption where the type of enterprise system migrated to the cloud is taken into consideration. Findings in this study points towards system specific requirements influencing the adoption rate.
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- 2020
10. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban soils of Stockholm City : Occurrence, sources and human health risk assessment
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Dreij, Kristian, Lundin, Lisa, Le Bihanic, Florane, Lundstedt, Staffan, Dreij, Kristian, Lundin, Lisa, Le Bihanic, Florane, and Lundstedt, Staffan
- Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous pollutants that are found everywhere in our environment, including air, soil and water. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations, distribution, sources and potential health risk of 43 PACs in soils collected from 25 urban parks in Stockholm City, Sweden. These PACs included 21 PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, and 4 azaarenes whose concentrations ranged between 190 and 54 500, 30.5-5 300, 14.9-680, and 4.17-590 ng/g soil, respectively. Fluoranthene was found at the highest levels ranging between 17.7 and 9800 ng/g, benzo[a]pyrene between 9.64 and 4600 ng/g, and the highly potent carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene up to 740 ng/g. The most abundant oxy-PAH was 6H-benzo[cd] pyren-6-one (2.09-2300 ng/g). Primary sources of PAHs were identified by use of diagnostic ratios and Positive Matrix Factorization modelling and found to be pyrogenic including vehicle emissions and combustion of biomass. Estimating the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS) associated with exposure to PAHs in these soils indicated that the PAH levels in some parks constitute a considerable increased risk level for adults and children (total ILCR > 1 x 10(-4)). Compared to worldwide urban parks contamination, we conclude that the PAC soil levels in parks of Stockholm City in general are low, but that some parks are more heavily contaminated and should be considered for clean-up actions to limit human health risks.
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban soils of Stockholm City: Occurrence, sources and human health risk assessment
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Dreij, Kristian, primary, Lundin, Lisa, additional, Le Bihanic, Florane, additional, and Lundstedt, Staffan, additional
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Using Solubility Parameters to Model More Environmentally Friendly Solvent Blends for Organic Solar Cell Active Layers
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Jalan, Ishita, primary, Lundin, Lisa, additional, and van Stam, Jan, additional
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Motivation är svaret men vad är frågan? : En studie om speciallärares tankar kring motivation i matematik
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Lindelöf Staverud, Maria and Lundin, Lisa
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samspel ,Motivation ,Pedagogy ,särskilt stöd ,Pedagogik ,matematikundervisning ,speciallärare ,drivkraft - Abstract
Nej
- Published
- 2019
14. Lösningar och lösningsmedelsblandningar för polymererna TQ1 och N2200
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Lundin, Lisa
- Subjects
Fysikalisk kemi ,Physical Chemistry - Abstract
The solubility of polymers depends on how well the parameters of the polymers and solvents used resemble each other. The more similar the parameters are, the more likely the polymers are to be dissolved. Hansen´s solubility parameters (HSP) tells us how dispersion forces, polar forces and hydrogen bonding influences the structure of the polymers and thereby their solubility. To be able to manufacture effective organic polymer solar cells in the future, we need more knowledge of how polymers and organic solvents interact with each other. This is an essay on how you could gather more knowledge of how primarily the polymer Poly{[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)} , (N2200), but also the polymer Poly[2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl) quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl], (TQ1) dissolves in different organic solvent blends. It is also a test on using the computer software Hansen´s Solubility Parameters in Practice (HSPiP), to estimate the HSP:s for the polymers and the polymer blend. The HSPiP was good at estimating the Hansen solubility parameters for the solubility test on N2200. The software´s drawing tool in the do it yourself- part (DIY) that is used to create a structure code-string (SMILES) for the polymer, did not work as well in this project. The Optimizer in HSPiP made good suggestions of organic solvent blends for N2200 and TQ1, that dissolved the polymers. o-Xylene and tetrahydronaphthalene were the solvents that dissolved N2200 in the solubility test in 24 h and 50 ֯C and among the organic solvent blends it was toluene/1-methylnaphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene/methyl acetate, tetrahydronaphthalene/o-Xylene and tetrahydronaphthalene/2-methyltetrahydrofuran that were able to dissolve the polymers in the concentrations of 10.0 mg/ml. N2200 dissolved very well up to 10.0 mg/ml in the calculated solvent blends but on the other hand, the samples became very viscous at that concentration and hardly fluent, if fluent at all. It was more difficult to find organic solvent blends that could dissolve N2200 than it was for TQ1. TQ1 dissolved in all solvent ratios that dissolved N2200. Sammanfattning Löslighet hos polymerer beror på hur löslighetsparametrarna hos polymeren och det lösningsmedel man använder, liknar varandra. Ju mer löslighetsparametrarna liknar varandra, desto bättre löser sig polymeren i lösningsmedlet. Hansen´s löslighetsparametrar (HSP) talar om hur dispersionskrafter, polära krafter och vätebindningar påverkar strukturer hos polymerer och därigenom deras löslighet. För att kunna tillverka effektiva organiska polymera solceller i framtiden, behöver vi mer kunskap i hur polymerer och organiska lösningsmedel interagerar med varandra. Detta är en uppsats i hur man kan gå tillväga för att ta reda på mer om hur främst polymeren Poly{[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)} , (N2200), men också polymeren Poly[2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl) quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl], (TQ1) löser sig i olika blandningar av organiska lösningsmedel. Det är också ett försök till att använda dataprogrammet, Hansen´s Solubility Parameters in Practice (HSPiP), för att estimera löslighet hos polymererna och polymerblandningen. Det visade sig att HSPiP, var bra på att estimera Hansens löslighetsparametrar för löslighetstestet på N2200. Programmets ritverktyg i DIY (do it yourself/gör det själv), för att skapa SMILES-kod (kod för den ritade molekylens struktur) för polymeren, visade sig vara mindre bra. Optimeraren i HSPiP visade sig kunna föreslå organiska lösningsmedelsblandningar för N2200 och TQ1 som kunde lösa polymererna. o-Xylene och tetrahydronaftalen var de som löste N2200 i löslighetstestet på 24 h med 50 ֯C och av blandningarna var det toluen/1-methylnaftalen, tetrahydronaftalen/metylacetat, tetrahydronaftalen/o-Xylene och tetrahydronaftalene/2-metyltetrahydrofuran som kunde lösa polymererna i koncentrationer av 10.0 mg/ml. N2200 löste sig bra ända upp till 10.0 mg/ml för de beräknade lösningsmedelsblandningarna men däremot blev proverna väldigt viskösa i den koncentrationen och knappt flytande, om alls flytande. Det var svårare att hitta organiska lösningsmedelsblandningar som fungerade för N2200 medan TQ1 kunde lösa sig i allt som fungerade för N2200.
- Published
- 2019
15. Bromoanisoles and Methoxylated Bromodiphenyl Ethers in Macroalgae from Nordic Coastal Regions
- Author
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Bidleman, Terry F., Andersson, Agneta, Brugel, Sonia, Ericson, Lars, Haglund, Peter, Kupryianchyk, Darya, Lau, Danny C. P., Liljelind, Per, Lundin, Lisa, Tysklind, Anders, Tysklind, Mats, Bidleman, Terry F., Andersson, Agneta, Brugel, Sonia, Ericson, Lars, Haglund, Peter, Kupryianchyk, Darya, Lau, Danny C. P., Liljelind, Per, Lundin, Lisa, Tysklind, Anders, and Tysklind, Mats
- Abstract
Marine macroalgae are used worldwide for human consumption, animal feed, cosmetics and agriculture. In addition to beneficial nutrients, macroalgae contain halogenated natural products (HNPs), some of which have toxic properties similar to those of well-known anthropogenic contaminants. Sixteen species of red, green and brown macroalgae were collected in 2017–2018 from coastal waters of the northern Baltic Sea, Sweden Atlantic and Norway Atlantic, and analyzed for bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). Target compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), with qualitative confirmation in selected species by GC-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). Quantified compounds were 2,4-diBA, 2,4,6-triBA, 2′-MeO-BDE68, 6-MeO-BDE47, and two tribromo-MeO-BDEs and one tetrabromo-MeO-BDE with unknown bromine substituent positions. Semiquantitative results for pentabromo-MeO-BDEs were also obtained for a few species by GC-HRMS. Three extraction methods were compared; soaking in methanol, soaking in methanol–dichloromethane, and blending with mixed solvents. Extraction yields of BAs did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) with the three methods and the two soaking methods gave equivalent yields of MeO-BDEs. Extraction efficiencies of MeO-BDEs were significantly lower using the blend method (p < 0.05). For reasons of simplicity and efficiency, the soaking methods are preferred. Concentrations varied by orders of magnitude among species: ∑2BAs 57 to 57 700 and ∑5MeO-BDEs < 10 to 476 pg g−1 wet weight (ww). Macroalgae standing out with ∑2BAs >1000 pg g−1 ww were Ascophyllum nodosum, Ceramium tenuicorne, Ceramium virgatum, Fucus radicans, Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus, Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata, and Acrosiphonia/Spongomorpha sp. Species A. nodosum, C. tenuicorne, Chara virgata, F. radicans and F. vesiculosus (Sweden Atlantic only) had ∑5MeO-BDEs >100 pg g−1ww. Profiles o, EcoChange
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Using solubility parameters to model more environmentally friendly solvent blends for organic solar cell active layers
- Author
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Jalan, Ishita, Lundin, Lisa, van Stam, Jan, Jalan, Ishita, Lundin, Lisa, and van Stam, Jan
- Abstract
To facilitate industrial applications, as well as for environmental and health purposes, there is a need to find less hazardous solvents for processing the photoactive layer of organic solar cells. As there are vast amounts of possibilities to combine organic solvents and solutes, it is of high importance to find paths to discriminate among the solution chemistry possibilities on a theoretical basis. Using Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) offers such a path. We report on some examples of solvent blends that have been found by modelling HSP for an electron donor polymer (TQ1) and an electron acceptor polymer (N2200) to match solvent blends of less hazardous solvents than those commonly used. After the theoretical screening procedure, solubility tests were performed to determine the HSP parameters relevant for the TQ1:N2200 pair in the calculated solvent blends. Finally, thin solid films were prepared by spin-coating from the solvent blends that turned out to be good solvents to the donor-acceptor pair. Our results show that the blend film morphology prepared in this way is similar to those obtained from chloroform solutions.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Solvents and solvent blends for the polymers TQ1 and N2200.
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa and Lundin, Lisa
- Abstract
The solubility of polymers depends on how well the parameters of the polymers and solvents used resemble each other. The more similar the parameters are, the more likely the polymers are to be dissolved. Hansen´s solubility parameters (HSP) tells us how dispersion forces, polar forces and hydrogen bonding influences the structure of the polymers and thereby their solubility. To be able to manufacture effective organic polymer solar cells in the future, we need more knowledge of how polymers and organic solvents interact with each other. This is an essay on how you could gather more knowledge of how primarily the polymer Poly{[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)} , (N2200), but also the polymer Poly[2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl) quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl], (TQ1) dissolves in different organic solvent blends. It is also a test on using the computer software Hansen´s Solubility Parameters in Practice (HSPiP), to estimate the HSP:s for the polymers and the polymer blend. The HSPiP was good at estimating the Hansen solubility parameters for the solubility test on N2200. The software´s drawing tool in the do it yourself- part (DIY) that is used to create a structure code-string (SMILES) for the polymer, did not work as well in this project. The Optimizer in HSPiP made good suggestions of organic solvent blends for N2200 and TQ1, that dissolved the polymers. o-Xylene and tetrahydronaphthalene were the solvents that dissolved N2200 in the solubility test in 24 h and 50 ֯C and among the organic solvent blends it was toluene/1-methylnaphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene/methyl acetate, tetrahydronaphthalene/o-Xylene and tetrahydronaphthalene/2-methyltetrahydrofuran that were able to dissolve the polymers in the concentrations of 10.0 mg/ml. N2200 dissolved very well up to 10.0 mg/ml in the calculated solvent blends but on the other hand, the samples became very viscous at that concentration, Sammanfattning Löslighet hos polymerer beror på hur löslighetsparametrarna hos polymeren och det lösningsmedel man använder, liknar varandra. Ju mer löslighetsparametrarna liknar varandra, desto bättre löser sig polymeren i lösningsmedlet. Hansen´s löslighetsparametrar (HSP) talar om hur dispersionskrafter, polära krafter och vätebindningar påverkar strukturer hos polymerer och därigenom deras löslighet. För att kunna tillverka effektiva organiska polymera solceller i framtiden, behöver vi mer kunskap i hur polymerer och organiska lösningsmedel interagerar med varandra. Detta är en uppsats i hur man kan gå tillväga för att ta reda på mer om hur främst polymeren Poly{[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)} , (N2200), men också polymeren Poly[2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl) quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl], (TQ1) löser sig i olika blandningar av organiska lösningsmedel. Det är också ett försök till att använda dataprogrammet, Hansen´s Solubility Parameters in Practice (HSPiP), för att estimera löslighet hos polymererna och polymerblandningen. Det visade sig att HSPiP, var bra på att estimera Hansens löslighetsparametrar för löslighetstestet på N2200. Programmets ritverktyg i DIY (do it yourself/gör det själv), för att skapa SMILES-kod (kod för den ritade molekylens struktur) för polymeren, visade sig vara mindre bra. Optimeraren i HSPiP visade sig kunna föreslå organiska lösningsmedelsblandningar för N2200 och TQ1 som kunde lösa polymererna. o-Xylene och tetrahydronaftalen var de som löste N2200 i löslighetstestet på 24 h med 50 ֯C och av blandningarna var det toluen/1-methylnaftalen, tetrahydronaftalen/metylacetat, tetrahydronaftalen/o-Xylene och tetrahydronaftalene/2-metyltetrahydrofuran som kunde lösa polymererna i koncentrationer av 10.0 mg/ml. N2200 löste sig bra ända upp till 10.0 mg/ml för de beräknade lösningsmedelsblandningarna men däremot blev proverna väldigt viskösa i den koncentratio
- Published
- 2019
18. Dioxins in atmospheric deposition: comparison of samplers
- Author
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Brorström-Lundén, Eva, Hansson, Katarina, and Lundin, Lisa
- Subjects
fungi ,Miljövetenskap ,complex mixtures ,Environmental Sciences - Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs /PCDFs) have great potential for atmospheric long-range transport and deposition. The atmosphere is an important pathway for these contaminants to both aquatic and terrestrial environments. The Swedish national monitoring program for organic contaminants in air and precipitation includes, except PCDD/PCDFs, a large number of different substances/group of substances which differ in chemical and physical properties which not only affect their behaviour in the atmosphere and the deposition process but also the requirements on sampling methods used. This leads to great demands on the type of deposition sampler to be used in a monitoring program where the aim is to monitor several different organic substances and compromises are necessary when choosing sampler type. The sampling program lasted for one year with 4 sampling periods with a sampling duration of 3 months. This gives results showing seasonal variation and the opportunity to estimate the annual deposition. The overall results from this study show that: • Differences in measured deposition fluxes were found between the two samplers with a variation in magnitude between different sampling occasions. A greater amount of dioxins/furans in deposition was measured with the MONAS sampler at three out of the four periods. • The annual dioxin/furan deposition was about 25 % higher with the MONAS sampler compared to the IVL sampler, when LOD (limit of detection) was replaced with zero for all non-detected congeners in the sum of the congeners. • The results from the sampling comparison for the two samplers gave a difference of 25% on annual basis which should be assessed in relation to the given analytical uncertainty which was +/-29% for all samples. The results found here are in agreement with other comparison studies when deposition samplers with different sampling characteristics were used (Brorström-Lundén, 1995). From this and other studies we can conclude that sampling of dioxins/furans as well as for other POPs gives different deposition fluxes when using samplers with different sampling characteristics. The collection efficiency differs not only among e.g. different congeners but also between sampling occasions which differ in ambient conditions such as amounts of precipitation, ambient air temperature and atmospheric particle concentrations. The choice of the type of deposition sampler to be used must therefore depend on the purpose of the measurements and the results should be discussed in relation to the sampling methods. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs /PCDFs) have great potential for atmospheric long-range transport and deposition. The atmosphere is an important pathway for these contaminants to both aquatic and terrestrial environments. The Swedish national monitoring program for organic contaminants in air and precipitation includes, except PCDD/PCDFs, a large number of different substances/group of substances which differ in chemical and physical properties which not only affect their behaviour in the atmosphere and the deposition process but also the requirements on sampling methods used. This leads to great demands on the type of deposition sampler to be used in a monitoring program where the aim is to monitor several different organic substances and compromises are necessary when choosing sampler type. The sampling program lasted for one year with 4 sampling periods with a sampling duration of 3 months. This gives results showing seasonal variation and the opportunity to estimate the annual deposition. The overall results from this study show that: • Differences in measured deposition fluxes were found between the two samplers with a variation in magnitude between different sampling occasions. A greater amount of dioxins/furans in deposition was measured with the MONAS sampler at three out of the four periods. • The annual dioxin/furan deposition was about 25 % higher with the MONAS sampler compared to the IVL sampler, when LOD (limit of detection) was replaced with zero for all non-detected congeners in the sum of the congeners. • The results from the sampling comparison for the two samplers gave a difference of 25% on annual basis which should be assessed in relation to the given analytical uncertainty which was +/-29% for all samples. The results found here are in agreement with other comparison studies when deposition samplers with different sampling characteristics were used (Brorström-Lundén, 1995). From this and other studies we can conclude that sampling of dioxins/furans as well as for other POPs gives different deposition fluxes when using samplers with different sampling characteristics. The collection efficiency differs not only among e.g. different congeners but also between sampling occasions which differ in ambient conditions such as amounts of precipitation, ambient air temperature and atmospheric particle concentrations. The choice of the type of deposition sampler to be used must therefore depend on the purpose of the measurements and the results should be discussed in relation to the sampling methods. The overall aim of this study is to compare two different types of deposition samplers for sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. These two samplers, the IVL-sampler and the MONAS sampler, have quite different sampling characteristics. In addition, brominated dioxins/furans were included in the measurements in order to get an idea of their occurrence in deposition at the Swedish west coast. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.
- Published
- 2018
19. Bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in macroalgae from Nordic coastal regions
- Author
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Bidleman, Terry F., primary, Andersson, Agneta, additional, Brugel, Sonia, additional, Ericson, Lars, additional, Haglund, Peter, additional, Kupryianchyk, Darya, additional, Lau, Danny C. P., additional, Liljelind, Per, additional, Lundin, Lisa, additional, Tysklind, Anders, additional, and Tysklind, Mats, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. A desktop study on destruction of persistent organic compounds in combustion systems
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa and Jansson, Stina
- Subjects
Chemical Sciences ,Kemi - Abstract
On behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Dr. Lisa Lundin and Dr. Stina Jansson at the Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, has conducted this desktop study. The main aim of this desktop study was to provide a compilation of the current state of knowledge of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE), hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD), and perfluoroctanesulphonate (PFOS) with regard to their degradation efficiency in advanced solid waste incinerators (ASWI). The objective was also to assess if more support is needed to determinethe degradation efficiency of these compounds in ASWIs.
- Published
- 2017
21. Study of the presence of PCDDs/PCDFs on zero-valent iron nanoparticles
- Author
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Calderon, Blanca, Lundin, Lisa, Aracil, Ignacio, Fullana, Andres, Calderon, Blanca, Lundin, Lisa, Aracil, Ignacio, and Fullana, Andres
- Abstract
Studies show that nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles enhance the formation of chlorinated compounds such as polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) during thermal processes. However, it is unclear whether nZVI acts as a catalyst for the formation of these compounds or contains impurities, such as PCDD/Fs, within its structure. We analyzed the presence of PCDD/Fs in nZVI particles synthesized through various production methods to elucidate this uncertainty. None of the 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners were found in the commercially-produced nZVI, but they were present in the laboratory synthesized nZVI produced through the borohydride method, particularly in particles synthesized from iron (III) chloride rather than from iron sulfate. Total PCDD/F WHO-TEQ concentrations of up to 35 pg/g were observed in nZVI particles, with hepta-and octa-chlorinated congeners being the most abundant. The reagents used in the borohydride method were also analyzed, and our findings suggest that FeCl3 effectively contains PCDD/Fs at concentrations that could explain the concentrations observed in the nZVI product. Both FeCl3 and nZVI showed a similar PCDD/F patterns with slight differences. These results suggest that PCDD/Fs might transfer from FeCl3 to nZVI during the production method, and thus, care should be taken when employing certain nZVI for environmental remediation.
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- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Study of the presence of PCDDs/PCDFs on zero-valent iron nanoparticles
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Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Calderón Roca, Blanca, Lundin, Lisa, Aracil, Ignacio, Fullana, Andres, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Calderón Roca, Blanca, Lundin, Lisa, Aracil, Ignacio, and Fullana, Andres
- Abstract
Studies show that nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles enhance the formation of chlorinated compounds such as polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) during thermal processes. However, it is unclear whether nZVI acts as a catalyst for the formation of these compounds or contains impurities, such as PCDD/Fs, within its structure. We analyzed the presence of PCDD/Fs in nZVI particles synthesized through various production methods to elucidate this uncertainty. None of the 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners were found in the commercially-produced nZVI, but they were present in the laboratory-synthesized nZVI produced through the borohydride method, particularly in particles synthesized from iron (III) chloride rather than from iron sulfate. Total PCDD/F WHO-TEQ concentrations of up to 35 pg/g were observed in nZVI particles, with hepta- and octa-chlorinated congeners being the most abundant. The reagents used in the borohydride method were also analyzed, and our findings suggest that FeCl3 effectively contains PCDD/Fs at concentrations that could explain the concentrations observed in the nZVI product. Both FeCl3 and nZVI showed a similar PCDD/F patterns with slight differences. These results suggest that PCDD/Fs might transfer from FeCl3 to nZVI during the production method, and thus, care should be taken when employing certain nZVI for environmental remediation.
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- 2017
23. Hazardous compounds released from textiles and the associated load they place on Swedish sewage treatment plants
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Haglund, Peter, Lundin, Lisa, Liljelind, Per, Hjelt, Maria, Renberg, Mikael, Kaj, Lennart, and Alsberg, Tomas
- Subjects
Miljövetenskap ,Environmental Sciences - Abstract
Hushållens bidrag av tvättvatten från textiltvätt till de kommunala avloppsreningsverken uppskattas till ca 2% av det totala volymflödet. Registerdata över kemikalier som används vid tillverkning av textilier/kläder samt analyser av tvättvatten visar att textilfibrer, mikroplastfibrer och många miljöstörande ämnen når våra reningsverk via textiltvätt. Dessa fibrer och kemiska ämnen kan bidra till förorening av avloppsreningsslam som används för gödsling av åkermark eller av vattenmiljö nedströms reningsverken. Ett av Sveriges miljömål är En Giftfri Miljö och dess delmål innefattar bl.a. information om farliga ämnen i varor (Ds 2012:23). Textilier är en av de varugrupper som Miljömålberedningen föreslagit (SOU 2012:38) bli föremål för ett regeringsuppdrag avseende innehåll av farliga ämnen och riskbegränsande åtgärder samt frivillig miljömärkning. I det svenska miljömålsystemet ingår också generationsmål om att materialkretsloppen skall vara så fria från farliga ämnen som möjligt och att våra konsumtionsmönster av varor ska ge så små hälso- och miljöproblem som möjligt även i varornas tillverkningsländer utanför Sverige. Generationsmålet innebär att svensk politik behöver ta hänsyn till den miljö- och hälsopåverkan som svensk konsumtion orsakar i andra länder. EU:s ramdirektiv för avfall (2008/96/EG) har vidare slagit fast en avfallshierarki som sätter återanvändning av uttjänta varor, t. ex. kläder, före materialåtervinning av avfall. Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning som vattentvätt av fem klädtyper (t-tröjor av bomull med plasttryck, bomullsjeans, arbetsbyxor, fleecetröjor samt allvädersjackor) bidrar till förekomsten av miljögifter i slam samt i utgående vatten från representativt utvalda svenska reningsverk. Utförande Kläder av fem olika klädtyper, enligt specifikation från naturvårdsverket (baserat på en tidigare studie av Swerea) köptes in från affärer i Umeå under januari 2014. Det var 8 st t-tröjor av bomull med plasttryck, 3 st bomullsjeans, 2 st arbetsbyxor, 8 st fleecetröjor samt 3 st allvädersjackor. Kläderna tvättades i en vanlig tvättmaskin 2 gånger efter varandra utan att torka mellan och allt tvättvatten samlades upp. Delprov av tvättvattnet togs ut och analyserades för 126 utvalda ämnena på tre olika laboratorier (Miljökemiska Laboratoriet, Umeå Universitet, Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL) och Stockholms Universitet (ACES)). Ämnena var processkemikalier såsom pentaklorfenol, och triklosan, funktionskemikalier såsom ftalater och organofosfater samt oönskade kemikalier såsom dioxiner, klorfenoler och klorbensener. 2 Resultat Studien visar på att det mängdmässigt främst är funktionskemikalier som släpper från kläderna vid tvätt. Det här var väntat då dessa kemikalier är avsiktligt och oftast inte kemiskt bundet till tyget. Processkemikalier avges i mindre mängd och oönskade kemikalier såsom till exempel klorerade fenoler och bensener hittades i väldigt små mängder i tvättvattnet oavsett vilken typ av klädesplagg som tvättats. Vare sig processkemikalierna eller de oönskade kemikalierna borde finnas i plaggen och därför var det väntat att dessa kemikalier inte skulle hittas i samma utsträckning som funktionskemikalierna. Om man ser till detektionsfrekvensen, d.v.s. hur ofta de ämnen som ingår i en ämnesklass påträffas, blir bilden delvis en annan. Mer än 75% av de funktionskemikalier (38 av 50), ca 50% av funktionskemikalierna (26 av 49) och ca. 30% av processkemikalierna (8 av 27) detekterades i tvättvattenproverna. T-tröjor och skaljackorna var de klädtyper som avgav störst mängd kemikalier per kg 47 mg/kg (0.005% w/w) för t-tröjor följt av 23 mg/kg (0.002% w/w) för skaljackor. Jeans, arbetsbyxor och fleecetröjor släppte mycket mindre mängd kemikalier 0.001, 0.001 and 0.0005% vid tvätt till tvättvattnet. De fem klädtyperna släppte alla bisfenol AF, organofosfater, ftalater, formaldehyd, bromerade och klorerade fenoler samt klorerade bensener till tvättvattnet vid de två första tvättarna. Några föreningar som inte kunde detekteras i tvättvattnet var 4 stycken siloxaner, 9 stycken olika aniliner och majoriteten av de 17 dioxinerna och furanerna som ingick i studien. T-tröjor släppte mer textilfibrer (0,85 mg/kg) jämfört med de andra klädtyperna. De andra klädtyperna släppte betydlig mindre fibrer vid tvätt: jeans 0,46 mg/kg, skaljackor 0,02 mg/kg, arbetsbyxor 0,07 mg/kg och fleecetröjor 0,1 mg/kg. Diskussion Om man tar hänsyn till den årliga användningsvolymen av de olika klädestyperna avger t-tröjorna den största mängden kemikalier (469 kg funktionella kemikalier, 0,5 kg processkemikalier och 0,07 kg oönskade kemikalier) vid de två första tvättarna av plaggen. Arbetsbyxor var den klädestyp som släppte minst kemikalier (30 kg funktionella kemikalier, 7 kg processkemikalier och 0,9 g oönskade kemikalier). Ftalater och organofosfater frigjordes i stora mängder från kläderna (302 kg och 7,6 kg) och bidrar med 50% respektive 5% vardera till vad som återfinns i utgående vatten och slam från avloppsreningsverken. Klorfenoler och perfluorerade ämnen frigjordes i betydligt mindre mängder (430 g och 300 g) men bidrar i teorin med mer (167% respektive 223%) än vad som återfinns i utgåendevatten och slam från avloppsreningsverken för respektive grupp, vilket är orealistiskt. Brister i dataunderlaget eller degradering av föroreningar i reningsprocessen kan vara möjliga orsaker till överskattningen. Det är dock klart att tvätt av kläder ger ett betydande bidrag till vad som återfinns i reningsverksvatten och slam. 3 Slutsatser Kemikalier som är förbjudna enligt t ex Reach ska naturligtvis inte förekomma i kläder. Trots det så hittas de ändå ibland vid inspektion. Det är ett stort problem eftersom kemikalierna fortfarande kan vara lagliga att använda i visa länder. Exempelvis är det förbjudet att använda arylaminer inom EU, ändå återfinner vi en av dessa 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane i tvättvatten från alla typer av kläder i denna studie. Idag sker produktion av kläder över hela världen och det är svårt att få information om vilka kemikalier som har använts för ett visst plagg. Denna spårbarhet skulle behöva förbättras. I den här studien har vi hittat 72 av 126 föreningar, alla icke-naturliga föreningar, i tvättvattnet. De föreningar som frigjordes i störst mängder till tvättvattnet i den här studien var BPS, ftalater (DBP, BBP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP), DINCH, organofosfater (TPP, TCEP, TCPP, TEHP, TBEP) och formaldehyd. Med hänsyn taget till nettotillförseln av nya kläder kommer den mängden kemikalier på årlig basis som avges från nya kläder som tvättas de två första gångerna att vara betydande. Även om en del av de föreningar som avges från kläderna kommer att brytas ner under behandlingen av avloppsvattnet i avloppsreningsverken så kommer många av dem att hamna i det utgående vattnet eller i slammet. Dessa kommer hamna i recipienten eller där slam används för att tillföra näringsämnen. Fortsatt arbete För att få en ännu bättre bild av hur mycket kemikalier som frigörs från kläder vid tvätt skulle det vara intressant att studera fler klädtyper. Det skulle också vara av intresse att analysera kläderna i sig för att kunna avgöra hur stor andel av det som finns i kläderna som avges vid tvätt, men också vad som finns kvar i kläderna när de så småningom blir textilavfall. Slutligen skulle det vara intressant att genom så kallad "non-target analysis" av både kläder och tvättvatten få veta vilka andra föreningar som förekommer i både kläder och tvättvatten. Rätt använt skulle "non-target anaysis" kunna fånga upp ett brett spektrum av kemikalier och ge en "totalbild" av substansflödet från textilier, via tvättvatten och reningsverk, till olika recipienter. Water from household laundry has been estimated to make up about 2% of the total volume flowing into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Records of the chemicals used in the manufacture of textiles/clothing and analyses of both washed clothes and laundry wastewater indicate that a large number of environmentally harmful substances can potentially reach treatment plants. These substances, including fibers and micro plastics fromlaundry, may contribute to the pollution of sewage sludge used for fertilization of arable land, or pollute the receiving waters downstream of wastewater treatment plants. Textiles are one of the groups of consumer goods that the Environmental Objectives Committee proposed (SOU 2012: 38) be subject to a government mandate regarding the use of hazardous chemicals, environmental risk reduction measures and voluntary eco-labeling. The government has also decided (Ds 2012: 23) on interim measures aimed at removing toxic material from the environment, including providing information on hazardous substances in clothing. The Swedish environmental objectives system also includes the so-called "Generation target", that states that material life cycles should be as free as possible from hazardous substances and that consumption of goods should produce as few health and environmental problems as possible, including in all the countries where they were manufactured. The Generation target means that the Swedish government needs to take into account environmental and health impacts that Swedish consumption may cause in other countries. The EU Waste Framework Directive (2008/96 / EC) defines a waste hierarchy that puts the recycling of old products, such as clothing, before the recycling of waste. This study may inform those working on developing such directives. Aim The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which laundering of five types of clothing (cotton t-shirts, cotton jeans, work trousers, fleece sweaters and weatherproof jackets) contributes to the presence of toxic pollutants in sludge and effluent water from a representative sample of treatment plants. Experimental The choice of clothing was based on the study "Kartläggning av kemikalieanvändning i kläder" (Swerea IVF, Report 09/52) and were purchased in Umeå during January 2014. The different categories of clothing were washed twice in a washing machine, without drying them in between and all wastewater was collected from the washer. Immediately after washing, samples of this water were transferred into 2 L glass containers and were analyzed for 126 compounds by three different laboratories (Miljökemiska Laboratoriet, Umeå Universitet, Svenska Miljöinstitutet (IVL) och Stockholms Universitet (ACES)). 5 Results The results show that the main types of chemicals that were released when the clothing was washed, regardless of the type of clothing, were process and functional chemicals. This was expected since functional chemicals are added to the garment and are usually not chemically bonded to the fabric, whilst the process chemicals should not be present in the final product at all. Chemicals belonging to the group unwanted chemicals were released in very small amounts to the wastewater whatever type of clothing washed. The functional chemicals represented 30 % of the analyzed target compounds but accounted for up to 99% (for t-shirts) of the release when the clothing was washed. The lowest contribution of functional chemicals to the total release of chemicals was from weatherproof jackets. Process chemicals dominated those released from weatherproof jackets (90%) and fleece sweaters (72%); for working pants, the contribution was 41%. The unwanted chemicals were present in much lower amounts in the laundry wastewater than the functional and process chemicals: they represented 1% or less of the chemicals detected. T-shirts is estimated to release the largest amount of chemicals (469 kg functional chemicals, 0.5 kg process chemicals and 0.07 kg unwanted chemicals) based on the yearly net supply and the first two washing cycles. Fleece sweaters released the least amount of chemicals; 1.8 kg functional chemicals, 2.9 kg process chemicals and 3 g unwanted chemicals. Phthalates, DINCH (a phthalate substitute), bisphenols, formaldehyde, and organophosphates were the groups of chemicals estimated to be released in largest amounts from the five types of clothing included in the study, contributing 47%, 25%, 12%, 12%, and 3%, respectively, to the total amount. Based on the yearly net supply of clothing included in this study, the estimated release of textile fibers varies between 100 kg for fleece sweaters up to 8,500 kg for t-shirts. T-shirts released 0.85 mg fibers per kg, jeans released 0.46 mg/kg, weatherproof jackets 0.02 mg/kg, working pants 0.07 mg/kg and fleece sweaters 0.1 mg/kg. Discussion Phthalates and organophosphates were estimated to be released in large amounts (302 kg and 7.6 kg) contribute with 50% and 5% respectively to the amounts found in effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Chlorophenols and perfluorinated compounds were estimated to be released in very low amounts (430 g and 300 g respectively). This is however still more, 167% and 223% respectively, than what is found annually in the effluents and sewage sludge of all Swedish WWTPs. The estimated contribution to sewage sludge for the different compound classes was far higher than the calculated contribution to effluent. The estimation produced a contribution figure of over 100% for some compound groups. Short chain chloroparaffins and chlorophenols were estimated to contribute to the amount found in sewage sludge to such a large degree that it exceeded what is actually found in the sewage sludge. Chlorophenols are distributed between both effluent and sewage sludge, but reference data was only found for sludge, so this could be the reason for the overestimation of the amount that ends up in the sewage sludge. It can also not be excluded that the selection of clothing was not representative of what is on the market. 6 Conclusions Chemicals that are banned according to legislation such as Reach should, in principle, not be present in clothing. Even so, they are sometimes found during inspections of manufacturing facilities and analyses of clothing. This is a large problem since the use of a chemical can be banned in some countries but not in others. Arylamines are, for example, forbidden within the EU, but one of those 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane could still be detected in all types of clothing. Now, the clothing that we wear comes from all over the world, and it is difficult to find information on which chemicals have been used in its production since that can take place in many different countries. This tractability needs to be improved. In this study, we detected 72 out of 126 compounds that are non-naturally occurring compounds, in the laundry wastewater. Among the compound groups that could not be detected were anilines, triclosan, triclocarban, and siloxanes. The compounds released in large amounts into the laundry wastewater in this study were the process chemical bisphenol S (BPS), and the functional chemicals phthalates (DBP, BBP, DINP, DIDP), DINCH, organophosphates (TPP, TCEP, TCPP, TEHP, TBEP) and formaldehyde. Considering the net supply of new clothing to Sweden, the estimated annual contribution of the release of such compounds from new clothing being washed for the first time will be substantial. Even though some of these chemicals will be degraded during the treatment process in the WWTP, many of them will end up in effluent or sewage sludge and, to different degrees, contribute to the compounds that risk ending up in WWTPs or where nutrients are recycled from sewage sludge. Future work To obtain a better picture of the volume of chemicals flowing to the WWTPs and, potentially, the environment, originating from the laundering of clothing, it would be of interest to study the release of chemicals from a broader range of clothing types. It would also be interesting to include analysis of the fabric to see what proportion of chemicals are released during laundry, and what proportion remain and are then potentially released during later washing or enter the textile waste stream. It would also be of great interest to carry out non-target analysis on both the textiles and the wastewater to form an even broader picture of which chemicals are present in the textiles and the wastewater.
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- 2016
24. Study of the presence of PCDDs/PCDFs on zero-valent iron nanoparticles
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Calderon, Blanca, primary, Lundin, Lisa, additional, Aracil, Ignacio, additional, and Fullana, Andres, additional
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- 2017
- Full Text
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25. Brominated dioxins in plastics – Emissions during fires
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Lundstedt, Staffan, Sindiku, Omotayo, Ortuño García, Nuria, Lundin, Lisa, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de los Procesos Químicos, and Residuos, Energía, Medio Ambiente y Nanotecnología (REMAN)
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Ingeniería Química ,PBDD/Fs ,Brominated dioxins ,Plastics ,Fires - Abstract
In this presentation we show examples of levels and patterns of PBDD/Fs and BFRs that may be found in plastics related to electronic equipment. We also show examples of the quantities and types of PBDD/Fs and BFRs that are emitted as the plastics are heated at different temperatures and conditions. Emission data are shown for all from controlled lab-scale experiments, semi-controlled pilot-scale experiments to an uncontrolled accidental fire. For the latter, the levels and patterns found in the environment after the fire are also presented. Resumen de la comunicación presentada en PIC2015 – the 14th International Congress on Combustion By-Products and Their Health Effects, Umeå, Sweden, 14-17 June 2015.
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- 2015
26. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Streamwater : Influence of Hydrological Conditions and Landscape Type
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Josefsson, Sarah, Bergknut, Magnus, Futter, Martyn N., Jansson, Stina, Laudon, Hjalmar, Lundin, Lisa, Wiberg, Karin, Josefsson, Sarah, Bergknut, Magnus, Futter, Martyn N., Jansson, Stina, Laudon, Hjalmar, Lundin, Lisa, and Wiberg, Karin
- Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in streamwater were measured in a remote catchment in northern Sweden and downstream to the Baltic Sea. Sampling took place at seven sites during two years and under different hydrological conditions: during the snow-free, snow-covered, and spring-flood seasons. Concentrations varied substantially between seasons and were up to 20 times higher during the spring flood compared to the preceding snow-covered period. The increase in concentrations with runoff was due to higher levels of particle-associated contaminants, while the dissolved concentrations remained stable. Particulate-contaminant concentrations were positively correlated primarily to suspended particulate matter (SPM) at sites in areas with a high land-cover fraction of sorted sediment. When upstream sampling locations were compared, a mire-dominated stream had higher concentrations and a lower retention of atmospherically deposited contaminants than a forest stream of the same catchment size. Contaminant concentrations (normalized to volume) did not increase consistently downstream despite the presence of several point sources. However, when normalized to the amount of SPM, concentrations were on average >20 times higher at the outlet in the Baltic Sea compared to the outlet from the remote catchment without point sources., Bio4Energy
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- 2016
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27. 14th congress of combustion by-products and their health effects-origin, fate, and health effects of combustion-related air pollutants in the coming era of bio-based energy sources
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Weidemann, Eva, Andersson, Patrik L., Bidleman, Terry, Boman, Christoffer, Carlin, Danielle J., Collina, Elena, Cormier, Stephania A., Gouveia-Figueira, Sandra C., Gullett, Brian K., Johansson, Christer, Lucas, Donald, Lundin, Lisa, Lundstedt, Staffan, Marklund, Stellan, Nording, Malin L., Ortuno, Nuria, Sallam, Asmaa A., Schmidt, Florian M., Jansson, Stina, Weidemann, Eva, Andersson, Patrik L., Bidleman, Terry, Boman, Christoffer, Carlin, Danielle J., Collina, Elena, Cormier, Stephania A., Gouveia-Figueira, Sandra C., Gullett, Brian K., Johansson, Christer, Lucas, Donald, Lundin, Lisa, Lundstedt, Staffan, Marklund, Stellan, Nording, Malin L., Ortuno, Nuria, Sallam, Asmaa A., Schmidt, Florian M., and Jansson, Stina
- Abstract
The 14th International Congress on Combustion By-Products and Their Health Effects was held in UmeAyen, Sweden from June 14th to 17th, 2015. The Congress, mainly sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Research Program and the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, focused on the "Origin, fate and health effects of combustion-related air pollutants in the coming era of bio-based energy sources". The international delegates included academic and government researchers, engineers, scientists, policymakers and representatives of industrial partners. The Congress provided a unique forum for the discussion of scientific advances in this research area since it addressed in combination the health-related issues and the environmental implications of combustion by-products. The scientific outcomes of the Congress included the consensus opinions that: (a) there is a correlation between human exposure to particulate matter and increased cardiac and respiratory morbidity and mortality; (b) because currently available data does not support the assessment of differences in health outcomes between biomass smoke and other particulates in outdoor air, the potential human health and environmental impacts of emerging air-pollution sources must be addressed. Assessment will require the development of new approaches to characterize combustion emissions through advanced sampling and analytical methods. The Congress also concluded the need for better and more sustainable e-waste management and improved policies, usage and disposal methods for materials containing flame retardants., Bio4Energy
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- 2016
- Full Text
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28. Thermal decomposition of municipal solid waste fly ash and desorption of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans from fly ash surfaces
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Weidemann, Eva, Lundin, Lisa, Boily, Jean-Francois, Weidemann, Eva, Lundin, Lisa, and Boily, Jean-Francois
- Abstract
Surfaces of fly ashes from three Swedish MSW incinerating plants were extensively characterized to better predict their involvement in the generation of persistent organic pollutants. The ashes were then subjected to thermal treatment at 400 °C in sealed glass ampoules to track the decomposition polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD and PCDF). Temperature programmed desorption experiments in the 30–900 °C range also enabled monitoring of thermally decomposing ashes by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as thermally desorbing effluent gases by mass spectrometry. In addition, one ash was doped with 13C-labelled PCDD and PCDF to evaluate the potential of the experimental setup for elucidating the thermal desorption of the organic molecules. It was found that in ashes with high carbon content PCDD and PCDF decomposition were led pronounced, and that PCDD degraded more readily than PCDF.
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- 2016
- Full Text
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29. 14th congress of combustion by-products and their health effects—origin, fate, and health effects of combustion-related air pollutants in the coming era of bio-based energy sources
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Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de los Procesos Químicos, Weidemann, Eva, Andersson, Patrik L., Bidleman, Terry, Boman, Christoffer, Carlin, Danielle J., Collina, Elena, Cormier, Stephania A., Gouveia-Figueira, Sandra C., Gullett, Brian K., Johansson, Christer, Lucas, Donald, Lundin, Lisa, Lundstedt, Staffan, Marklund, Stellan, Nording, Malin L., Ortuño García, Nuria, Sallam, Asmaa A., Schmidt, Florian M., Jansson, Stina, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de los Procesos Químicos, Weidemann, Eva, Andersson, Patrik L., Bidleman, Terry, Boman, Christoffer, Carlin, Danielle J., Collina, Elena, Cormier, Stephania A., Gouveia-Figueira, Sandra C., Gullett, Brian K., Johansson, Christer, Lucas, Donald, Lundin, Lisa, Lundstedt, Staffan, Marklund, Stellan, Nording, Malin L., Ortuño García, Nuria, Sallam, Asmaa A., Schmidt, Florian M., and Jansson, Stina
- Abstract
The 14th International Congress on Combustion By-Products and Their Health Effects was held in Umeå, Sweden from June 14th to 17th, 2015. The Congress, mainly sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Research Program and the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, focused on the “Origin, fate and health effects of combustion-related air pollutants in the coming era of bio-based energy sources”. The international delegates included academic and government researchers, engineers, scientists, policymakers and representatives of industrial partners. The Congress provided a unique forum for the discussion of scientific advances in this research area since it addressed in combination the health-related issues and the environmental implications of combustion by-products. The scientific outcomes of the Congress included the consensus opinions that: (a) there is a correlation between human exposure to particulate matter and increased cardiac and respiratory morbidity and mortality; (b) because currently available data does not support the assessment of differences in health outcomes between biomass smoke and other particulates in outdoor air, the potential human health and environmental impacts of emerging air-pollution sources must be addressed. Assessment will require the development of new approaches to characterize combustion emissions through advanced sampling and analytical methods. The Congress also concluded the need for better and more sustainable e-waste management and improved policies, usage and disposal methods for materials containing flame retardants.
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- 2016
30. Elevated Crafts: Textile Production at Fortified Hilltop Settlements from the Migration Period
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Widegren Lundin, Lisa and Widegren Lundin, Lisa
- Abstract
This study focuses on the textile implements, notably the loom weights and spindle whorls, found at fortified hilltop settlements - a specific type of hillfort in Sweden. The sites included in the study are Boberget (Östergötland), Gullborg (Östergötland), Darsgärde (Uppland) and Börsås kulle (Bohuslän). From quantitative analysis of the material, assessing the least possible production range, the study also discusses textile production and its social dimensions within the context of sites that deviate from the ordinary, primarily domestic, settlements during the Migration Period. It was possible for the sites to produce textiles of both simple and fine quality. The context of these sites as central places suggests a specialised textile craft which seems to be representative in nature.
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- 2016
31. Thermal decomposition of municipal solid waste fly ash and desorption of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans from fly ash surfaces
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Weidemann, Eva, primary, Lundin, Lisa, additional, and Boily, Jean-François, additional
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- 2016
- Full Text
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32. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Streamwater: Influence of Hydrological Conditions and Landscape Type
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Josefsson, Sarah, primary, Bergknut, Magnus, additional, Futter, Martyn N., additional, Jansson, Stina, additional, Laudon, Hjalmar, additional, Lundin, Lisa, additional, and Wiberg, Karin, additional
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- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. 14th congress of combustion by-products and their health effects—origin, fate, and health effects of combustion-related air pollutants in the coming era of bio-based energy sources
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Weidemann, Eva, primary, Andersson, Patrik L., additional, Bidleman, Terry, additional, Boman, Christoffer, additional, Carlin, Danielle J., additional, Collina, Elena, additional, Cormier, Stephania A., additional, Gouveia-Figueira, Sandra C., additional, Gullett, Brian K., additional, Johansson, Christer, additional, Lucas, Donald, additional, Lundin, Lisa, additional, Lundstedt, Staffan, additional, Marklund, Stellan, additional, Nording, Malin L., additional, Ortuño, Nuria, additional, Sallam, Asmaa A., additional, Schmidt, Florian M., additional, and Jansson, Stina, additional
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- 2016
- Full Text
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34. Emissions of PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs from flame-retarded high-impact polystyrene under thermal stress
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Ortuno, Nuria, Lundstedt, Staffan, Lundin, Lisa, Ortuno, Nuria, Lundstedt, Staffan, and Lundin, Lisa
- Abstract
The emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and their chlorinated analogues (PCDD/Fs) during the thermal treatment of a high impact polystyrene (HIPS) TV casing were investigated. The halogenated compounds were analyzed in the original material and in the gases emitted during its treatment at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 250 degrees C. DecaBDE was the primary PBDE in the TV casing, which also contained high levels of PBDFs (ppm range). At the lower treatment temperatures, non-modified PBDEs evaporated from the samples. Conversely, at 200 degrees C or above, debromination reactions led to the formation of additional tri- through nonaBDE. The formation of new PBDD/Fs was also detected in the gas phase when the plastic was heated to 200 degrees C or 250 degrees C, with higher yields of furans than dioxins. This appreciably increased the toxic equivalent (TEQ) levels of the gas phase relative to those seen in the untreated sample. In all cases, the levels and TEQ contributions from PCDD/Fs were negligible compared to those for brominated analogues. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Brominated dioxins in plastics – Emissions during fires
- Author
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Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de los Procesos Químicos, Lundstedt, Staffan, Sindiku, Omotayo, Ortuño García, Nuria, Lundin, Lisa, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de los Procesos Químicos, Lundstedt, Staffan, Sindiku, Omotayo, Ortuño García, Nuria, and Lundin, Lisa
- Abstract
In this presentation we show examples of levels and patterns of PBDD/Fs and BFRs that may be found in plastics related to electronic equipment. We also show examples of the quantities and types of PBDD/Fs and BFRs that are emitted as the plastics are heated at different temperatures and conditions. Emission data are shown for all from controlled lab-scale experiments, semi-controlled pilot-scale experiments to an uncontrolled accidental fire. For the latter, the levels and patterns found in the environment after the fire are also presented.
- Published
- 2015
36. Emissions of PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs from flame-retarded high-impact polystyrene under thermal stress
- Author
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Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de los Procesos Químicos, Ortuño García, Nuria, Lundstedt, Staffan, Lundin, Lisa, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de los Procesos Químicos, Ortuño García, Nuria, Lundstedt, Staffan, and Lundin, Lisa
- Abstract
The emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and their chlorinated analogues (PCDD/Fs) during the thermal treatment of a high impact polystyrene (HIPS) TV casing were investigated. The halogenated compounds were analyzed in the original material and in the gases emitted during its treatment at temperatures between 50 °C and 250 °C. DecaBDE was the primary PBDE in the TV casing, which also contained high levels of PBDFs (ppm range). At the lower treatment temperatures, non-modified PBDEs evaporated from the samples. Conversely, at 200 °C or above, debromination reactions led to the formation of additional tri- through nonaBDE. The formation of new PBDD/Fs was also detected in the gas phase when the plastic was heated to 200 °C or 250 °C, with higher yields of furans than dioxins. This appreciably increased the toxic equivalent (TEQ) levels of the gas phase relative to those seen in the untreated sample. In all cases, the levels and TEQ contributions from PCDD/Fs were negligible compared to those for brominated analogues.
- Published
- 2015
37. Emissions of PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs from a TV Back Cover under Thermal Stress
- Author
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Ortuño García, Nuria, Lundstedt, Staffan, Lundin, Lisa, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, and Residuos, Pirólisis y Combustión
- Subjects
Ingeniería Química ,PBDD/Fs ,PBDEs ,PCDD/Fs ,Thermal stress ,Flame retarded HIPS ,TV back cover - Abstract
There is growing concern about the potential for human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which are present in commonly used articles such as electronic equipment, household furnishings, building materials, and car interiors. Some BFRs, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are additives that are not chemically bound to the plastic and therefore may be released more readily into the environment. Paper submitted to the 32th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Cairns, Australia, 26-31 Aug. 2012. Valencian Community Government (Spain) (research project PROMETEO/2009/043/FEDER).
- Published
- 2012
38. The Outdoor Classroom : A Study of Upper Secondary School Pupils' Attitudes to Outdoor Learning
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa
- Subjects
Utomhuspedagogik ,authenticity ,environmental education ,flow ,authentic environment ,team building ,teambuilding ,autentisk miljö ,outdoor learning ,miljöundervisning ,autenticitet ,Outdoor pedagogy ,lära utomhus - Abstract
Syftet med studien var att ta reda på hur gymnasieungdomar upplever utomhuspedagogiska moment i undervisningen. . Det är en kvalitativ undersökning gjord vid Bernadottegymnasiet i Stockholm. Studien baseras på deltagande observationer under drygt två fältdygn och på semi-strukturerade intervjufrågor med tolv elever, i tre fokusgrupper. Resultatet visar att elever upplever utomhuspedagogiska undervisningsmoment positivt. Eleverna anser att dessa moment utgör ett viktigt komplement till traditionell undervisning, och att utomhuspedagogik ökar både motivation och förståelse av begrepp, genom den autenticitet de erbjuder. Den positiva upplevelsen förstärks om lärsituationen upplevs som relevant och autentiskt. The aim of this study was to investigate upper secondary school pupils' attitudes to outdoor learning. It is a qualitative study done at the Bernadotte upper secondary school in Stockholm. The study is based on participant observations during two days and on semi-structured interview questions with 12 pupils in three focus groups. The results show that pupils in upper secondary school experience outdoor learning as positive. The pupils argue that those exercises constitute an important complement to traditional education and that outdoor education increases both motivation and understanding due to the authenticity it offers. This positive impression is strengthened if the educational situation is perceived as relevant and authentic.
- Published
- 2011
39. Emissions of PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs from flame-retarded high-impact polystyrene under thermal stress
- Author
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Ortuño, Nuria, primary, Lundstedt, Staffan, additional, and Lundin, Lisa, additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The effects of fuel composition and ammonium sulfate addition on PCDD, PCDF, PCN and PCB concentrations during the combustion of biomass and paper production residuals
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa, Jansson, Stina, Lundin, Lisa, and Jansson, Stina
- Abstract
The use of waste wood as an energy carrier has increased during the last decade. However, the higher levels of alkali metals and chlorine in waste wood compared to virgin biomass can promote the formation of deposits and organic pollutants. Here, the effect of fuel composition and the inhibitory effects of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the flue gas of a lab-scale combustor was investigated. Ammonium sulfate is often used as a corrosion-preventing additive and may also inhibit formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). In addition to PCDDs and PCDFs, polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) and biphenyls (PCB) were also analyzed. It was found that the flue gas composition changed dramatically when (NH4)2SO4 was added: CO, SO2, and NH3 levels increased, while those of HCl decreased to almost zero. However, the additive's effects on POP formation were less pronounced. When (NH4)2SO4 was added to give an S:Cl ratio of 3, only the PCDF concentration was reduced, indicating that this ratio was not sufficient to achieve a general reduction in POP emissions. Conversely, at an S:Cl ratio of 6, significant reductions in the WHO-TEQ value and the PCDD and PCDF contents of the flue gas were observed. The effect on the PCDF concentration was especially pronounced. PCN formation seemed to be promoted by the elevated CO concentrations caused by adding (NH4)2SO4., Available online: 18 September 2013
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. In-filter PCDF and PCDD formation at low temperature during MSWI combustion
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Weidemann, Eva, Marklund, Stellan, Bristav, Henrik, Lundin, Lisa, Weidemann, Eva, Marklund, Stellan, Bristav, Henrik, and Lundin, Lisa
- Abstract
This case study investigated PCDF and PCDD emissions from a 65 MW waste-to-energy plant to identify why an air pollution control system remodeling to accommodate increased production resulted in increased TEQ concentrations. Pre- and post-filter gases were collected simultaneously in four sample sets with varying filter temperatures and with/without activated carbon injection. Samples were analyzed to determine total PCDF and PCDD concentrations, as well as homologue profiles, and concentrations of individual congeners (some remained co-eluted). The total post filter PCDD concentrations where found to increase while the concentrations of PCDF and 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners declined. An investigation of the individual congener concentrations revealed that the increase of PCDD concentrations were due to a few congeners, suggesting a single formation route. The study also concludes that vital information about the formation could be obtained by not restricting the analysis to just the 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Formation and degradation of PCDD/F in waste incineration ashes
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa
- Subjects
dechlorination ,fly ash ,remediation ,formation ,Environmental chemistry ,ash ,PCDF ,Miljökemi ,PCDD ,destruction ,MSW ,thermal treatment ,degradation - Abstract
The disposal of combustible wastes by incineration is a controversial issue that is strongly debated by both scientists and environmental activists due to the resulting emissions of noxious compounds, including (inter alia) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), heavy metals and acid gases like sulfur dioxide. Currently available air pollution control devices are capable of effectively cleaning flue gases, and PCDD/F emissions to air from modern municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators are low. However, the PCDD and PCDF end up in ash fractions that, in Sweden, are usually deposited in landfills. The European Union has recently set a maximum permitted total concentration of 15 µg TEQ/kg for PCDD/F species in waste. Fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration containing PCDD/Fs at concentrations above this limit will have to be remediated to avoid disposing of them in landfills; an expensive and environmentally unfriendly option. Therefore, effective, reliable and cost-effective methods for degrading PCDD/F in fly ash are required, and a better understanding of the behavior of PCDDs and PCDFs during thermal treatment will be needed to develop them. In the studies this thesis is based upon both the formation and degradation of PCDDs and PCDFs in ashes from MSW incineration were studied. The main findings of the investigations regarding PCCD/F formation were: - The concentrations of PCDD and PCDF in fly ash increased with reductions in the temperature in the post-combustion zone. - The homologue profile in the ash changed when the temperature in the post-combustion zone changed. - The final amounts of PCDD and PCDF present were affected by their rates of both formation and degradation, and the mechanisms involved differ between PCDDs and PCDFs. The main findings from the degradation studies were: - The chemical composition of ash has a major impact on the degradation potential of PCDD and PCDF. - The presence of oxygen during thermal treatment can enhance the degradation of PCDD and PCDF. - Thermal treatment is a viable option for degrading PCDD and PCDF in ashes from MSW. - Shifts in chlorination degree occur during thermal treatment. - Rapid heat transfer into the ash is a key factor for ensuring fast degradation of PCDD and PCDF. - Degradation of other chlorinated organic compounds, e.g. PCB and HCB, also occurs during thermal treatment of ash. - Reductions in levels of PCDD and PCDF were not solely due to their desorption to the gas phase. - Differences between the behavior of 2378-substituted congeners of PCDD and PCDF and the other congeners during thermal treatment were observed. - Differences in isomer patterns of both PCDD and PCDF were observed between the ash and gas phases after thermal treatment at both 300 and 500 oC. Overall, the results show that the formation and degradation mechanisms of PCDDs differ substantially from those of PCDFs. Thus these groups of compounds should be separately considered in attempts to identify ways to reduce their concentrations.
- Published
- 2007
43. In-filter PCDF and PCDD formation at low temperature during MSWI combustion
- Author
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Weidemann, Eva, primary, Marklund, Stellan, additional, Bristav, Henrik, additional, and Lundin, Lisa, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The effects of fuel composition and ammonium sulfate addition on PCDD, PCDF, PCN and PCB concentrations during the combustion of biomass and paper production residuals
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa, primary and Jansson, Stina, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Low temperature thermal degradation of PCDD/Fs in soil using nanosized particles of zerovalent iron and CaO
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa, Moltó, Julia, Fullana, Andres, Lundin, Lisa, Moltó, Julia, and Fullana, Andres
- Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in contaminated soil using low temperature treatment (200-280°C) both alone and in combination with nanosized zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles or CaO. Control soil samples and soil fortified with nZVI particles or CaO were treated at 200 and 250°C in sealed glass ampoules. Treatment of the ampouled samples at 250°C was more effective than treatment at 200°C and the reduction in PCDD/F concentration was greatest when soil was treated at 250°C with nZVI addition (indeed, treatment at 200°C in the absence of nZVI resulted in increases in total PCDD and PCDD/F concentrations). In larger-scale experiments based on the obtained results, using a rotary furnace, the greatest reduction in total PCDD/F concentration was achieved by treating soil at 280°C, and adding nZVI to the soil resulted in almost no detectable PCDD/F in the gas phase.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Reduction of PCDD, PCDF and PCB during co-combustion of biomass with waste products from pulp and paper industry
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa, Gomez-Rico, Maria Francisca, Forsberg, Christer, Nordenskjöld, Carl, Jansson, Stina, Lundin, Lisa, Gomez-Rico, Maria Francisca, Forsberg, Christer, Nordenskjöld, Carl, and Jansson, Stina
- Abstract
The use of waste wood as an energy carrier has increased during the last decade. However, elevated levels of alkali metals and chlorine in waste wood compared to virgin biomass can cause increased deposit formation and higher concentrations of organic pollutants. In this study, we investigated the effect of the ChlorOut technique on concentrations of organic pollutants. Ammonium sulfate was injected into the combustion system to inhibit formation of KCl (which causes deposits) and persistent organic pollutants, namely polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs). The results showed that concentrations of the toxic congeners of PCDD, PCDF and PCB decreased in the presence of ammonium sulfate.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Low temperature thermal degradation of PCDD/Fs in soil using nanosized particles of zerovalent iron and CaO
- Author
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Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Lundin, Lisa, Moltó Berenguer, Julia, Fullana, Andres, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Lundin, Lisa, Moltó Berenguer, Julia, and Fullana, Andres
- Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in contaminated soil using low temperature treatment (200–280 °C) both alone and in combination with nanosized zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles or CaO. Control soil samples and soil fortified with nZVI particles or CaO were treated at 200 and 250 °C in sealed glass ampoules. Treatment of the ampouled samples at 250 °C was more effective than treatment at 200 °C and the reduction in PCDD/F concentration was greatest when soil was treated at 250 °C with nZVI addition (indeed, treatment at 200 °C in the absence of nZVI resulted in increases in total PCDD and PCDD/F concentrations). In larger-scale experiments based on the obtained results, using a rotary furnace, the greatest reduction in total PCDD/F concentration was achieved by treating soil at 280 °C, and adding nZVI to the soil resulted in almost no detectable PCDD/F in the gas phase.
- Published
- 2013
48. Reduction of PCDD, PCDF and PCB during co-combustion of biomass with waste products from pulp and paper industry
- Author
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Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Lundin, Lisa, Gómez-Rico, María Francisca, Forsberg, Christer, Nordenskjöld, Carl, Jansson, Stina, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Lundin, Lisa, Gómez-Rico, María Francisca, Forsberg, Christer, Nordenskjöld, Carl, and Jansson, Stina
- Abstract
The use of waste wood as an energy carrier has increased during the last decade. However, elevated levels of alkali metals and chlorine in waste wood compared to virgin biomass can cause increased deposit formation and higher concentrations of organic pollutants. In this study, we investigated the effect of the ChlorOut technique on concentrations of organic pollutants. Ammonium sulfate was injected into the combustion system to inhibit formation of KCl (which causes deposits) and persistent organic pollutants, namely polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs). The results showed that concentrations of the toxic congeners of PCDD, PCDF and PCB decreased in the presence of ammonium sulfate.
- Published
- 2013
49. The effect of developing nations' municipal waste composition on PCDD/PCDF emissions from open burning
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Lundin, Lisa, Gullett, Brian, Carroll, William F., Jr., Touati, Abderrahmane, Marklund, Stellan, Fiedler, Heidelore, Lundin, Lisa, Gullett, Brian, Carroll, William F., Jr., Touati, Abderrahmane, Marklund, Stellan, and Fiedler, Heidelore
- Abstract
Open burning tests of municipal waste from two countries, Mexico and China, showed composition-related differences in emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs). Twenty-six burn tests were conducted, comparing results from two laboratory combustion facilities. Waste was shredded to isolate composition-specific effects from those due to random waste orientation. Emissions ranged from 5 to 780 ng toxic equivalent/kg carbon burned (ng TEQ (kg C-b)(-1)) with an average of 140 ng TEQ (kg C-b)(-1) (stdev = 170). The waste from Mexico (17 ng TEQ (kg C-b)(-1)) had a statistically lower average emission factor than waste from China (240 ng TEQ (kg C-b)(-1). This difference was attributed primarily to waste composition differences, although one time-integrated combustion quality measure, Delta CO/Delta CO2, showed statistical significance between laboratories. However, waste composition differences were far more determinant than which laboratory conducted the tests, illustrated using both statistical techniques and comparison of cross-over samples (wastes tested at both facilities). Comparison of emissions from previous waste combustion tests in Sweden and the U.S.A, showed emission factors within the range of those determined for Mexico and China waste. For laboratory-scale combustion, existing emission factors and test methodologies are generally applicable to both developed and developing countries. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The effect of developing nations' municipal waste composition on PCDD/PCDF emissions from open burning
- Author
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Lundin, Lisa, primary, Gullett, Brian, additional, Carroll, William F., additional, Touati, Abderrahmane, additional, Marklund, Stellan, additional, and Fiedler, Heidelore, additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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