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Background: The large-scale quantitative evidence base to understand and improve health and healthcare outcomes for people who are trans and/or non-binary is still developing, although what research there is suggests that risk of poor health is high, and experiences of healthcare services are often poor. In 2021 the GP Patient Survey, which is carried out annually to measure patient experience in primary care in England, added inclusive questions about gender identity and trans status for the first time. Methods: This protocol paper pre-registers the methods that we will use for this work for a secondary analysis of these data, including both the statistical analysis protocol and early patient and public involvement work, to answer the following three research questions: (1) What are the (a) demographic characteristics, (b) health conditions, and (c) healthcare experiences of trans and/or non-binary adults in England? (2) Was there any difference in whether people who are trans and/or non-binary had been asked to shield during the COVID-19 pandemic or not compared with all other survey responders? (3) Does the relationship between being trans and/or non-binary, and self-reported long-term mental health problems, autism and autistic spectrum disorder and learning disability vary by age, gender, ethnicity, deprivation, sexual orientation or region?

Peer reviewed: True, Acknowledgements: The authors thank the survey participants for their generous contribution of time and effort. We also thank our contact persons for their essential support in making the distribution of the survey possible., BACKGROUND: There is no clear guidance on how to implement opportunistic atrial fibrillation (AF) screening in daily clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the perception of general practitioners (GPs) about value and practicalities of implementing screening for AF, focusing on opportunistic single-time point screening with a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) device. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a survey developed to assess overall perception concerning AF screening, feasibility of opportunistic single-lead ECG screening and implementation requirements and barriers. RESULTS: A total of 659 responses were collected (36.1% Eastern, 33.4% Western, 12.1% Southern, 10.0% Northern Europe, 8.3% United Kingdom & Ireland). The perceived need for standardized AF screening was rated as 82.7 on a scale from 0 to 100. The vast majority (88.0%) indicated no AF screening program is established in their region. Three out of four GPs (72.1%, lowest in Eastern and Southern Europe) were equipped with a 12-lead ECG, while a single-lead ECG was less common (10.8%, highest in United Kingdom & Ireland). Three in five GPs (59.3%) feel confident ruling out AF on a single-lead ECG strip. Assistance through more education (28.7%) and a tele-healthcare service offering advice on ambiguous tracings (25.2%) would be helpful. Preferred strategies to overcome barriers like insufficient (qualified) staff, included integrating AF screening with other healthcare programs (24.9%) and algorithms to identify patients most suitable for AF screening (24.3%). CONCLUSION: GPs perceive a strong need for a standardized AF screening approach. Additional resources may be required to have it widely adopted into clinical practice.

Extending the understanding of individual and psychosocial factors underlying doctorand self-certified sick leave amongst Norwegian workers was the main objective of this study. Whilst Norway is at the forefront of work environmental standards, the rates of, and expenditure on, sick leave are amongst the highest. To explain sick leave, the Job DemandsResource model was used as a theoretical framework. The study had a quantitative crosssectional design, based on secondary data collected by EBHR, from a Norwegian organisation (N=1904). Employees reporting high degrees of job resources were less prone to report selfcertified sick leave mediated by work engagement, while employees reporting high job demands reported higher rates of self- and doctor certified sick leave mainly mediated by exhaustion. Younger employees were more prone to experience exhaustion, while their older coworkers reported higher rates of doctor-certified sick leave. Female employees reported a higher degree of sick leave than male employees. The findings indicate that an understanding of the relationship between psychosocial work environments, individual factors, and sick leave may aid the development of more effective interventions preventing or reducing sick leave. In particular by identifying which processes impact self- and doctor certified sick leave, as well as variations for age and gender.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the formative assessment work in Swedish compulsory special school, for students who read focus subject. The questions are how special educators working with formative assessment in different ways, and how they make the knowledge requirements visible by artefacts as the use of image support, alternative communication, digital tools and more. Theoretical approach consists of previous research on formative assessment. Sociocultural perspective has been used to analyse the results. Qualitative methods in the form of five observations and five interviews were used for the collection of empirical data. Results show that educators are working consistently with formative assessment in different ways and that teacher’s give students feedback for learning forward. In the categories peer assessment and the visibility of the knowledge requirements, it appears on the basis that it appears less in teaching. The study's implications based on the results is to make visible the objectives for students and help them to their own development. It also contributes to further research on the importance of students with intellectual disabilities may need alternative individual adaptations for perceiving information and communication about learning objectives and criteria. The work of visible learning and make students involved in their own development becomes more complicated when the curriculum and syllabuses exist only as text documents. Teachers need to create own image support in the student's immediate environment to increase the possibility for communication about the student's knowledge of the formative process

In Sweden, there is currently a vast amount of commercials for online casinos. Online casino companies have been able to double their investments in advertisement during the past year. These commercials have been shown to be dangerous for people with a history of gambling problems, as the commercials often show the most attractive aspects of gambling. Considering the aggressivity of the commercials, there has also been an active debate on whether or not to forbid the advertisement of gambling in Sweden. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the use of rhetorics in commercial videos for online casinos, to identify how the commercials argument to persuade their audience. By conducting a qualitative content analysis, with the basis on a rhetorical analysis, and the theories of agenda setting and priming, the study was executed on four different online casino commercials. Both visual and verbal aspects of the commercials were examined through different rhetorical aspects, such as Ethos, Pathos and Logos, to identify what sort of arguments occurred and what kind of rhetorical figures were used. The results showed that Ethos and Pathos dominated, and that these films try to set the audiences agenda through conveying their credibility. The authors found that all four of the commercials aim to achieve salience by reminding their audience of the rush players experience when gambling. The results also indicated that priming effects were achieved by showing a message that was in line with the audiences earlier conceptions.

Exercise can prevent and treat metabolic diseases. This thesis aimed to study energy metabolism in cultured human myotubes from subjects with different metabolic profile and training status, and to study effects of an in vivo exercise intervention on in vitro energy metabolism. Plasma lactate concentrations increase rapidly during exercise, and lactate is an energy source for skeletal muscle. We aimed to study lactate metabolism in cultured human myotubes at rest and to see if lactate exposure affected glucose and lipid metabolism. More than half of the surface area of lipid droplets (LDs) in human muscle biopsies is covered by perilipin 2 (PLIN2). To study the functional role of PLIN2 and LDs on energy metabolism in skeletal muscle we examined myotubes from Plin2+/+ and Plin2-/- mice. Results in this thesis show that exercise is able to induce changes in human myotubes in vivo that are discernible in vitro and that cultured myotubes retain some phenotypic traits of their donors. Ablation of Plin2 shifted cells from glucose to lipid metabolism. Lactate can be stored as glycogen and intracellular lipids in myotubes, and prolonged exposure affected metabolism of glucose and lipids.

Hensikt Denne artikkelen gir en oversikt over tilgjengelige legemidler, foruten insulin, til behandling av hyperglykemi ved type 2-diabetes. De enkelte legemidlenes virkningsmekanisme, kliniske effekt og bruk, samt viktigste bivirkninger er oppsummert. Materiale og metoder Oversiktsartikkelen er basert på et skjønnsmessig utvalg av relevante artikler funnet etter litteratursøk i databasen PubMed. Resultater og konklusjon Behandling av hyperglykemi ved type 2-diabetes kan være krevende, og for å oppnå og opprettholde god blodglukosekontroll kreves gjerne kombinasjoner av tiltak. Livsstilstiltak bør anbefales først til alle med type 2-diabetes med motivasjon og opplæring i viktigheten av økt fysisk aktivitet, sunt kosthold og vektreduksjon ved overvekt. Der dette ikke fører til ønsket blodglukosekontroll må legemiddelbehandling initieres, og ofte kan kombinasjoner av ulike legemidler med komplementære angrepspunkter være nødvendig. Metformin er førstevalg for de fleste pasientene. Dokumenterte effekter av metformin, sulfonylureapreparatene og glitazoner er 1–1,5 % reduksjon i HbA1c, mens DPP4-hemmere, GLP-1-analoger, SGLT2-hemmere og akarbose har noe lavere blodglukosesenkende effekt. Valg av behandling vil avhenge av den enkelte pasients karakteristika og grad av hyperglykemi.

Bakgrunn/mål: Fysisk aktivitet har en viktig rolle i profylakse og behandling av en rekke metabolske sykdommer som fedme, insulinresistens, metabolsk syndrom og type 2-diabetes. I denne studien ble energimetabolisme undersøkt i dyrkede skjelettmuskelceller isolert fra biopsier fra frivillige individer før og etter 12 uker med omfattende utholdenhets- og styrketrening. Metode: Skjelettmuskelceller ble isolert fra biopsi av musculus vastus lateralis til mannlige frivillige forsøkspersoner før og etter en treningsintervensjonsperiode, som inkluderte to utholdenhets- og to styrketreningsøkter á 90 minutter per uke i 12 uker. Både personer med normal og nedsatt glukosemetabolisme ble inkludert. Muskelstyrke og utholdenhet ble undersøkt før og etter den 12 uker lange intervensjonsperioden; insulinsensitivitet ble også undersøkt. Muskelcellene ble dyrket opp og differensiert til flerkjernede myotuber. Lipid- og glukosemetabolisme ble undersøkt ved å benytte henholdsvis radiomerket [1-14C]oljesyre og D-[14C(U)]glukose. I tillegg ble celler inkubert med peroksisomproliferator-aktivert reseptor δ (PPARδ)-agonisten GW501516 de siste fire dagene av differensieringsperioden. Genekspresjon ble undersøkt ved å benytte kvantitativ polymerase-kjedereaksjon (qPCR). Resultater: Muskelceller isolert og differensiert til myotuber etter en 12 ukers treningsperiode hadde signifikant økt opptak og oksidasjon av oljesyre sammenlignet med cellene isolert før den 12 uker lange treningsperioden. Det var ingen signifikante effekter på glukosemetabolismen etter treningsperioden. Ekspresjonen av genene ”cluster of differentiation” 36 (CD36), peroksisomproliferator-aktivert reseptor γ koaktivator-1α (PGC1α), cytokrom c-1 (Cyc1) og PPARδ så ut til å øke 2-4 ganger etter trenings-intervensjonsperioden. GW501516 økte oljesyremetabolismen i myotubene, men hadde hemmende effekt på glukosemetabolismen. Det var ingen tilleggseffekt av GW501516 på oljesyremetabolismen som følge av treningsintervensjonen. Konklusjon: Trening virket til å ha en positiv effekt på fettsyremetabolismen i skjelettmuskelceller etter en 12 ukers treningsperiode, og noen av effektene av trening in vivo så derfor ut til å være bevart i humane myotuber dyrket in vitro. Mer data trengs for å kunne trekke endelige konklusjoner ettersom myotuber fra et begrenset antall forsøkspersoner ble undersøkt i denne masteroppgaven.

Syftet med projektet har varit att utvärdera i vilken utsträckning ändamålet med det samordnade programmet ”Kustfisk, beståndsövervakning” i Bottniska viken uppfylls och om kostnadseffektiva justeringar går att genomföra, samt att utvärdera kustfiskbeståndens status, utveckling och övervakningens kvalitet. För detta ändamål har data från provfiskena i undersökningsområdena Forsmark, Långvindsfjärden, Gaviksfjärden, Norrbyområdet, Holmöarna, Kinnbäcksfjärden och Råneområdet analyserats för perioden 2002-2009. Regionala inventeringsrapporter import från MDP 2015-05

Uppsats behandlar företags kapitalstruktur d v s fördelning mellan främmande och eget kapital. Det finns teorier kring ämnet som menar att ett företags värde påverkas av sammansättningen mellan skulder och eget kapital. Detta föranledde vår problemformulering om att närbesläktade verksamheter uppvisar en likartad skuldsättning. Syftet var att jämföra skuldsätt-ningsgraden mellan kapitalintensiva branscher och kapitaltunna branscher. Utifrån detta ställdes vår hypotes upp om att kapitalkrävande branscherna fastighet och tunga maskiner har en högre skuldsättningsgrad än branscherna läkemedel och tjänster. Vår studie omfattar 52 företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. Vi har utgått från en kvantitativ ansats och empirin är hämtad från företagens årsredovisningar samt en enkätundersökning. Med hjälp av teorier som Modigliani och Millers berömda proposition MMI och MMII, Trade Off och Pecking order har vi försökt finna orsakerna till företagens skuldsättningsgrad. Resultaten i vår under-sökning kunde inte stärka vår hypotes, varpå den förkastades. Vidare kunde inget mönster urskiljas i skuldsättningen för de valda branscherna.