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Oppgavens hovedproblemstilling formulert som følge: Er boligutviklingen og boligpolitikken i Tromsø i ferd med å skape en segregert by med geografiske ulikheter? Bakgrunnen for spørsmålet er de høye boligprisene Tromsø har hatt de siste årene. Samtidig har det vært mye i media om hvor vanskelig det er for mennesker med vanlige inntekter å kjøpe seg bolig i Norges byer. Tematikken er ikke ny for Norge. Byer som Oslo har blant annet slitt med segregeringsproblematikk. Det har ofte vært snakk om vanskeligstilte i boligpolitiske spørsmål, men denne oppgaven tar for seg mulighetene «mellomsjiktet» har. Dette er gruppen som ikke har god nok inntekt til å kjøpe i det kommersielle markedet, men som heller ikke har lav nok inntekt til å få lån hos Husbanken. Oppgaven er en casestudie av Tromsø hvor jeg har undersøkt 12 nye boligprosjekter som ligger i forskjellige deler av byen. Siden Kvaløya og fastlandet har hatt lav byggeaktivitet de siste årene, er det bare to prosjekter som ikke er på Tromsøya. Jeg har brukt både en kvalitativ og kvantitativ tilnærming: Det har blitt utført dokumentanalyse av planbeskrivelser, saksframlegg og bestemmelser til detaljreguleringsplaner. I prosjektenes prospekter har jeg brukt areal, prisnivå og rominndeling til å undersøke hvilke kjøpegrupper utbyggerne retter seg mot. Et annet interessepunkt har vært prosjektenes hjemmesider Studien tyder på at det er visse elementer i prosjektene som kan bidra til segregering. Blant annet har spesielt prosjektene i sentrumsområdet et høyt antall små leiligheter, og det er stor forskjell i kvadratmeterpris innad i prosjektene. Det er også et tydelig skille i pris mellom boligprosjektene på Kvaløya og fastlandet i forhold til Tromsøya. I segregeringsdebatten er kvaliteten på uterom viktig. Om mennesker lever adskilt, er dette en arena et mangfold av grupper kan møtes. Et funn var at kommunen går inn for at prosjektene skal tilføre kvaliteter til byen.

Objective: To evaluate the risk of fetal involvement when trisomy 8 mosaicism (T8M) is detected in chorionic villus samples (CVS).Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of registered pregnancies in Denmark with T8M in CVS identified through a database search and a review of published cases of T8M found through a systematic literature search and inclusion of cross references. Pregnancies with T8M in CVS and no additional numerical chromosomal aberrations were included. Results: A total of 37 Danish cases and 60 published cases were included. T8M detected in a CVS was associated with fetal involvement in 18 out of 97 pregnancies (18.6% [95%CI: 11.4-27.7]). Eight out of 70 (11.4% [95%CI: 5.1-21.3]) interpreted prenatally to be confined placental mosaicism (CPM) were subsequently found to be true fetal mosaicisms (TFM). Conclusion: T8M detected in CVS poses a significant risk of fetal involvement, and examination of amniotic fluid (AF) and/or fetal tissue should be offered. However, a normal result of AF still has a considerable residual risk of fetal involvement. Genetic counselling at an early gestational age is essential, and follow-up ultrasonography should be performed to predict fetal involvement if possible.

Summary Determinants of trabecular bone score (TBS) and vertebral fractures assessed semiquantitatively (SQ1–SQ3) were studied in 496 women with fragility fractures. TBS was associated with age, parental hip fracture, alcohol intake and BMD, not SQ1–SQ3 fractures. SQ1–SQ3 fractures were associated with age, prior fractures, and lumbar spine BMD, but not TBS. Introduction Trabecular bone score (TBS) and vertebral fractures assessed by semiquantitative method (SQ1–SQ3) seem to reflect different aspects of bone strength. We therefore sought to explore the determinants of and the associations between TBS and SQ1–SQ3 fractures. Methods This cross-sectional sub-study of the Norwegian Capture the Fracture Initiative included 496 women aged ≥ 50 years with fragility fractures. All responded to a questionnaire about risk factors for fracture, had bone mineral density (BMD) of femoral neck and/or lumbar spine assessed, TBS calculated, and 423 had SQ1–SQ3 fracture assessed. Results Mean (SD) age was 65.6 years (8.6), mean TBS 1.27 (0.10), and 33.3% exhibited SQ1–SQ3 fractures. In multiple variable analysis, higher age (βper SD = − 0.26, 95% CI: − 0.36,− 0.15), parental hip fracture (β = − 0.29, 95% CI: − 0.54,− 0.05), and daily alcohol intake (β = − 0.43, 95% CI − 0.79, − 0.08) were associated with lower TBS. Higher BMD of femoral neck (βper SD = 0.34, 95% CI 0.25–0.43) and lumbar spine (βper SD = 0.40, 95% CI 0.31–0.48) were associated with higher TBS. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, age (ORper SD = 1.94, 95% CI 1.51–2.46) and prior fragility fractures (OR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.09–2.71) were positively associated with SQ1–SQ3 fractures, while lumbar spine BMD (ORper SD = 0.75 95% CI 0.60–0.95) was negatively associated with SQ1–SQ3 fractures. No association between TBS and SQ1–SQ3 fractures was found. Conclusion Since TBS and SQ1–SQ3 fractures were not associated, they may act as independent risk factors, justifying the use of both in post-fracture risk assessment.

The main research objective of this thesis finds its motivation in the alarming increase in mental health problems among the Danish youth. Research suggests that there is a great potential for preventing mental illness among children and adolescents – but there is limited evidence-based knowledge on the field in context of Denmark and comparable countries. On this premise, the thesis examines how the preventive effort targeted adolescents in the age of 13-17 with symptoms of anxiety and/or depression can be improved on the basis of experiences from Danish and foreign practices. Firstly, drawing on the field of research, the thesis proposes a model of factors influencing the effect of indicated interventions. Secondly, on the basis of the model, the thesis conducts a comparative case study on four preventive interventions. The thesis concludes that the following factors can be beneficial to incorporate in indicated interventions to ensure symptom reduction: to include a focus on needs and motivation in the recruitment of participants, to base the intervention on theory that is well communicated to the participants, and to use professionals who have knowledge and experience with the target group, the theoretical basis, and the setting in which the intervention is implemented.

Introduction: Denmark was the first country in the world to implement a national, free-for-all offer of prenatal screening for Down syndrome to all pregnant women. It has a high uptake (>90%) compared to other countries. Thus, Denmark offers an interesting case for investigating the consequences of implementing comprehensive, national prenatal screening guidelines. The aim of this study was to describe the historical developments in invasive procedures, pre-/postnatal diagnoses of Down syndrome and Down syndrome live births in the period 1973–2016 in Denmark. Material and methods: Data on invasive procedures, pre- and postnatal Down syndrome diagnoses were retrieved from the Danish Cytogenetic Central Registry. Results: From 1973 to 1993, screening based on maternal age and high-risk indications resulted in a constant increase in invasive procedures. After the introduction of the triple test in 1994, invasive procedures decreased for the first time in 20 years. Following the introduction of an offer of combined screening to all pregnant women in 2004, the number of invasive procedures decreased markedly, while there was a concurrent increase in prenatal diagnoses of Down syndrome. Additionally, the number of Down syndrome live births decreased suddenly and significantly, but subsequently stabilized at 23–35 annual live births. Of these, the majority were diagnosed postnatally. Conclusion: Though prenatal screening technologies constantly improve, it was the introduction of and adherence to national guidelines that resulted in marked shifts in screening procedures and outcome in Denmark.