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For years, the presence of clubroot disease and its causal agent, Plasmodiophora brassicae , in Mexico has been stated as a fact. However, an intensive search of the scientific literature in English and Spanish, as well as gray literature including theses and government reports, did not reveal any information about the actual detection of the pathogen, affected hosts, or areas with clubroot presence, or any information about clubroot ( hernia de la col in Mexico). We followed a multistep process to confirm whether P. brassicae was indeed in Mexico. First, we identified agricultural communities with a history of cruciferous crop cultivation. Second, we asked growers if they had seen clubroot on their crops, using pictures of the characteristic root galls. Third, we collected soil from the locations where clubroot was reported and looked for clubroot/ P. brassicae in the soil using several cruciferous bait plants. For the first time we confirm the presence of the clubroot pathogen P. brassicae in Mexico, through a bioassay, the presence of resting spores, and a P. brassicae -specific PCR assay. The identification of P. brassicae in Mexico will contribute to our understanding of the genetic diversity of this elusive and devastating plant pathogen in future studies.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process that allows formation of embryos from somatic cells; this biological process has different stages that first require micropropagation and conditioning of explant, and then induction, multiplication, development, and germination of somatic embryos (SoE), to obtain seedlings that will be acclimatized and grown in a greenhouse to further be cultivated in the field. Inorganic compounds are supplemented by macro- and micronutrients that can conform different culture media, and with other compounds such as a carbon source, vitamins, and plant growth regulators (PGRs), will direct the fate of the plant cells to obtain SoE that will regenerate into plants. The concentration of these inorganic compounds must be optimized, since at very high concentrations they can cause toxicity and at low concentrations they may not induce the desired response. The objective of this chapter is to describe the most significant advances in the use of inorganic elements during the different stages of SE, starting with the description of the most used basal media and later describing the use of the main studied mineral elements during establishment of SE., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Aims: To analyse the profile of patients suffering from falls in the hospital environment., Method: Longitudinal study, prospective follow-up of a cohort of patients recruited from May 2014 to March 2016. Medical, surgical and intensive care units of 5 acute hospitals of the Community of Andalusia participated. Patients older than 16 years were included. The variables of characterization were: age, sex, unit, stay, preventive measures, and those of result: level of consciousness, sensory deficits, mobility, number of falls, circumstances and consequences, medications, previous falls., Results: 1,247 patients were recruited, of whom 977 completed the study. The incidence of falls was 2.35%. The average age of the faller was 73.6 years (P=.015). The event occurred mostly in women (56.5%) and in medical units (79%). The falls caused minor damage. Rearrangement of the furniture proved to be the only protective measure (OR= 3.95, 95% CI 1.46-10.68, P=.015). The predictors of the event were: having been admitted to the hospital after a fall (HR= 5.88, 95% CI 3.23-10.67, P<.001), followed by visual problems, frequent visits to the bathroom and having suffered previous falls., Conclusions: The profile of the patient suffering falls in the hospital is presented as aged over 70 years old, female, admitted to a medical unit, during the night shift, being in bed and alone, without impaired level of consciousness and with a history of falls., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Upon exposure to unfavorable environmental conditions, plants need to respond quickly to maintain their homeostasis. For instance, physiological, biochemical and transcriptional changes occur during plant-pathogen interaction. In the case of Vanilla planifolia Jacks., a worldwide economically important crop, it is susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (Fov). This pathogen causes root and stem rot (RSR) in vanilla plants that lead to plant death. To investigate how vanilla plants, respond at the transcriptional level upon infection with Fov, here we employed the RNA-Seq approach to analyze the dynamics of whole-transcriptome changes during two-time frames of the infection., Results: Analysis of global gene expression profiles upon infection by Fov indicated that the major transcriptional change occurred at 2 days post-inoculation (dpi), in comparison to 10 dpi. Briefly, the RNA-Seq analysis carried out in roots found that 3420 and 839 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at 2 and 10 dpi, respectively, as compared to the control. In the case of DEGs at 2 dpi, 1563 genes were found to be up-regulated, whereas 1857 genes were down-regulated. Moreover, functional categorization of DEGs at 2 dpi indicated that up-regulated genes are mainly associated to translation, whereas down-regulated genes are involved in cell wall remodeling. Among the translational-related transcripts, ribosomal proteins (RPs) were found increased their expression exclusively at 2 dpi., Conclusions: The screening of transcriptional changes of V. planifolia Jacks upon infection by Fov provides insights into the plant molecular response, particularly at early stages of infection. The accumulation of translational-related transcripts at early stages of infection potentially points to a transcriptional reprogramming coupled with a translational regulation in vanilla plants upon infection by Fov. Altogether, the results presented here highlight potential molecular players that might be further studied to improve Fov-induced resistance in vanilla plants.

Aim of the Study: The main objective of this work is the development and psychometric validation of an instrument to evaluate nurses' adherence to the main recommendations issued for preventing pressure ulcers., Material and Methods: An instrument was designed based on the main recommendations for the prevention of pressure ulcers published in various clinical practice guides. Subsequently, it was proceeded to evaluate the face and content validity of the instrument by an expert group. It has been applied to 249 Spanish nurses took part in a cross-sectional study to obtain a psychometric evaluation (reliability and construct validity) of the instrument. The study data were compiled from June 2015 to July 2016., Results: From the results of the psychometric analysis, a final 18-item, 4-factor questionnaire was derived, which explained 60.5% of the variance and presented the following optimal indices of fit (CMIN/DF: 1.40 p < 0.001; GFI: 0.93; NFI: 0.92; CFI: 0.98; TLI: 0.97; RMSEA: 0.04 (90% CI 0.025-0.054)., Conclusions: The results obtained show that the instrument presents suitable psychometric properties for evaluating nurses' adherence to recommendations for the prevention of pressure ulcers., (Copyright © 2017 Tissue Viability Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Geographically diverse samples from strawberry exhibiting symptoms of Strawberry Green Petal (SbGP), periwinkle plants with virescence, and blackberry, blueberry, and raspberry plants displaying yellowing and inedible fruits, were assayed for the presence of phytoplasma DNA. PCR targeting the 16S rRNA-encoding gene and chaperonin-60 (cpn60) showed that the plants were infected with phytoplasma subgroup16SrXIII-(A/I)I (SbGP/MPV). To examine the geographic distribution of this pathogen in Mexico, we designed an array of cpn60-targeted molecular diagnostic assays for SbGP/MPV phytoplasma. A fluorescent microsphere hybridization assay was designed that was capable of detecting SbGP/MPV phytoplasma in infected plant tissues, successfully differentiating it from other known phytoplasma cpn60 UT sequences, while identifying a double infection with SbGP/MPV and aster yellows (16SrI) phytoplasma. Two quantitative assays, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), gave similar results in infected samples. Finally, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay provided rapid detection of SbGP/MPV phytoplasma DNA. Application of these assays revealed that SbGP/MPV phytoplasma is widely distributed in Central Mexico, with positive samples identified from eleven localities within three states separated by hundreds of kilometres. These results also provide tools for determining the presence and geographic distribution of this pathogen in plant and insect samples in other localities.

Aims: To adapt to Spanish language the STRATIFY tool for clinical use in the Spanish-speaking World., Method: A multicenter, 2 care settings cross-sectional study cultural adaptation study in acute care hospitals and nursing homes was performed in Andalusia during 2014. The adaptation process was divided into 4 stages: translation, back-translation, equivalence between the 2 back-translations and piloting of the Spanish version, thus obtaining the final version. The validity of appearance, content validity and the time required to complete the scale were taken into account. For analysis, the median, central tendency and dispersion of scores, the interquartile range, and the interquartile deviation for the possible variability in responses it was calculated., Results: Content validity measured by content validity index reached a profit of 1. For the validity aspect the clarity and comprehensibility of the questions were taken into account. Of the 5 questions of the instrument, 2 had a small disagreement solved with the introduction of an explanatory phrase to achieve conceptual equivalence. Median both questions were equal or superior to 5. The average time for completion of the scale was less than 3 minutes., Conclusion: The process of adaptation to Spanish of STRATIFY has led to a semantic version and culturally equivalent to the original for easy filling and understanding for use in the Spanish-speaking world., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Phytoplasmas are unculturable, phytopathogenic bacteria that cause economic losses worldwide. As unculturable micro-organisms, phytoplasma taxonomy has been based on the use of the 16S rRNA-encoding gene to establish 16Sr groups and subgroups based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern resulting from the digestion of amplicon (in vitro) or sequence (in silico) with seventeen restriction enzymes. Problems such as heterogeneity of the ribosomal operon and the inability to differentiate closely related phytoplasma strains has motivated the search for additional markers capable of providing finer differentiation of phytoplasma strains. In this study we developed and validated a scheme to classify phytoplasmas based on the use of cpn60 universal target (cpn60 UT) sequences. Ninety-six cpn60 UT sequences from strains belonging to 19 16Sr subgroups were subjected to in silico RFLP using pDRAW32 software, resulting in 25 distinctive RFLP profiles. Based on these results we delineated cpn60 UT groups and subgroups, and established a threshold similarity coefficient for groups and subgroups classifying all the strains analysed in this study. The nucleotide identity among the reference strains, the correspondence between in vitro and in silico RFLP, and the phylogenetic relationships of phytoplasma strains based on cpn60 UT sequences are also discussed.

Phytoplasmas ('Candidatus Phytoplasma') are insect-transmitted, cell-wall-less, plant-pathogenic bacteria that cause economically important crop diseases. Because phytoplasmas are difficult or impossible to culture in vitro, they are classified taxonomically according to the convention used for unculturable micro-organisms. The first coherent scheme of classification of phytoplasmas, based on the RFLP pattern of the 16S rRNA-encoding gene generated with 17 restriction endonucleases, was updated several times until the development of the iPhyClassifier. iPhyClassifier is an interactive online tool capable of determining the species, group and subgroup of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' of unknown samples using the 16S F2nR2 sequence. Latin America, an important geographical area in relation to food production, has a high incidence of plant diseases caused by phytoplasmas. However, many phytoplasmas associated with these diseases have not been properly classified. An extensive literature review and the use of iPhyClassifier allowed us to identify two new tentative groups (16SrXXXIII-A and 16SrXXXIV-A) and the following tentative new subgroups among Latin American strains that were either previously unclassified or misclassified: six in 16SrI, six in 16SrII, one in 16SrIII, one in 16SrVII, one in 16SrIX, one in 16SrXII and two in 16SrXIII.