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Small-scale fisheries exhibit unique, diverse, and varied characteristics in each region. These distinctive traits render small-scale fisheries challenging to regulate centrally. This research aims to compare the characteristics of land-based and island-based small-scale fisheries in Southeast Sulawesi Province. Data were collected through structured interviews involving 445 respondents from two distinct areas: North Konawe, representing land-based fisheries, and Konawe Islands, representing island-based fisheries. Both qualitative (questionnaire data) and quantitative analyses were conducted using R software. Proportion data were tested using the R ggstatsplot package, while word cloud analysis utilized the R wordcloud package. The analysis of fishing ground distribution hotspots was performed using QGIS software version 3.30. The research findings demonstrate differences across various aspects, including education levels, boat sizes, fishing frequency, monthly income, and types of captured fish. Furthermore, the study highlights that island-based small-scale fisheries hold a higher income potential compared to their landbased counterparts. These differing characteristics serve as essential considerations in developing policies that support sustainable management of small-scale fisheries based on the needs of local communities.

Abstract Fisheries bycatch is the greatest threat to migratory, long‐lived marine animals. Addressing bycatch ultimately requires changing fisher behaviour, yet social and behavioural sciences are rarely applied to bycatch mitigation, with an absence of theory‐informed behaviour change interventions. Moreover, mitigating bycatch is particularly challenging in small‐scale mixed‐species fisheries (SSFs), where perceptions of target and non‐target vary widely, and all catches have economic or subsistence value. Such fisheries are ubiquitous throughout the world's oceans, and bycatch mitigation in these contexts necessitates a people‐centred approach. We seek to address this gap, drawing on well‐established theories from behavioural and social sciences. We first typify bycatch as a spectrum rather than a clearly delineated component of catch, where the position of a species on this spectrum depends on fishers' beliefs regarding the outcomes of bycatch‐relevant behaviour. We then outline an approach to ‘diagnose’ fishers' underlying beliefs about bycatch, using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB): a widely applied and empirically tested theory for predicting and changing behaviour. Finally, we illustrate the approach using an empirical case study, exploring fishers' beliefs regarding bycatch‐relevant behaviour for three endangered elasmobranch species in a small‐scale gill net fishery in Indonesia. Our findings show how the TPB can help to understand fishers' underlying beliefs regarding bycatch, and facilitators/inhibitors of bycatch mitigation, to inform behaviour change interventions. We emphasize the need to understand the human dimensions of bycatch, especially in SSFs, where technical fixes alone will be insufficient to change behaviour. Rather, interdisciplinary approaches are needed to align fishers' needs with conservation objectives. Our bycatch spectrum and the TPB could be widely applied for disentangling drivers of bycatch in other SSFs and designing interventions which support more effective and socially just marine conservation. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

As one of the urban areas in Indonesia, Makassar City has been experiencing massive expansion during the past decades, resulting in land-use changes and structures in the surrounding peri-urban areas. This study examines the land-use changes and socio-economic characteristics in Makassar City since 2001, then generates a projection of land-use changes of the next decade (the year 2031) in peri-urban areas, particularly in Tamalanrea and Biringkanaya sub-districts. Several Landsat Thematic Mapper imageries and Thematic Maps were used to analyze the land-use changes. In contrast, Cellular Automata-Markov Chain was used to simulate land-use projection and interviews to discover the community's socio-economic characteristics. According to the forecasting results, the area of built-up land was predicted to increase to 11531.4 ha or 67.27% in 2031, while the remaining vacant land (non-built-up land) was predicted to reach 5611.8 ha or 32.73%. A significant increase occurred in the total built area compared to land use conditions in 2016, and this is in line with the projected population growth amounting to 2,027,826 people by 2031. Based on these findings, the direction of coastal city development ought to be modified to restrict open land use. At the same time, spatial policies must be obeyed to prevent the loss of designated zones.

The Medan Sea waters are part of the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (WPPRI 571) and serve as a fishing ground for squid (Uroteuthis spp.) for small-scale fishers based in Belawan, Medan. Information on the condition of the squid fishery in this area is limited, so a scientific study is needed to determine the status of the fishery as a basis for determining the right management approach. This study aims to assess the current condition of the squid fishery in Belawan using the six domains of indicators in the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM): fish resources, habitat, and ecosystem, fishing techniques, economic, social, and institutional. Data were collected through various techniques including direct sampling of squid, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and secondary data collection. The results showed that the highest value was owned by the fishing technique domain at 280 (good category) and the lowest domain fish resource domain with 168 as a poor category. The low score was due to a decrease in catches and a change in the fishing location. Meanwhile, the aggregate calculation results show that all domains of the Belawan-Medan EAFM are 195 (medium category). This means that some tactical decisions are needed in squid fisheries management in this region. Keywords: EAFM, Medan waters, Small scale fishery, Squid, WPP 571.

The Sunda Strait Tsunami (end of 2018) has an impact on the seagrass ecosystem in Tanjung Lesung. This paper described the seagrass ecosystem’s changes after the tsunami disaster. Sentinel-2 satellite image processing in 2018 and 2019 was used to see changes in the seagrass area. The field data were collected from May–July 2019, including the types of seagrass ecosystems based on data seagrass existence, density and biomass. Then, the seagrass sample was analyzed biomass after the tsunami disaster. The results showed that the data from 2018 – 2019 showed decreased seagrass area from 105.86 to 77.07 ha. Seagrass density dropped quite dramatically, and the species of Halodule uninervis was no longer found. The ratio of after tsunami BG/AbG dry biomass has doubled compared to before the tsunami, which indicates the seagrass's lower biomass is higher than the upper part allegedly due to tsunami impacts. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the seagrass ecosystems changed and disrupted by the tsunami. Keywords: Seagrass, Tanjung Lesung, Tsunami, Sentinel-2

The mangrove ecosystems on the coast of Sayung Sub-District provide huge benefits to the community. However, this region experienced a very severe coastal erosion during the last few decades. Also, information about mangrove ecosystem services is still very limited in this region. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to map the balance of mangrove ecosystem services on the coast of Sayung Sub-District, Demak District. Data were collected from three coastal villages, namely Bedono, Timbulsloko, and Surodadi, through in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and field observations. The data analysis was carried out using the Burkhard model approach, which involved an ecosystem service matrix, made up of a matrix of capacity, demand, and availability. The results showed that in all components of provisioning service, there was a surplus of availability. In regulating services, there were low surpluses in the components of carbon sequestration and water bioremediation services, while low deficits were found in the service components of reduce wave and current damage, and protecting from sea water intrusion. Then, in cultural services, the two components, shelter for rest area and recreation, experienced a surplus of availability. Mangrove rehabilitation needs to be continued to increase mangrove cover, given the availability of regulating services on components related to erosion prevention in the balace sheet tends to be deficit.

Seagrass has long been known to be very sensitive to environmental changes, especially caused by human activities (anthropogenic disturbance) and has been used as a bioindicator for environmental condition. This research aimed to study interaction of Thalassia hemprichii measured and derived variables (metrics), at two locations i.e., inhabited island (high anthropogenic location) and uninhabited island (low anthropogenic location). Confirmative approach was conducted using a developed conceptual model based on preliminary studies, the conceptual model was analyzed in multivariate context using data from field observation. The result showed that Thalassia hemprichii dominated and have higher above ground biomass value in inhabited area which indicated high nutrient input, meanwhile uninhabited area showed a higher below ground biomass value. Above ground of Thalassia hemprichii that have direct effect on its biomass and below ground metrics was leaf width, meanwhile leaf length of Thalassia hemprichii have indirect effect on its biomass and below ground metrics. The result also indicated some different metric covariations which were influenced by the degree of Thalassia hemprichii density. Leaf length, leaf width, density, and percent cover of Thalassia hemprichii potentially could be used as components in multimetric index and bioindicator for environmental quality.

Sayung coast is experienced very high coastal erosion and has a huge impact on the lives of the surrounding communities. One of the efforts in handling coastal erosion is the rehabilitation of the mangrove ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to prioritize mangrove ecosystem management strategies in rehabilitation areas. Data were collected from three coastal villages, namely, Bedono, Timbulsloko, and Surodadi, through in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and field observations. The data analysis was carried out using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) method. The result showed that the priority problems in the mangrove ecosystem management on the Sayung coast were: conversion of mangrove land, failure of mangroves to grow, lack of monitoring and supervision. Therefore, the priority solution for optimizing mangrove ecosystem management is rehabilitation and conservation, increasing community participation, and monitoring by involving the community.

Abstract Understanding wildlife markets is central to effective conservation: it can help managers and policy‐makers to predict how interventions might influence supply and demand of wildlife products, and economic welfare of wildlife users; and thus, design interventions which have better outcomes for wildlife and people. Here we apply a revealed preference method of economic valuation—hedonic price analysis (HPA)—to understand shark markets and explore the economic costs of shark conservation for small‐scale fishers. We focus on a targeted semi‐commercial shark fishery in Indonesia—which poses a threat to some shark species, but provides important economic and subsistence value for a coastal community in an impoverished region of Indonesia—and use HPA to estimate market prices and welfare measures for threatened and CITES‐listed sharks. This represents a pertinent case study with practical implications because Indonesia is the world's largest shark fishing nation, where management interventions to reduce shark fishing mortality are needed. However, such interventions will create short‐term socio‐economic trade‐offs for fishing communities, which may hamper cooperation and compliance, and raise concerns regarding the fairness and equity of conservation. Our results give significant marginal price estimates for five species of conservation and commercial importance. Dusky sharks (Carcharhinus obscurus) and bottlenose wedgefish (Rhynchobatus australiae) have the highest implicit marginal prices, at US$ 157 and US$ 144, respectively. Our estimates suggest that conservation measures, such as catch limits for endangered and CITES‐listed species, could have significant economic opportunity costs (i.e., 3.4–17.6% revenue foregone) for low‐income fishers. Innovative policy instruments are required to transform shark markets and fisheries—to effectively reduce threats to endangered species and implement CITES, whilst doing no harm to vulnerable coastal communities. Methods from econometrics can help conservation scientists to better understand wildlife markets, and make management decisions which create better outcomes for wildlife and people.

Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengeluarkan Inpres No.7/2016 yang ditujukan untuk percepatan pembangunan sektor perikanan. Natuna merupakan salah satu lokasi yang ditetapkan sebagai Sentra Kelautan Perikanan Terpadu (SKPT). Tujuan penelitian adalah menyusun strategi bagi percepatan fungsionalisasi SKPT Natuna. Kajian diawali melalui analisis situasi terhadap keberadaaan SKPT Natuna untuk dapat mengidentifikasi peluang dan tantangan, dilanjutkan dengan memberikan rekomendasi langkah-langkah strategis bagi percepatan fungsionalisasi SKPT Natuna. Hasil penelitian dapat diidentifikasi peluang dan permasalahan untuk percepatan fungsionalisi SKPT Natuna, yaitu potensi sumberdaya ikan pelagis dan demersal memiliki peluang besar untuk dimanfaatkan dan adanya peluang ekspor produk segar untuk ikan demersal. Permasalahan yang dihadapi diantaranya yaitu, usaha penangkapan ikan merupakan usaha skala kecil dengan pengetahuan dan keterampilan nelayan rendah, tempat pendaratan ikan tersebar di beberapa lokasi, terbatasnya ketersediaan es untuk melaut, usaha pengolahan ikan masih skala rumah tangga dan terbatas pada olahan tradisional, terbatasnya kapasitas tenaga kerja, mahalnya biaya pengemasan, dan terbatasnya aksesibilitas untuk pemasaran. Langkah-langkah strategis yang dapat dilakukan yaitu optimalisasi pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan pelagis dan demersal melalui peningkatan keterampilan nelayan, peningkatan armada penangkapan yang dikendalikan dengan perizinan dan pendataan, serta perlunya perencanaan secara terintegrasi pengembangan industri penangkapan, pengolahan dan pemasaran. Kata kunci: fungsionalisasi SKPT, Natuna, peluang, permasalahan, strategi

Kejadian ketidakamanan pelayaran di perairan Indonesia oleh Pembajakan dan Perampokan. Dalam insiden (2007-2018) di mana kerugian dilaporkan, kehilangan kargo adalah yang paling umum (33%), diikuti oleh bagian-bagian mesin (15%) dan barang tidak aman (4%). Sementara dari 27 insiden yang dilaporkan pada 2018, tidak ada yang dicuri hanya dalam 10 insiden (37%). Kerugiannya tentu tidak kecil dan mengancam kelangsungan bisnis perusahaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari Juni 2018 hingga Desember 2018. Penelitian dilakukan pada perusahaan pelayaran di Jakarta, badan keamanan laut, Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Laut dan TNI AL. Data dan fakta dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan diuji dengan teknik analisis data Analytic Network Process (ANP). Hasilnya sebagai berikut: Fungsi Manajemen Risiko dengan prioritas 0,39092 adalah kriteria dengan prioritas tertinggi. Kemudian berturut-turut mempertahankan proses bisnis dengan prioritas 0,27899, Dokumentasi 0,18325 dan Pengawasan Manajemen dengan prioritas 0,14684. Dari hasil tersebut, kami dapat merekomendasikan bahwa faktor yang paling penting untuk kelangsungan bisnis industri pelayaran adalah Fungsi Manajemen Risiko. Priority Analysis of Indonesia's Delivery Industry Continuity Factors Using Analytic Network Process (ANP) ABSTRACT The incidence of shipping insecurity in Indonesian waters by piracy and robbery. In incidents (2007-2018) where losses were reported, cargo loss was the most common (33%), followed by engine parts (15%) and unsafe goods (4%). While of the 27 incidents reported in 2018, none were stolen in only 10 incidents (37%). The loss is certainly not small and threatens the company's business continuity. This research was conducted from June 2018 to December 2018. The research was conducted on shipping companies in Jakarta, marine security agencies, the Directorate General of Sea Transportation and the Indonesian Navy. Data and facts were collected using a questionnaire and tested with the Analytic Network Process (ANP) data analysis techniques. The results are as follows: The Risk Management function with a priority of 0.39092 is the criteria with the highest priority. Then maintain business processes with priority 0.27899, Documentation 0.18325 and Management Supervision with priority 0.14684. From these results, we can recommend that the most important factor for the continuity of the shipping industry business is the Risk Management Function. Keywords: Shipping Industry, Business Continuity, Analytic Network Process

Abstract Manta rays (Mobula birostris and M. alfredi) are threatened by overexploitation for international trade. Indonesia was home to the world's largest documented manta fishery—Lamakera, in East Nusa Tenggara. However, in 2014, the Indonesian government declared manta rays a protected species. Here we describe an integrated intervention to reduce manta hunting and mortality in Lamakera, which combined community outreach and livelihood‐focused incentives with targeted enforcement actions; and assess its impact over a five‐year period (2013–2018) using a theory‐based research design. Results show that the intervention is associated with a significant decline in manta hunting effort and mortality (p

This study aims to determine the performance of small-scale grouper fisheries in Saleh Bay using a spatial bioeconomic approach. The optimal fishing trip allocation and economic rent based on the fishing grounds and its season were estimated using this approach. The results showed from the seven main fishing grounds (DPI) in Saleh Bay, the highest optimal trip need to be allocated to DPI-7 with approximately 2833 trips per year, followed by DPI-5 (2107), DPI-1 (1158), DPI -4 (1064), DPI-6 (970), DPI-2 (940) and DPI-3 (524). The intensity of fishing trip responded to the quasi-profit. The grouper catches produced quasi-profits of IDR 1.4 billion per year. The maximum and minimum annual profits of IDR 428 million and IDR 55 million were achieved in DPI-7 and DPI-3, respectively. This trip allocation complements the existing restriction management instrument, related to the control of input, area and season closure options. This strategy choice eases the fisheries managers to focus on spatial and temporal control efforts with high resolution.

This studyaimstodiagnose thefeasibility ofthe seaweedindustrycluster development using sustainable development approach.The aspectsanalyzedincludethe preconditions of ecological, economic, social, andinstitutional. The method used for analyzing includesheuristictechniques, independentpreference evaluation, and orderedweightedaveraging. Toaggregatethe preconditions of feasibility intoacompositevalue, the technique usedisan expert system. The analysis showed thatSumeneparea isfeasible todevelopthe seaweedindustry cluster

The maritime potential of the Fisheries Managemen Area of Indonesia (FMA) 711, particularly in the small pelagic capture fisheries sector is very large, it encourages the occurrence of illegal fishing conducted by Indonesian and foreign fishing boats, thereby reducing the production of legal fish catches. This study aims to estimate economic losses due to illegal fishing and the benefits of economic management by staying based on the sustainability of fishery resources, using primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through interviews, fishermen questionnaire results and marine supervisors from July to November 2016. Secondary data, in the form of production statistics and small pelagic capture fishery effort in FMA 711 from Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, MMAF-Indonesia, illegal fishing catch data from the Fisheries Resources Monitoring Station Pontianak, the Indonesian Navy, the Water Police Unit, and Bakamla. The data series of 2005 to 2016 were also analyzed. Estimates of established models, including bio-economic analysis using the Gordon Schaefer model, and for economic benefit analysis using Fox's surplus production model. The results show the production amount 15,361 tons and effort 4,592 units, with economic rent of Rp 293.93 billion per year. While the economic losses due to illegal fishing are the difference between legal and illegal fishing estimates, ie production of 604 tonnes and rents of Rp 12.89 billion. This illustrates that the production and efforts of small pelagic capture fisheries in WPPNRI 711 can still be improved to reach the optimum level.

Although researchers have investigated the impact of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phases on human lives, only a few have examined such impacts on fisheries. In this study, we analyzed the influence of negative (positive) IOD phases on chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass and small pelagic fish production in the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) off Java. We also conducted field surveys in the EIO off Palabuhanratu Bay at the peak (October) and the end (December) of the 2019 positive IOD phase. Our findings show that the Chl-a concentration had a strong and robust association with the 2016 (2019) negative (positive) IOD phases. The negative (positive) anomalous Chl-a concentration in the EIO off Java associated with the negative (positive) IOD phase induced strong downwelling (upwelling), leading to the preponderant decrease (increase) in small pelagic fish production in the EIO off Java.

The shipping industry is one of the industries that can advance global economic integration. Currently, the commercial shipbuilding sector is dominated by China, Japan, Korea, and European countries. The domestic shipping supporting industry has not met all the needs of domestic ships, both warships and commercial ships, and ships used for domestic shipping are almost entirely purchases of used vessels from abroad because they are cheap. In contrast, the contribution of the domestic industry only accounts for less than 10%. This research aimed to formulate a development strategy for the shipping industry by increasing competitiveness to support maritime policies and fulfill the needs of the TNI's Alutsista. This study used the Analytical Network Process (ANP) method. The results showed that the priority strategies that could be implemented comprise seven clusters: Supporting industries (share technology development), core industries (technological capabilities), engineering specifications and designs (idea), feasibility studies (technological readiness), research and development (technological innovation), factor conditions (human resources), and government (long-term program). There are different priority strategies in each cluster. Keywords: analytical network process (anp), competitiveness, shipbuilding industry

Two species of slipper lobster, Thenus indicus Leach, 1815, and Scyllarides haanii De Haan, 1841, are reported for the first time from the coastal waters of South of Java, part of the Indian Ocean. A total of two specimens, one specimen of T. indicus from Palabuhanratu Bay and one specimen of S. haanii from Yogyakarta coastal waters, were collected in April and September 2015, respectively. Descriptions and illustrations of the morphological characteristics of the two species and their habitat are presented.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji manfaat kawasan konservasi bagi ekologi, perikanan dan stakeholder. Hasil evaluasi ekologi menunjukkan kawasan konservasi memiliki rata-rata persentase tutupan karang hidup, kelimpahan, dan biomassa ikan yang lebih tinggi (54,3%, 12.147 ind/ha dan 486,7 kg/ha) dibanding daerah diluar kawasan konservasi (32,1%, 8.073 ind/ha dan 286,7 kg/ha). Evaluasi indikator ekonomi menunjukkan peningkatan hasil tangkapan dari tahun 2008 sebesar 3,03 kg/trip dan di tahun 2013 sebesar 3,60 kg/trip. Analisis multi-objektif menunjukkan manfaat kawasan konservasi yang paling dirasakan oleh stakeholder adalah jumlah ikan yang lebih banyak (biomassa), kenaikan jumlah wisatawan dan pengelolaan yang dilakukan dengan kearifan lokal (hukum adat). Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi ekologi dan ekonomi dapat disimpulkan bahwa kawasan konservasi di pesisir timur Pulau Weh dapat sangat bermanfaat dalam menjaga ekosistem dan stok ikan, namun perlu peningkatan kualitas mata pencaharian untuk meningkatkan kondisi ekonomi.

The Indonesian government is currently directing its focus of development on the optimum uses of marine and coastal ecosystem services including the marine and coastal tourism. One of the main locus of coastal and marine tourism is the small islands tourism such as Gili Matra Islands among others. Small islands tourism is one of the favourite touristic activities because the destination provides beauty, exotism, aesthetic and a diversity of natural habitats including the warm, clear and attractive water. Tourism is being considered as a development instrument in order to boost a country’s economy and has become part of the global industry. However, tourism is also one of the actors that is responsible for environmental depletion, due to the constructions of buildings and tourism activities. This paper aims to study the level of vulnerability in small islands to tourism as a basis of integrated small islands management in Indonesian conservation area. The group of islands in this study consists of three islands namely Gili Ayer Island, Gili Meno Island and Gili Trawangan Island (known as Gili Matra Islands) that were observed using Small Islands Vulnerability Index (SIVI). The results indicate that Gili Matra Islands have a vulnerability status from low into moderate, ranging from 2.25 to 2.75. Gili Ayer Island has the highest vulnerability with SIVI of 2.75 (Moderate), followed by Gili Meno Island with SIVI of 2.50 (Low) and Gili Trawangan Island with SIVI of 2.25 (Low). The driving factor of vulnerability is the intensive utilization of marine tourism activities. Tourism is the sole stress to Gili Matra Island’s ecosystem due to its direct damaging impact and reducing its environmental quality. The vulnerability index which was built from the coastline, coral reef, live coral reef, and development area was applicable to assess the small island’s vulnerability in Indonesia, especially for coral island.

A study of nutrients, underwater light dynamics, and their correlation with phytoplankton biomass was conducted in the tropical estuary of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, in the dry season during the period from 2001 to 2019. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and its correlation with phytoplankton biomass. There was significant increase in nutrient concentration in Jakarta Bay, with annual means of 27.97 µM dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and 11.31 µM phosphates in 2001, increasing to 88.99 µM DIN and 25.92 µM phosphates in 2019. Increased mean nutrient concentrations were accompanied by increased mean phytoplankton biomass, from 15.81 µg Chl-a L−1 in 2001 to 21.31 µg Chl-a L−1 in 2019. The eutrophication status of Jakarta Bay waters was calculated using the Tropical Index for Marine Systems eutrophication index, which showed increased areas of hyper-eutrophic and eutrophic zones, while the mesotrophic area decreased. The hyper-eutrophic zone dominated the areas around river mouths and the inner part of the bay, while eutrophic status was observed in the middle part of the bay and mesotrophic status was found in the outer part of the bay. The area of hyper-eutrophic water increased 1.5-fold, from 75.1 km2 in 2001 to 114.0 km2 in 2019. Increasing eutrophication of the bay has had negative ecological consequences including algal blooms, hypoxic conditions, and mass mortality of marine biota, and it urgently requires remediation.

The ecological, social and economic functions of the Ciliwung watershed are essentially to meet human needs, from primary to tertiary. The fulfillment of human needs occasionally contributes to the reduction of watershed ecological functions that result in flooding in Jakarta and declining ecological functions in the Jakarta Bay. Therefore, the study of the identification of economic activity and economic value spatially along the Ciliwung watershed needs to be done so as not to err in the management of the watershed in the future. This research uses survey method. Sampling using multi-stage sampling method. Spatial analysis of land use is done by using GIS by Arc / View method, economic value analysis is done with use value and non-use value. The use value approach uses a value-added production approach that is GDP of gross production of each sector of economy, non-use value using CVM approach by calculating WTP value. Percentage of Ciliwung Watershed cover: Forest 46.87 percent (Primary Forest 9.25 percent, Secondary Forest 25.25 percent, Plantation Forest 12.07 percent), Shrubs 0.62 percent, Plantation 1.06 percent, Dry Land Agriculture 9.68 percent, Rice Field 1.44 percent, Settlement 40.09 percent. Economic activity of The Downstream Ciliwung Watershed is dominated by the secondary sector (manufacturing, electricity, gas, water and construction). Economic activity of The Middle and Upstream Ciliwung Watershed is dominated by primary sector (Food crops, horticultural crops, plantation crops, Veterinary, Mining). The use value of Upper Ciliwung Watershed is Rp. 13.1 trillion, Middle Rp53.1 trillion and Downstream Rp. 1,117.6 trillion. Non-use value for the existence of The Upstream Ciliwung Watershed of Rp. 0.055 trillion, Rp. 0.235 trillion of The Middlel and Downstream Rp. 0.657 trillion per year. The economic value of Upstream Ciliwung Watershed is Rp. 13.12 trillion, Midle Rp5.545 trillion and Downstream is Rp. 1,118.31 trillion.

Scalloped Spiny Lobster (P. homarus) of the genus Panulirus is the most caught species in the coastal waters of Gunung Kidul. The intensity of fishing activities and less environmentally friendly fishing practices caused decline in catch per unit effort (CPUE) of this species. The objective of this study is to analyze the exploitation rate of P. homarus in Gunung Kidul waters using CPUE trend and population parameters as indicators. From February 2013 to January 2014, there were 1067of P. homarus collected using a stratified random sampling method for the duration of the research.The carapace length data were analyzed using analytical model application of ELEFAN I program. Daily catchment product was obtained from middlemen for five consecutive years to identify the CPUE trend. The result showed that there was a decrease in CPUE of P. homarus in 2010 and 2011.The average carapace length of the first capture (Lc) (53 mm CL) was smaller than the size of first sexually mature lobster (Lm) (58,5 mm CL). The exploitation rate of P. homarus had also exceeded 0,5. These factors indicated that Scalloped Spiny Lobster (P. homarus) was over exploited. In this study, mortality rate of fish catches (F) was influenced by the high value of E0.5 which is highly correlated with fishing pressure.Von Bertalanffy growth function shows that both females and males of P. homarus have a slow growth rate (0,46/year and 0,49/year), which is still in the range of Palinuridae family’s growth rate (0,27-0,54/year). The maximum age is between 8-10 years old, which is younger than other lobster species in Palinuridae family. Harvest control and environmentally friendly fishing practices are necessary to reduce fishing pressure of this species. Keywords: CPUE, exploitation, Panulirus homarus, population ABSTRAK Lobster pasir (Panulirus homarus) merupakan spesies lobster dari genus Panulirus yang paling banyak tertangkap di perairan Gunung Kidul. Intensitas penangkapan yang dilakukan sepanjang tahun serta ketidakpahaman sebagian besar nelayan terhadap penangkapan yang ramah lingkungan telah mengakibatkan penurunan hasil tangkapan per upaya tangkap (CPUE) dari spesis ini.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tekanan eksploitasi P. homarus di perairan Gunung Kidul ditinjau dari tren CPUE dan parameter populasinya. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Februari 2013–Januari 2014. Sebanyak 1067 ekor P. homarus dijadikan contoh dengan metode penarikan contoh acak berlapis setiap bulan selama periode penelitian. Data panjang karapas P. Homarus diolah dengan aplikasi model analitik menggunakan program ELEFAN 1. Data hasil tangkapan harian diperoleh melalui catatan pembelian nelayan pengumpul selama lima tahun berturut-turut untuk mengetahui tren CPUE. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi penurunan CPUE P. homarus pada tahun 2010 dan 2011. Ukuran rata-rata P. homarus pertama kali tertangkap (Lc) lebih kecil (53 mm CL) dari ukuran matang kelamin secara fungsionalnya (Lm) (58,5 mm CL). Nilai laju eksploitasi (E0.5) juga sudah melebihi 0,5. Dua hal ini menjadi indikator sudah mengalami tangkap lebih.Nilai laju kematian karena penangkapan (F) berkontribusi besar terhadap tingginya nilai E dalam penelitan ini, yang dikaitkan erat dengan tingginya tekanan penangkapan terhadap spesis ini. Fungsi pertumbuhan von Bertalanffy untuk lobster betina dan jantan menunjukkan bahwa lobster memiliki pertumbuhan yang lambat (0,46/tahun dan 0,49/tahun) namun masih dalam rentang laju pertumbuhan dari lobster-lobster famili Palinuridae pada umumnya (0,27-0,54/tahun). Umur maksimal yang dapat dicapai antara 8-10 tahun, lebih muda dibanding lobster-lobster famili Palinuridae pada umumnya. Pengendalian penangkapan dan penerapan penangkapan yang ramah lingkungan perlu dilakukan untuk menghindari tekanan penangkapan terhadap spesis ini. Kata kunci: CPUE, eksploitasi, Panulirus homarus, populasi

The aims of this research is to analyse the issues and prolems in coral reef management in order to established the strategy to achieve sustainable coral reef management. The study done during period of July to November 2015 in the Kepulauan Seribu district, DKI Jakarta. Reseach method was descriptive with case study. Data gathering using the triangulation method. Furthermore, data analysis using AWOT (Analythical Hierarchy Procedure and Strenght-Weakness-Opportunity-Threath) which is the combination of SWOT and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. The results showed that the problems of coral reef management was different in North and South area and therfore, the strategy applied in two different area is different. Moreover, the best strategy for North area was located in 1st. quadrant (strategi Strength-Opportunity where for South area the strategy located at 2nd quadrant (strategi Strength-Treath).Based on this results, the best program to be applied at South area is Community based solid waste management while for North area is implement the Co-Management.

Spatial as a contributor to biological productivity and ecosystem services have not been considered in the sustainable development of small islands. The aim of this study to appraise biocapacity (BC) in the Gili Matra Islands to estimate the existing carrying capacity for sustainable development, and refines the current BC methodology that emphasizes the spatial aspects in small islands. Based on analysis results, the Gili Matra Islands have BC total ranging from 659.46 to 1,069.57 gha in 2010, and increased from 673.64 to 1,093.02 gha in 2014. The highest total BC is the Gili Trawangan Island, while the lowest is the Gili Meno Island, but for the local BC is the opposite. The total local BC per island can be supplied around 0.00857 gha per capita for the Gili Ayer Island, 0.20103 gha per capita for the Gili Meno Island, and 0.00344 gha per capita for the Gili Trawangan Island. They are influenced by population density. The BC values indicate a critical position, both per-unit-area or per-capita, which is spatially nearly 100 % of the needs supplied from outside the island, and demonstrate the use on the Gili Matra Region have exceeded the existing carrying capacity. The sustainable development aspects and land use management should be applied strictly to ensure the sustainability of natural resources, social and economic, as well as cotinuously consider the efforts and existing strategies of conservation. The export and import factors of bioproductivity should be considered in making long-term planning. Spatially, BC appraisal was applicable to illustrate the condition of an area on the small islands. The GIS based BC can give the information of pattern of changes and distributions, both spatial and temporal. However, the statistical data use is needed to get the value of BC per capita.

Indonesia should pay greater attention on aquaculture due to a continous decrease in capture fisheries production. Shrimp is an excellent fishery commodity consumption in the global market, but the availability of supply is not yet fulfilled. The supra intensive aquaculture system has believed as a solution method for shrimp production. This study was trying to analyze the energy and emergy flow inside the supra intensive aquaculture system. Further analysis was done with emergy indices calculation to predict the future application of supra intensive system. The result of study shows the energy required in shrimp harvested from supra intensive system (transformity) was 1,12E+10 sej/g shrimps. This number represents it is needed more energy to produce per gram shrimps in supra intensive system compared to conventional shrimp pond in Ecuador and in Brazil. System more likely depend on purchased input which was indicated by very high EIR and ELR but in contrary relatively low EYR. Supra intensive aquaculture systems tend to be unsustainable in the long term by the very low value of ESI.

The status of fish resources in management fisheries context is important to be known for setting resources policy in order to ensure continuity of fish stock and harvest. Estimating the level of sustainable catches and economic rent by using surplus production approach and Gordon-Schaefer bioeconomic analysis then comparing the actual condition, it will point to level of resource exploitation and level of resource degradation. The management of demersal fish around the beach in Indramayu Regency which is characterized by open access resource indicate the status of the fish resource in a state of overfishing and degraded. Therefore, it is important for designing fisheries management policy by regulating the amount of fishing effort. Keywords: demersal fish, bioeconomic analysis, overfishing, degradation

The purpose of this study was to determine the typology, seagrass ecosystem function and services that are useful for human well-being. This research was conducted by using literatures survey of some scientific documents and analyzed qualitatively and described to obtain a comprehensive overview in accordance with purposes of this research. The results of this study shows that seagrass ecosystem provides the benefits of ecosystem services are valuable and needed humans to meet their needs and well-being, both ecologically, socially, and economically. Those ecosystem services include the following: (i) provisioning services that one of them shown by the production of a protein source necessary for mandkind, (ii) regulating services, one of which is shown by role of seagrass in maintaining the stability of white sand beaches from abrasion, (iii) cultural services, one one which is shown by the role of seagrass in making the surrounding area as a place for recreation, especially recreational fishing, and (iv) supporting services, one of which is shown by the role of seagrass in the process of supplying oxygen and nutrient cycling in the waters of the needs of fish and biota surrounding. All the ecosystem services provided to be a source of life and livelihood are needed to meet the people’s welfare. Keywords : seagrass, ecosystem services, provisioning services, regulating services, cultural services, supporting services

Penelitian ini dilakukan pada April sampai Oktober 2013 di Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Pesisir Timur Pulau Weh yang terdiri dari 10 stasiun dimana 6 stasiun berada didalam kawasan konservasi dan 4 stasiun diluar kawasan konservasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai persentase tutupan karang dan komposisi ikan karang. Sampling menggunakan transek titik dan underwater visual sensus (UVC) dan hasil tangkapan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kondisi tutupan karang, kelimpahan dan biomassa ikan target dikawasan konservasi yaitu 54%, 1.662 ind/ha dan 408,78 kg/ha, secara berurutan, sedangkan diluar kawasan konservasi adalah 33,05%, 1.058 ind/ha dan 307,77 kg/ha biomassa ikan target. Jumlah jenis ikan karang di kawasan konservasi meningkat, yaitu 60 jenis tahun 2010 menjadi 83 jenis pada tahun 2013 dan rata-rata hasil tangkapan tahun 2008 yaitu 3,03 kg/trip dan tahun 2013 yaitu 3,6 kg/trip. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi karang dan komposisi jenis dan ukuran ikan lebih baik di dalam kawasan konservasi berbanding diluar kawasan.

Gili Matra Aquatic Park is a conservation area located in Gili Indah Village, North Lombok. It is one of marineprotected areas that has a wide range of potential resources, i.e. fish resources and ecosystems. The potency offish resources and marine ecosystems is utilized in fisheries and tourism activities. Non responsible fisheries andtourism activities can cause ecosystem degradation and fish extinction. The existence and preservation of fishresources is the main key to successful fisheries management in Gili Matra. Therefore, it is necessary to study theecological footprint to estimate the carrying capacity of fisheries in Gili Matra Aquatic Park. This study wasconducted in May June at TWP Gili Matra. The ecological footprint analysis showed that EF in Gili Indah village is0.1 x 10-6 km2/kapita. When the population of Gili Indah village in 2014 are 3.694 people, the area of EF is 0.55 km2.Compared with 18.97 km2 sustainability fisheries zone of TWP Gili Matra, so this is referred to undershoot. The useof EF fishery is still smaller than available area and the resources can reproduce and maintain its ecologicalfunctions.

This paper was based on primary data from Lombok squid fishermen communities. The presence of fisherman migrants in fishing activities at salura island is very important for their livelihood. The purpose of this study was determined the catch in different season influenced by the duration time of migration and fishing assets. Fishing assets described of number of fishing gear, number of boat, and number of engine. Duration time described are length of stay at located of migration and frequency of migration. Data were analyzed by regression statistic analysis. The results is that fishing assets of fishing gear have influenced to cacth both on east monsoon and west monsoon season. Then length of stay at the destination of migration affect the catch too, when the squid are abundant in the east monsoon season.

Currently, the function of seagrass community as carbon storage has been discussed in line with “blue carbon” function of that seagrass has. Seagrass bed are a very valuable coastal ecosystem, however, seagrass bed is threatened if compared to other coastal ecosystems, such as mangroves and coral reefs. The threatened seagrass experienced also contributes to its capacity in absorbing CO2 emission from greenhouse gasses such as CO2 emission Temporal estimation shows that CO2 emission will increase in the coming decade. On the other side, efforts to decrease climate change can be influenced by the existence of seagrass. Informations about existence of seagrass as carbon storage are still very rare or limited. This study was aimed to estimate carbon storage on seagrass community in Marine Nature Tourism Park of Kotania Bay Area, Western Seram, Maluku Province. The quadrat transect method of 0.25 m2 for each plot was used to collect seagrass existence. The content of carbon in the sample of dry biomass of seagrass was analyzed in the laboratory using Walkley & Black method. The results showed that total carbon stored was higher in both Osi and Burung Islands of Kotania Bay than other studied areas (Buntal and Tatumbu Islands, Marsegu Island, Barnusang Peninsula, Loupessy and Tamanjaya Village). The average carbon stored in Kotania Bay waters was 2.385 Mg C ha-1, whereas the total of carbon stored was 2054.4967 Mg C.

Mangrove ecosystem existence is important for environment and other organisms because of its ecological and economical values, so that management and preservation of mangrove ecosystem are needed. The purpose of this research was to determine the existing condition of mangrove, both its distribution and its functional transformation in Indah Kapuk Coastal Area. Avicennia marina becomes important as wave attenuation, a form of abrasion antidote. Transect-Square and Spot-Check methods were used to determine the existing condition of A.marina mangrove forests. Autocad program, coordinate converter, Google Earth, Google Map, and Arc View were applied in process of making mangrove distribution map. In western of research location exactly at Station 1 and Station 2, the density value of mangrove was 450 and 825 tree ha-1, respectively with sparse category because they were contaminated by waste and litter. In eastern of research location namely Station 3, Station 4, and Station 5 the mangroves grow well with density value of 650 (sparse), 1,500 (very dense), and 1,200 tree ha-1 (fair), respectively, eventhough the contamination still happened. The mangrove forests around the stations do not function as wave attenuation because there were many waterfront constructions which have replaced the function of mangrove forests to damp the wave. In short, it can be stated that the mangrove's function has changed in a case of wave attenuation. The function of mangrove forests is not determined by mangrove forest density but it is determined by mangrove's free position.

The study aims to establish the management model of ecosystem services Koto Panjang Reservoir. The approach used in this modeling is the Dynamic Modelling. The results showed the value of prediction error of the simulation results based on the data used was in the range 0.4 % - 4.64 %. The simulation results show the value of economic growth in 2020 will reach its peak value Rp.3,3 billion. The economic value of the total economic value of the four main activities of the utilization of ecosystem services Koto Panjang Reservoir namely; KJA cultivation of Rp.1,1 billion, tourism Rp.1,6 billion, fishing by paddle for 60 million, fishing by fishing boat engine at Rp.489 million. Model scenarios developed by increasing the KJA growth of 30% and 100% for tourism, managed to increase the total economic value of Rp.5,08 billion from previously around Rp.3,3 billion or an increase of approximately 53.95%. The increase in the economic value derived from an increase in the economic value of Rp.1,56 billion KJA activities and improvement of the economic value of tourism activities Rp 2,9 billion. Keywords: ecosystem services, reservoirs, total economic value, dynamic modelling

ABSTRACT Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) is the one commodity that the waters of the Gulf of Tomini which potential and high economic value, and the fishermen used with various types of fishing technology. The aims of this study was to see whether the fish catches of skipjack influenced by extrinsic factors such as zones, depth, and season and knowing revenue per fishing effort. This study used primary data, especially on fish resources obtained through direct observation of research and interviews with actors fishery (fishing/crew, ship owners, collectors, officers TPI and other stakeholders), and the option to use a list of questions/questionnaire structured according to the research objectives. Secondary data were collected through the reporting of fisheries statistics include statistical data of domestic fisheries (RTP), statistics fleets and fishing gear, production data from the Department of Fisheries and Marine Gorontalo Province, Department of Fisheries and Marine Pohuwato, the Central Bureau of Statistics of Gorontalo Province Development Planning Agency Regional and Tomini Bay Sustainable Coastal Livelihoods and Management (SUSCLAM). In addition, a variety of literature supporting this research e.g. scientific publications, local publications and other documents. Data analysis was performed using resources through the stock abundance index data recording catches and the number of trips/boat/gear in the time series, to determine the allocation of fishing effort on the abundance of fish. Next will be the calculation of the catch per effort (CPUE, Catch per Unit of Effort). Analysis of the allocation of fishing effort done using monthly seasonal index (%), and forecasts an economic advantage by analysis Revenue per Unit Effort (RPUEj). The results of the study explained that the test results obtained by a factor wald gear types, depths and seasons significant effect on catches of tuna with a p-value

ABSTRACT Fish stock in marine is dynamic due to fluctuation in the annual total catch. Consequently, the estimate number of fish stock changes yearly, without exception in the coastal of Cilacap District. This current study was intended to reassess the condition of fish stock utilization in the coastal water of Cilacap in 2012. Data of fish production, effort, fish price, and effort cost in 1999-2012 are taken from the Office of Fisheries Agency of Cilacap District. Analysis of fish stock condition is carried out using Gordon-Schaefer bioeconomic model. The results showed that utilization of marine fish resource in the coastal water of Cilacap District was in the condition of over fishing both in terms of MSY or MEY. Key words: fish stock assessment, Gordon-Schaefer model, small scale of fisheries ------- ABSTRAK Stok sumberdaya ikan di suatu perairan laut selalu dinamis karena jumlah penangkapan ikan berubah setiap tahunnya. Konsekuensinya adalah bahwa dugaan stok ikan di suatu lokasi perairan juga berubah setiap tahunnya, tidak terkecuali di perairan pantai selatan Kabupaten Cilacap Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menduga status tingkat pemanfaatan stok udang oleh nelayan skala kecil di perairan pesisir Kabupaten Cilacap dengan tahun acuan 2012. Data produksi udang, data upaya penangkapan, data harga udang, dan data biaya per upaya penangkapan tahun 1999-2012 bersumber dari Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Cilacap. Analisis kondisi tingkat pemanfaatan stok ikan dilakukan menggunakan model keseimbangan bioekonomi Gordon-Schaefer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan laut di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Cilacap telah berada pada kondisi lebih tangkap (overfishing) baik dari segi MSY maupun MEY. Kata kunci: pendugaan stok ikan, model Gordon-Schaefer, nelayan skala kecil

Rawa Pening is an ecological system which plays an important social role for surrounding residents. Human activities which exploited it initiate crisis of fishery natural resources. Rawa Pening management could not ignore involvement of stakeholders if it is expected to be sustained. However, existing imbalance distribution of role among stakeholders, namely government and community directly depended on Rawa Pening has directed to unresolved conflicting situation and degradation of the resource. This research is intended to formulate strategic policy in managing lake based on co-management. Co-management sample determinated by purposive sampling method in four villages around Rawa Pening Lake. Analisys of the data includes stakeholders analysis, interpretative structural modelling, and co-management analysis. The research results confirm that community directly depended on the resource is the key stakeholders although they have insignificant influence on policy development and management. Co-management institution for managing the lake can be developed in order to empower community and enhance their role in managing lake’s resources. Key words: lake, stakeholders, co-management

This research is aimed to analyze socio-ecological vulnerability of the community in Segara Anakan against the impact of changes in ecological condition. This analisis on vulnerability is linked to social ecological resilience, which in this context covers mechanism for the people to live together as a community, and to learn from changes and unpredictable schocks. The analysis is based on the social ecological system approach, with data collected through interviews with 241 respondents drawn purposively from citizens of four villages in the District of Kampung Laut in April-May 2010. The result shows that in the case of Segara Anakan Lagoon, a number of problems which are social-economical in nature has resulted in low resilience or high vulnerability. Such problems covers land use conflict, economic competition, deforestation and land convertion. These problems are triggered by changes in ecosystem characteristics, from those of maritime toward the terrestrial one, and which results in changes in the community livelihood pattern. Villagers who were more into fishery transform to agricultural and industrial communities. In line with such changes and transformation, a number of prominent factors emerged to cause high vulnerability in Segara Anakan, namely poor educational performance and lack of socio-economic infrastructure. Furthermore, the result suggests that improving the resilience in Segara Anakan should be focused on advancement of ecomic environment facilitated by infrastructures that add no further burden to the environment. Key words: vulnerability, social-ecological system, social vulnerability, ecological vulnerability, community, lagoon, Segara Anakan lagoon