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The phenomenon of urbanization has led to an increase in residential land and other economic activities that resulted in the conversion of undeveloped land into developed and settled lands. Thus, it has an impact on limited water absorption, and eventually, a flood occurs when extreme rainfall happens. The Kedurus watershed is a flood-prone area where floods consistently occur with a depth of up to 1 m. However, the Kedurus watershed is an area that has a vital function in the economic development of the city of Surabaya. From the previous research, three instruments were declared effective in reducing flooding. By using the positivistic approach, the purpose of this study is a spatial planning concept for flood reduction in the Kedurus River Basin. The results will be presented as spatial modeling of the flood with the existing conditions resulting in a flood inundation area of 228.88 ha. The stages of the formulation of the spatial planning concept for flood reduction resulted in several proposals, namely, the allocation of green open space for all the land assets of the Surabaya City government and the provision of a maximum requirement of 60% development for space allocation on existing nondeveloped land.

Adequate management of the triple constraints that majorly affect infrastructure project is at the forefront of all the variables that determine success and failure. Organisation must handle with care the triple constraints to achieve success in their projects from initiation to commissioning. Subsequently, failure to maintain balance in dealing with the constraints will not only result in delays but can immensely contribute to failure of the project. Preliminary investigation revealed that many projects have collapsed and some abandoned in the Eastern cape in South Africa due to managers inability to manage these variables. This study sought to establish the reciprocal effects of the triple constraints on infrastructure projects. The qualitative research method was used by the researchers. The study circumvents on three (3) distinct infrastructure projects in the in land of Eastern cape, Purposive sampling was used and interviews schedule was employed to collect data from the selected sample. The findings revealed that triple constraints (costs, time, and scope) as the main pillar of any projects, are pivotal in determining project success and must be heeded, studied, and managed aptly during planning and implementation phase of a project. Failure to pertinently maintain equilibrium in this regards can lead to failure in projects, even if other segments are on the highest standing. In a nutshell, the project team must comprehend and control these constraints to avoid/minimise misfortunes.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common viral cause of congenital infection, Congenital Cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is one of the most common intrauterine infections in pregnancy. It is a leading congenital infection that causes mental disorders and sensorineural deafness. Recent CMV infection presents the greatest risk of transmission and severity. cCMV infection is an important concern in pregnant women. Routine serologic testing is performed during pregnancy in most countries for rubella, syphilis, HBV, and HIV. Thus, adding CMV to ongoing serologic testing is most likely to occur. Methods: This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) among pregnant women at AKTH. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted in AKTH Antenatal hospital were blood was taken from pregnant women that came for antenatal care and investigated for cytomegalovirus specific immunoglobin M(IgM) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Demographic and clinical data were collected by questionnaire after participants consented. A total of 90 pregnant women were included in this study. Results: Multi-gravid had the highest seroprevalence of 83.3% (5) based on their gravidity (p=0.000), while pri-gravid had 16.7%. (1). Subjects with two children at home had the highest seropositive rate of 50.6%, whereas subjects with 0 child and 3+ had 16.7% and 33.3%, respectively, but subjects with one child had no seropositive, positivity rate (p=0.000).Gravidity and parity were found to have a statistically significant relationship with CMV infection (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides data on HCMV epidemiology in northern Nigeria, and also provides an indicator on active CMV infection and the potential for transmission in utero. Keywords: Congenital Cytomegalovirus; IgM-ELISA; Sensorineural deafness

Conflict is an unavoidable human phenomenon as where there is interaction there is a possibility of conflict arising. Conflicts are neither wholly constructive nor entirely disparaging, but the ways they are managed make them either beneficial or detrimental. Schools, like other workplaces, are not immune to conflicts. The goal of this exploratory work was to look at the elements that contribute to teacher conflict in selected secondary schools in an Eastern Cape educational province in South Africa. The researcher employed an interpretivist technique. An interview was conducted to collect data from ten teachers and five principals who were sampled for the study. The findings of this study demonstrate that conflicts are caused by unhealthy and unmanaged competition, poor communication in the schools amongst the teachers and school management teams, teacher workload and the leadership styles of principals. Finally, a synopsis of recommendations was made to assist the policy makers, departmental officials, the school Governing Bodies (SGBs) together with the School Management Teams (SMTs), principals, teachers, and parents in the proper management of conflict in secondary schools.

The system of governance in South Africa is a concerning issue characterized by poor accountability, lack of transparency, and lack of public participation. After observations, it is crucial in this fourth industrial revolution to assess the role of mass media in promoting good governance, which leads to proper accountability, public participation, and transparency. The main aim of this study is to explore the importance of mass media in promoting good governance. The focus of the study was on eight (8) wards in King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality. The existing literature related to this topic was reviewed by the researchers on mass media and good governance, with the foundation of Media Ecology Theory (MET) introduced by Marshall McLuhan. Briefly mass media plays a role of exposing government failure, promote accountability, provide proper communication and government success, while providing people with information about maladministration, corruption, and public scandals. A cluster sampling method was used to select the respondents which made total of sixty (60) respondents. The population is made up of adults and children from community and municipality. The study adopted mixed method approach to gather data and analyze data. Quantitative (questionnaires) were conducted to fifty (50) community members and qualitative (in-depth interviews) with ten (10) municipal officials. RStudio software was used for quantitative data presented in graphs and for qualitative data word cloud was utilized. The finding revealed that majority of the participants agreed that mass media promotes good governance, and a few disagree. The study recommends that Mass media should provide conducive space for masses to enable participate in governance issues. Media publication at grassroot level should also focus on fighting corruption, lack of good governance, and improve consultation of public in formulation policy the study.

Due to the general unique nature of projects, they are prone to deviations and unforeseen disruptions that can jeopardize development and completion on schedule. During the global proclamation of total or partial lockdown following the peak of Covid 19 crisis in 2020, transportation of products and persons has been limited, resulting in the entire suspension or delay of projects across the O.R. Tambo District like several districts across South Africa. This research examines the factors for infrastructure project success in the face of crises in the South Africa's Eastern Cape area. The study used closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires in line with the Pragmatic paradigm. The sample includes 205 participants who took part in various projects in the O.R Tambo district Eastern Cape area. SPSS was used to analyse the data. The findings of this study shed light on factors that can help assure project success in accordance with established theoretical frameworks, and how implementing these can help managers limit time and expense overruns, among other restrictions. Finally, the study suggests that project managers may boost team motivation by providing appropriate supervision, training, and rewarding hard effort.

Background: HPV 16 is the primary etiologic agent of cervical cancer and the presence of L1 and E6 oncoproteins are largely responsible for its virulence. It was the objective of this study to identify HPV16 isolates from suspected cases of cervical cancer at Specialist Hospital Sokoto and Sir Yahaya Memorail Hospiatal Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria and also to identifypotent HPV16’s L1 protein inhibitor using in silico analysis. Methods: A total of 144 cervical samples consisting of 21 low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 6 high grade lesion and 117 negative pap smears were collected. The samples were subjected for molecular detection using PCR targeting E6 gene of the virus. Data generated for the molecular prevalence was statistically analyzed using Chi-square method. AutoDock Vina was used to carry out the molecular docking between 2hr5 and Chicoric acid, curcumin and Echinacoside. Results: Out of the 144 samples, 24 samples were positive for the PCR representing 16.9% molecular prevalence rate. There is statistically significant association between cyto-diagnoses and presence of HPV16 (P < 0.05). Docking analysis showed that the Chicoric acid components of Echinacea purpurae have strong binding affinity (-8.7 kcal/mol) to the L1 protein of the HPV. Conclusion: This study provides data on HPV 16 epidemiology in northern Nigeria, and also provides novel evidence for consideration on certain interacting residues, when synthesizing Anti-HPV compounds in the wet lab. Keywords: HPV; Echinacea purpurae; chicoric acid; echinacoside; curcumin.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Effective ultrasonic treatment domain identified for intermetallic fragmentation. • Intermetallic breakage occurred in, Grain refinement in alloys is a well-known effect of ultrasonic melt processing. Fragmentation of primary crystals by cavitation-induced action in liquid metals is considered as one of the main driving mechanisms for producing finer and equiaxed grain structures. However, in-situ observations of the fragmentation process are generally complex and difficult to follow in opaque liquid metals, especially for the free-floating crystals. In the present study, we develop a transparent test rig to observe in real time the fragmentation potential of free-floating primary Al3Zr particles under ultrasonic excitation in water (an established analogue medium to liquid aluminium for cavitation studies). An effective treatment domain was identified and fragmentation time determined using acoustic pressure field mapping. For the first time, real-time high-speed imaging captured the dynamic interaction of shock waves from the collapsing bubbles with floating intermetallic particles that led to their fragmentation. The breakage sequence as well as the cavitation erosion pattern were studied by means of post-treatment microscopic characterisation of the fragments. Fragment size distribution and crack patterns on the fractured surface were then analysed and quantified. Application of ultrasound is shown to rapidly (

Lokasi stategis Kabupaten Sampang yang berada pada jalur lintas pergerakan dari arah Timur-Barat Pulau Madura. Penduduk Kabupaten Pamekasan dan Kabupaten Sumenep yang menuju ke arah Surabaya atau sebaliknya, harus melintasi wilayah kabupaten Sampang. Kemacetan yang terjadi di Kecamatan Sampang bersifat lokal dan terjadi di beberapa simpang ketika jam sibuk. Simpang Monumen Trunojoyo termasuk Simpang yang menimbulkan kemacetan. Kemacetan di Simpang Monumen Trunojoyo di sebabkan oleh Simpang ini berada pada Jalur Jalan Nasional Surabaya-Sumenep yang di lewati kendaraat berat dan padat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai kinerja Simpang Monumen Trunojoyo di Kecamatan Sampang. Hasil penelitiannya yaitu kinerja Simpang Monumen Trunojoto pada seluruh pendekat memiliki tingkat pelayanan di bawah standard yaitu ≤ 0.75. Simulasi solver dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kinerja simpang dengan merubah siklus pada persinyalan, terutama memodifikasi waktu hijau (detik) serta memodifikasi lebar efektif setiap pendekat. Didapatkan hasil optimasi nilai DS berkisar antara 0.66 hingga 0.7 < 0.75.

The normal embryological development, anatomical structural setup and physiological functionality of the genital system...

Seeds of plants of family: Leguminosae contain a majority of globulins protein (SG) which could be divided into both 11S and 7S globulins subunits..

The second stage of labour (SSOL) is defined as duration from fully dilated cervix until delivery of the baby [1-7]. A prolonged second stage is depicted, in nulliparous patients, as a lack of..

Keterbatasan lahan di Surabaya membuat kawasan Pantai Timur Surabaya (Pamurbaya) dilirik oleh pihak pengembang permukiman swasta. Namun, RTRW Kota Surabaya 2014 menetapkan kawasan Pamurbaya sebagai kawasan lindung/konservasi dengan zona ruang terbuka hijau. Dari seluruh kawasan konservasi Pamurbaya 92,66% masih berstatus kepemilikan perorangan. Sehingga terjadi kerawanan pelanggaran pada kawasan konservasi Pamurbaya. Dari perhitungan GIS faktual lapangan 2017, sudah terjadi pelanggaran sebesar 0,5% dari seluruh kawasan konservasi Pamurbaya. Selain itu kerawanan ini di perkuat dengan kondisi tutupan lahan saat ini, dari seluruh kawasan konservasi seluas 2.503,9 Ha, didominasi tutupan lahan tambak seluas 2080,40 Ha. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifakasi potensi pelanggaran pada kawasan konservasi Pamurbaya berdasarkan model spasial prediksi tren perkembangan lahan tahun 2034. Hasil penelitiannya adalah faktor yang dominan mempengaruhi perkembangan lahan di Pamurbaya adalah faktor adanya jaringan jalan lingkar luar timur Surabaya dan kedekatan dengan permukiman yang sudah ada. Pola perkembangan lahan eksisting di kawasan Pamurbaya selama 2011-2017 didominasi dengan pertumbuhan permukiman sebesar 602,35 Ha, dan tambak tumbuh sebesar 222,45 Ha. Kemudian berdasarkan prediksi tren perkembangan lahan Pamurbaya tahun 2034 dengan Cellular Automata , diprediksi permukiman akan tumbuh sebesar 62% dari luas saat ini, industri akan tumbuh sebesar 7%, perdagangan jasa akan tumbuh 15%. Juga diprediksi tambak akan berkurang 29% dari luas saat ini. Indetifikasi potensi pelanggaran kawasan konservasi Pamurbaya menghasilkan pada tahun 2029 kawasan konnservasi diprediksi akan terjadi pelanggaran 8,74% dan tahun 2034 akan terlanggar 24,02%.

Background Cancer is a growing public health problem worldwide. The focus of cancer treatment, in addition to curation, is improving the quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of Amharic version of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) among gynecological cancer patients in Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted using the Amharic version of EORTC QLQ-C30 on 153 gynecological cancer patients in Tikur Anbassa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multivariable linear regression were employed in statistical analysis. Results The Amharic version of EORTC QLQ-C30 had a Cronbach’s α value of 0.81. The internal consistency for each domain of EORTC QLQ-C30 was also acceptable (Cronbach’s α >0.7) except for cognitive function domain (Cronbach’s α = 0.29). Stepwise multivariable linear regression analysis showed that emotional functioning (p

Adnexal torsion remains a challenging diagnosis, often leading to delayed operative intervention and resultant ovarian loss. Objective: To describe the clinical profile and therapeutic approaches of adnexal torsion in the Ethiopian setting.A retrospective cross sectional descriptive chart review ofwomen with surgically proven adnexal torsion was conducted in two teaching hospitals from Jan 1 2007 - Dec 31, 2011.A total of 53 women with AT were analyzed. About 33(62%) of torsion occurred in the age group of 20 - 29 years. The most common symptoms were lower abdominal pain 52 (98.1 %) followed by nausea and vomiting 46 (86.8%), whereas, the common physical findings were lower abdominal tenderness 49(92.5%) and palpable pelvic mass 40 (76.9%). Adnexal torsion was considered in the diferential diagnosis upon initial evaluation only in 27 (51%) of the cases. Of the study subjects, only 7(13.2%) had surgery within 24 hours of arrival to the facility and the mean time from initial evaluation to surgery was 53.8±44.5 hours. Moderately positive correlation was observed between ultrasound and intra-operative adnexal size measurement (r = 0.716, p = 0.000). Using non-parametric independent sample test, none of the clinical profile categories studied show significant difference in mean time from initial evaluation to surgery. Despite the overwhelmingly benign pathology, most 46 (86.8%) ofpatients underwent adnexectomy_with only 3(5.7%) adnexal salvage rate.Delayed surgical intervention and low ovarian salvage rate inspite of predominantly benign pathology was observed. Therefore, high degree of suspicion, especially in patients with high risk factors, and timely intervention must be exercised in an effort to salvage the adnexae.

Caesarean delivery (C/D) can be done in the first or second stage of labor. One fourth of the primary C/D are reported to be performed in the second stage of the labor but are more complicated compared to the ones performed in the first stage.To compare maternal and perinatal outcomes of caesarean delivery (C/D) performed in the second stage of labor compared with the first stage in the Ethiopian setting.An institution based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in three teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A sample size calculation for double proportion was used, and, for every second stage C/D, the next three consecutive first stage C/D cases were taken as controls till the desired sample size was achieved. mean and standard deviation for continuous and proportion for categorical variables were used for descriptive statistics. T-test for difference in independent mean and chi square test to compare proportions was utilized. Odds ratio with 95% CI was used to measure the strength of association of selected variables.A total of 3238 deliveries were attended in the three teaching hospitals during the study period making the (C/D rate of 30.1%. Three hundred eighty-eight emergency caesarean delivery cases were enrolled using the aforementioned technique with the proportion of 97 (10.9%) second stage and 291 (89.1%) first stage C/D. The most common indications in the first stage were non-reassuring fetal heart rate pattern (NRFHRP) accounting for 110 (37.8%) followed by arrest or protraction disorder of 68 (23.4%), whereas the commonest indication for the second stage C/D was cephalopelvic disproportion 46 (48.5%). Significant difference observed in the mean blood loss between the second stage and first stage C/D, 552 ml vs. 410 ml, (OR 30.13, 95% CI 16.25-55.85). Similarly, the women in the second stage C/D had longer mean hospital stay and mean longer operation time than first stage C/D, 5.34 vs. 6.96 days, (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05-2.85), and 31.12 min vs. 37.5, (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.33-4.07), respectively. Five caesarean hysterectomies were done for postpartum haemorrhage and four cases of extension of incision site were encountered following second stage C/D compared to none in the first stage C/D.Though no maternal death or significant perinatal complications were encountered, women with second stage C/D had significant maternal morbidities than first stage cesarean delivery. Therefore, utmost effort should be made to avoid the procrastination of the decision for C/D to the second stage, but if such compelling situations are encountered, precautions, like involvement of the most senior person and vigilance to minimize the expected complications is warranted.

Human Papilloma virus associated cervical cancers are more prevalent in developing countries compared to developed countries. Cervical cancer is reported as the most frequent malignancy among women visiting hospitals in Ethiopia. This study is a pilot study designed to examine the prevalence and genotypes of HPV in twenty Ethiopian women, clinically diagnosed to have cervical neoplasia, while visiting gynecology unit of a tertiary level referral hospital in Addis Ababa. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of HPV L1 gene and respective genotypes among women clinically diagnosed with different grades of cervical neoplasia.A total of 20 fresh biopsy samples were collected from clinically diagnosed cases, DNA extracted and further amplified using PCR for HPV L1 and beta globin genes. The PCR amplicons were denatured and allowed for hybridization onto a nitrocellulose strip containing the type-specific probes for 27 HPV genotypes representing both high and low risk groups as well as beta globin genes. Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical findings of the participants were recorded on structured questionnaires.Amplification of HPV L1 gene by PCR detected 17 cases out of 20. Based on reverse line blot hybridization assay, the most frequent genotype identified was HPV16 (13/20). Mixed infection of HPV 16 with HPV 33, HPV 35, HPV 45 and HPV 58 was detected from other four study participants.Human papilloma virus type 16 was the most prevalent genotype identified from the subjects screened. Further investigation with statistically sound sample size would help to clearly visualize the existing trend in Ethiopia regarding factors for high risk HPV positivity and multiple gravidity, young age at first coitus and cervical neoplasia.

Studies from different contexts worldwide in both developed and developing countries in the era of wide access to antiretroviral drugs indicate that many HIV positive individuals continue to exhibit high risk sexual behaviors, fertility intentions being one of the many characteristics.Identify the level and determinants of fertility desire among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) at antiretroviral treatment (ART) centers.A cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly sampled, 396 PLWHAs. Odds ratio along with 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the association of the study variables with the outcome variable.The majority of respondents were females, 330 (83.3%), and 224 (56.6%) were in the age category of 25-35 years with the mean age of 33.5 +/- 6.61 years. From a total of 396 study subjects interviewed, 172 (43.3%) desired to have children in the future, out of which 123 (71.5%) stated positively that they intended to give birth in the near future, and of these 33 (26.8%) had taken action and are currently pregnant. CD4 count above 350/mm3, partner's desire to have a child, life time history of not having live births and number of alive children are the most important predictors of fertility desire reported in this survey.Fertility desire remains to be high. This will pose serious challenges in areas of high HIV prevalence, like Ethiopia, on the implementation of the PMTCT programs. The strong predictors of fertility desire found in our study on the other hand can be used by policy makers, planners, and health service providers in the planning and implementation of the PMTCT programs. We suggest a large scale studies to be undertaken in the future.

We are presenting two case series of vaginal foreign body (VFB) in patients belonging to two different age groups. The literature review, summary of the two cases, and, the corresponding discussions will be presented.

Background : Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial syndrome in which a decrease in vaginal acidity and concentration of lactobacilli is accompanied by an increase of other pathogenic micro-organisms. The distribution of lactic acid bacteria in vaginal environment of Ethiopian women has not been documented. Objective :To assess the frequency of bacterial vaginosis in women visiting a gynecological clinic in Addis Ababa and to characterize the most common lactic acid bacteria isolated from vaginal fluid. Methods : Vaginal samples from a total of 100 women aged between 18 and 60 years and visiting a gynecological clinic in Addis Ababa were collected between January and June, 2008 and analyzed for their microbial flora. Their Nugent score was determined microscopically and Lactic acid bacteria were isolated, characterized and their drug resistance determined. Results : BV frequency among these study women was 32%. Only 15% were symptomatic as detected by the presence of malodor or abnormal discharge. The majority (44%) was in the age group of 18-30 years and less than a quarter of them had BV. It was also detected in about a third of women belonging to the two major religious denominations had BV. The frequency of BV among pregnant women was low. The frequency of BV in women with prior abortion was slightly higher than 1/3. A total of 350 lactic acid bacterial isolates were obtained and 40% of them belonged to Lactococcus species. Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Pediococcus were encountered at different frequencies. Resistance was seen against all drugs at various frequencies among the LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria) isolates. Resistance of LAB to all antibiotics tested ranged between 20% and 42%, and the least resistance was noted against vancomycin. All women who had been positive for bacterial vaginosis were accordingly treated. Conclusion : Bacterial vaginosis may contribute to adverse reproductive outcomes. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in this study compares well with other African studies. The species richness and relative abundance of vaginal lactic acid bacteria in this study may be considered to design better probiotic products as bacterial replacement therapy.

We present a case of vaginal calculus formation following an initial insult of female genital mutilation (FGM) and crocodile bite to the external genital. A literature review made with regards to acute and late complication of female genital mutilation. Female genital cutting existed as early as the 5th century B.C. This ritualistic practice has affected the physical, mental, and social well being of women and undermined the basic reproductive and sexual health rights of the female population. Worldwide, 85-114 million girls and young women are subjected to this dreadful practice. It is mostly practiced in Africa and Middle East. Various authors classify female genital cutting differently. The World Health Organization classifies FGM in to FOUR types. Female genital mutilation is associated with immediate, intermediate and long-term complications (1-4). The complications are strongly related to the variant of the mutilation, especially of the third and the fourth types where introcision or vaginal scraping is performed. Vaginal calculus formation is a rare phenomenon. Our patient had a total obliteration of the introitus, vaginal calculus formation and urethra-vaginal fistula, which were surgically managed and corrected

We are reporting a rare case on a fourteen years old girl who presented with a vague abdominopelvic pain and frequent complaints of urinary symptom of hesitancy since her early childhood. The bilateral loss of the inferior pubic rami is a very rare clinical and congenital abnormality as evidenced by the world literature. This is the first ever reported case in an Ethiopian subject.

Some of the fascinating developmental anomalies encountered by Obstetricians and Gynecologists are mullerian duct disorder of various types. The diagnosis is usually made during workup for infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss or cyclic pelvic pain. Because of embryologic developmental structural share and proximity, it is not uncommon to find mullerian duct, urinary tract and skeletal anomalies concurrently. Three parous women with different mullerian duct malformations preoperatively diagnosed as ovarian tumor, ectopic pregnancy and footling breech are reported Intraoperatively, the first case was found to have uterine didelphys with blind hemivagina, lumbosacral bones defect and hypoplastic pelvic kidney. In the second case, bicornuate uterus with viable pregnancy and in the third case, fetus and placenta in separate cavity of partially septated uterus were identified Literature on the embryologic association of mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts anomaly, the reproductive outcome and place of metroplasic surgery are reviewed.

Background : Female Genital Tuberculosis (FGTB) is one form of extra pulmonary tuberculosis affecting the female reproductive organs, most commonly the fallopian tubes and the endometrium. It affects young women aged between 20 and 40 years of age and is an important cause of infertility. It often occurs as a secondary complication following pulmonary tuberculosis. Diagnosis depends mainly on clinical suspicion in countries where facilities for mycobacterial culture and histopathology are unavailable. Even in places where these facilities exist, diagnosis still remains difficult because of the lower sensitivity and specificity of the methods as well as the invasive procedure of acquiring biopsy specimens. Objective : To explore the immunological profiles of female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) patients in response to mycobacterial antigens. Methods : Twenty-five clinically suspected cases of FGTB and 12 control subjects who came to the Black Lion hospital for unrelated gynecological problems were included in the study. Peripheral blood samples were collected from each subject. Plasma was separated by centrifugation and PBMC were isolated over ficoll-hypaque and stimulated in vitro with mycobacterial antigens to examine their proliferative response as incorporation of tritiated thymidine using a β-counter. HIV status and total IgG-, IgA- and IgM- antibody levels were determined by ELISA tests. Results : In vitro recall responses to M. tuberculosis antigens (PPD and BCG sonicate) as well as plasma levels of IgGIgA- and IgM-antibodies to MPT59 showed statistically significant differences between the patients and the controls (p Conclusion : The results show that PBMC of FGTB patients recognize M. tuberculosis antigens more strongly than PBMC of patients with other gynecological problems. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 19(3) 2005: 219-24

Holoprosencephaly is one of the rare types of craniofacial congenital anomaly characterized by failure of differentiation of the procencephalon to diencephalon and telencephalon derivatives that accompanied by variable degree of orbitofacial dysmorphism. The case presented to our hospital in the third trimester of pregnancy with intrauterine fetal death was diagnosed prior to delivery as hydrocephalus to rule out hydrops fetalis. Autopsy examination showed distinctive features of holoprosencephaly of severe type in conjunction with a large head fused with the thorax to appear as a spherical ball ('cephalothorax' nature) and multiple cardiac malformations but with normally differentiated upper and lower limbs, intestines, female reproductive system and kidneys. We are reporting this unusual case to remind clinicians to be conscious on partly preventable teratogens specific to this anomaly, and if failed to do so, to diagnose as early as possible and terminate the pregnancy through vaginal route, within all the provision of the law.

Surface epithelial-stromal tumors constitute by far the most important group among all ovarian neoplasms. Sixty-four kilogram left ovarian serous cystadenoma was removed from a forty-nine kilogram weighing Ethiopian woman. She presented with twenty-five years history of abdominal swelling. She had extreme degree of difficulty in bearing her weight, which resulted in keeping her to the house. This unusually big tumor is discussed with clinicopathologic correlation and literature review.