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Background: Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide and is the most common major neurological complication during pregnancy. Carbamazepine, a widely used antiepileptic drug, has been associated with oxidative damage. Vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant has shown potential in controlling seizures and improving fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin C against carbamazepine and pentylenegtetrazole-induced seizures on pre-implantation loss in pregnant Wistar rats.Methods: We randomly assigned Thirty pregnant rats into six groups of five animals each. Group received distilled water (2 ml/kg), Group 2 was administered pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) at a dose of 60 mg/kg, Group 3 received vitamin C (100mg/kg) along with PTZ (60 mg/kg), Group 4 was given carbamazepine (20 mg/kg), Group 5 received both carbamazepine (20 mg/kg) and PZT (60 mg/kg), and Group 6 was pretreated with vitamin C, carbamazepine and PZT at doses of 100 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 60mg/kg, respectively. Treatments were administered via gavage once daily for 11 consecutive days, while PTZ was administered intraperitoneally ones. Oxidative stress parameters were assessed in the pituitary, ovary and uterine tissues alongside hematological parameters and sex hormones concentrations. We also evaluated preimplantation loss. Results: The results demonstrated that vitamin C effectively mitigated the adverse effects of oxidative stress, hormonal disruptions, preimplantation loss, and hematological changes induced by seizure and carbamazepine.Conclusion: The study concludes that antioxidant properties of vitamin C at gestation contribute to its protective effects against seizures and carbamazepine-induced alterations in reproductive parameters. The findings may have implications for human exposure to antiepileptics during pregnancy.

Persoalan tata kelola sampah menjadi isu utama yang tidak terpisahkan dari kehidupan kita. Salah satu desa yang memiliki konsen terhadap pengelolaan sampah adalah Desa Rawalo, Kecamatan Rawalo, Kabupaten Banyumas. Desa ini memiliki TPST yang sudah mulai berjalan sejak tahun 2020. Melalui kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, tim pengabdian melakukan kegiatan mengubah sampah menjadi berkah melalui kampanye zero waste. Tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah untuk memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat mengenai pentingnya menjaga kelestarian bumi dan gaya hidup sehat melalui gerakan zero waste di Desa Rawalo. Metode pengabdian menggunakan ABCD model yang dalam hal ini masyarakat tidak dipandang sebagai aktor yang lemah dan terpinggirkan, melainkan dipersepsikan sebagai suatu komunitas yang memiliki potensi untuk berubah dan menjadi solusi dari beragam masalah yang ada, seperti masalah ketimpangan ekonomi, peningkatan taraf hidup, kesejahteraan sosial, termasuk juga mengatasi berbagai problem lingkungan dan pengelolaan sampah. Berdasarkan observasi dapat dikatakan masyarakat belum sepenuhnya dapat menyadari pentingnya memilah sampah. Maka dari itu, diperlukan pendampingan lanjutan baik melalui program CSR dari pihak swasta maupun program pendampingan dari perguruan tinggi. Hasil pengabdian yang telah dilakukan yakni terlaksananya program kampanye sesuai dengan rancangan proposal yang meliputi pelaksanaan workshop I dan workshop II sehingga masyarakat belajar pemilahan dan pengelolaan sampah yang bernilai ekonomis hingga zero waste.

This research aims at analyzing auses and impacts of political conflicts, as well as changes in the governance structure and conditions following the establishment of new autonomous regions. The study employs a mixed methods approach using an exploratory sequential design. The research is conducted in Sorong City, Southwest West Papua Province, utilizing cluster random sampling. Data collection techniques involve questionnaires, observations, interviews, document analysis, and triangulation. Data analysis follows an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach, involving descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative analysis. The research findings indicate that the causes of political conflict are attributed to changes in regional governance and power redistribution stemming from polarization based on social and cultural differences, as well as differences in political views and ideologies leading to conflicts among elite political parties competing for power. The impact of these conflicts has resulted in the instability of governance and hindered government decision-making, prompting government efforts to address these issues through dialogue and communication, with civil society playing a role as pressure groups and peace agents. Furthermore, there have been no structural changes in governance because the new autonomy policy primarily aims at political objectives to mitigate conflicts, with economic and administrative goals not yet being the primary focus. Additionally, the condition of governance is in the process of improvement as the new government is engaged in restructuring and infrastructure development, thus making the governance condition currently unstable.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the hierarchical effects of Public Health Responses (PHRs) and fiscal policy measures (FPMs) on the tax morale (TM) of entrepreneurial firms in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic. The theoretical basis for the study is based on social contract theory (SCT) and fiscal exchange theory (FET), which oblige entrepreneurs to pay taxes to the state in return for public goods and social services. Using a cross-sectional survey design, we collected primary data from 177 professional managers of entrepreneurial firms in Nigeria using online questionnaires. The sampled firms were accessed with the support of the Lagos Chamber of Commerce. Data collected at a point in time reflecting respondents’ views on the impact of PHRs and FPMs on TM were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. Three estimates emerged from the hierarchical regression analyses. The first estimation suggests that the PHRs have a significant positive effect on the TM of entrepreneurial firms. The second estimate suggests that the FPMs do not have a significant positive effect on the TM of entrepreneurial firms. The third estimation found that the interactive effects of PHRs and FPMs do not have a significant positive effect on the TM of entrepreneurial firms. The study, although modest, contributes to the literature on the entrepreneurial behavior of firms and tax morals in a period of economic uncertainty. The study provides valuable insights and validates the social contract and fiscal exchange theories in the recessionary period.

AbstrakAkademi Komunikasi Radya Binatama (AKRB) memproses data dan informasi dengan memanfaatkan Sistem Informasi Akademik (SIAKAD). SIAKAD mengintegrasikan sistem informasi dari beberapa bagian, kemudian data yang terkumpul diolah dan disajikan untuk memberikan informasi yang dibutuhkan guna membantu penentuan keputusan bagi institusi. Sejak diterapkan pada tahun 2018, belum pernah dilakukan evaluasi terkait penggunaan SIAKAD ini. Metode Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) menjadi pilihan dalam mengevaluasi penerapan SIAKAD dengan mengkaji pengaruh setiap konstruk. Responden penelitian ini adalah pengguna SIAKAD di AKRB sebanyak 40 orang. Structural Equation Model (SEM) digunakan untuk menganalisis data hasil penelitian. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa penerapan SIAKAD dengan metode TAM yang memiliki angka t-statistik tertinggi 2,855 adalah konstruk sikap penggunaan sistem yang berdampak besar terhadap konstruk penerimaan IT. Dari nilai yang dihasilkan dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan sistem informasi akademik AKRB dapat diterima oleh staff dan dosen untuk menunjang proses kegiatan pembelajaran.Kata kunci: Sistem Informasi Akademik, Structural Equation Modeling, Technology Acceptance ModelAbstract[Assessment of Academic Information Systems Using Technology Acceptance Model] Akademi Komunikasi Radya Binatama (AKRB) processes data and information using the Academic Information System (SIAKAD). SIAKAD integrating the information systems from several parts. Data are collected, processed, and presented to provide the information needed to make decisions for the institution. Since implemented in 2018, SIAKAD has never been evaluated regarding the use of SIAKAD. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) method is the choice in evaluating the application of SIAKAD AKRB, by examining the effect of each construct. Respondents of this study were 40 users of SIAKAD in AKRB. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) used to analyze the research data shows that the application of SIAKAD with the TAM method which has the highest t-statistical value of 2.855 is construct attitude toward using the system which has a major impact on the IT acceptance construct. From the resulting value, it can be concluded that the use of the AKRB academic information system can be accepted by staff and lecturers to support the process of learning activities.Keywords: Academic Information System, Structural Equation Modeling, Technology Acceptance Model

The causal relationship between entrepreneurial marketing (EM) and organisational performance has produced mixed findings in the developed context. This study examined the impact of EM on the organisational performance of small business enterprises (SBEs) in Yola, a region in Northeast Nigeria grappling with the onslaughts of Boko Haram insurgency. This quantitative research adopted a descriptive survey research design as the most appropriate and relevant strategy, while relying on the primary data. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire. In the absence of a sample frame in the target population, a sample size of 400 SBEs was selected purposively based on the research eligibility criteria. Out of this sample, 257 SBEs filled and returned the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis and regression analysis were undertaken to analyse the data collected. Based on the four hypotheses tested, the results indicated significant positive impacts of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), Market Orientation (MO) and Innovation Orientation (IO) on the organisational performance of SBEs, while Customer Orientation (CO) had an insignificant negative impact. The study concludes that EM practices have a significant positive impact on the overall organisational performance of SBEs in Yola, Nigeria. The study recommends that SBEs’ managers or owners review their implemented entrepreneurship-oriented strategy measures as well as formulate and implement effective ones, place increased emphasis on the CO measure and engage all their employees in EO and CO to increase the effectiveness of EM practice.

Beyond the conventional understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a voluntary obligation for promoting triple-bottom-line CSR, development-oriented CSR is emerging and requires empirical investigation. This organisation-level research fills this gap by exploring development-oriented CSR as a driver of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Arising from the review of the literature, human capital theory and stakeholder theory provided theoretical groundings for the study. The empirical study provides an enhanced understanding of development-oriented CSR that incorporates entrepreneurship into the extant literature. The target comprised multiple stakeholders in the Nigerian telecommunication industry, from which a sample of 369 responses were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The five tested hypotheses showed mixed results. The stakeholder management and economic dimensions of development-oriented CSR were found to have significant positive effects on entrepreneurship. However, the environmental, national, and social dimensions do not have significant positive effects on entrepreneurship. Overall, it was found that development-oriented CSR is a potential driver of entrepreneurship in the Nigerian telecommunication industry, but the predictability is weak (15%). The study concludes with practical implications and recommendations for further research in this multidisciplinary field.

The attention to the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship has been especially enhanced during the current turbulent times, as social enterprises have a key role to play in solving social problems caused by the pandemic. Currently, social entrepreneurship is still an undeveloped area in Georgia, but it has the potential to contribute to the country’s economy and improve the social, ecological, and economic conditions of society. This paper analyses the concept in Georgia and explores social entrepreneurship from the social entrepreneurs’ perspective. A qualitative interview method was applied to collect the data for this study, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the seventeen Georgian social entrepreneurs from May–June 2021. The research reveals the drivers of social entrepreneurs and investigates the financial sources of social enterprises. It also discusses the practice of social entrepreneurship in terms of preventing and supportive factors while adopting the concept in transition economies, particularly in Georgia. The research demonstrated an urgent need for legislation to regulate the field of social entrepreneurship and formalize it.

The autonomic Internet of Things is the creation of self-management capability in the Internet of Things system by embedding some autonomic properties, with the goal of freeing humans from all detail of the operation and management of the system. At same time, this provides a system to always operate on the best performance. This paper presents a review of the recent studies related to the design of network communication protocol, which can support autonomic Internet of Things. Many of the studies come from the research and development in Wireless Sensor Network protocols, as it becomes one of the key technologies for the Internet of Things. The identified autonomic properties are self-organization, self-optimization, and self-protection. We review some protocols with the objective of energy consumption reduction and energy harvesting awareness, as it can support the self-energy-awareness property. As the result, the protocol designs are mapped according to each autonomic property supported, including protocols for MAC layer, protocols for clustering, protocols for routing, and protocols for security. This can be used to map the advances of communication protocol research for the autonomic Internet of Things and to identify the opportunities for future research.

Dalam berternak ayam ini para peternak dan kalangan masyarakat kerap kali menghadapi beragam serangan penyakit yang menyerang ayam. Serangan penyakit itu tampak melalui gejala-gejala fisik yang timbul pada ayam. Jika tidak segera diberikan tindakan tertentu untuk mengatasinya maka dapat berakibat buruk pada ayam itu sendiri. Salah satu faktor rendahnya perkembangan dan produktifitas ayam karena kurangnya pengetahuan dan informasi yang dimiliki para peternak dan masyarakat mengenai penyakit yang menyerang ayam serta cara untuk mengatasinya. Keterbatasan waktu dan minimnya pakar menjadi kendala berikutnya apabila para peternak dan masyarakat ingin menngunakan jasa para pakar dibidang menternak ayam. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, dibutuhkan suatu sistem yang dapat membantu pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam upaya menternak ayam, dengan menerapkan salah satu metode yang dapat mengadopsi pengetahuan pakar kedalam komputer sehingga komputer dapat menyelesaikan masalah seperti layaknya seorang pakar. Kata Kunci: Sistem pakar, penyakit , ayam

Tolling is an age long revenue collection system institutionalised by public authorities for accumulating funds required for roads and bridges construction, maintenance and management. In spite of the merits of tolling as a major source of revenue in Nigeria, it was abruptly abrogated by the government few years ago because of reasons linked to ineffective governance, endemic corruption and lack of probity. The purpose of this paper is to make a case for responsible investment as an alternative funding mechanism for roads-bridges management (RBM) in Nigeria under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) framework. The paper adopts a discursive approach, relying on government policy documents, journal articles, online resources, working papers and reports on tolling best practices. The numerical and non-numerical data were critically analysed using content analysis enriched by tables and figures. The first finding indicates there are enormous potentials in tolls collection from privately funded roads and bridges for responsible investors in Nigeria under the PPP framework. The second finding identifies eight (8) PPP typologies that could be explored by investors under government’s new tolling policy. The paper concludes that the success of any tolls collection systems depend largely on effectiveness of governance, probity and accountability, which are core elements of responsible investment in the contemporary times

Hampir 70% wilayah Indonesia adalah wilayah perairan. Indonesia menyimpan potensi kekayaan sumber daya kelautan yang masih belum dieksplorasi dan dieksploitasi secara optimal, bahkan sebagian belum diketahui potensi yang sebenarnya. Hal ini mendasari akan pentingnya informasi spasial di wilayah perairan Indonesia. Fenomena naik atau turunnya permukaan laut atau SLA (Sea Level Anomaly) merupakan hal yang sering mengemuka dengan perubahan gerak relatif dari materi suatu planet, bintang, dan benda-benda angkasa lainnya yang diakibatkan aksi tarik menarik atau yang sering disebut dengan pasang surut. Saat ini telah dikembangkan sistem satelit altimetri Jason-1 yang mempunyai obyek penelitian mengamati pasang surut. Pengolahan data biner dari satelit altimetri Jason-1 dilakukan dengan menggunakan beberapa tahapan, yaitu : konversi data, pembentukan grid, dan pemodelan serta analisa trend pasang surut. Pemantauan SLA beserta trend dan analisa pasang surut dilakukan setiap cycle dalam kurun waktu empat tahun (2008-2011).Hasil pemantauan SLA (Sea Level Anomaly) dengan menggunakan data satelit altimetri Jason-1 mulai dari tahun 2008 sampai 2011 diperoleh terjadinya trend pasang tertinggi dan surut terendah di wilayah perairan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai pasang tertinggi pada tahun 2008 terjadi pada cycle 236 yaitu sebesar 1,9982 m di Laut Arafuru dan nilai surut terendah terjadi pada cycle 236 yaitu sebesar -3,6954 m di Laut Arafuru. Nilai pasang tertinggi pada tahun 2009 terjadi pada cycle 290 sebesar 1,9325 m di Laut Arafuru dan nilai surut terendah terjadi pada cycle 258 sebesar -3,309 m di Laut Arafuru. Nilai pasang tertinggi pada tahun 2010 terjadi pada cycle 308 sebesar 2,1511 m di Laut Arafuru dan nilai surut terendah terjadi pada cycle 297 sebesar -2,8303 m. Nilai pasang tertinggi pada tahun 2011 terjadi pada cycle 345 sebesar 1,8402 m di Laut Arafuru dan nilai surut terendah terjadi pada cycle 348 sebesar -3,57 m. Dalam waktu empat tahun, wilayah perairan Indonesia yang mengalami nilai pasang tertinggi dan surut terendah yaitu di Laut Arafuru.

Oil palm is presently the most important oil-producing crop worldwide in terms of oil production and consumption. However, oil palm cultivation faces important challenges such as adverse climatic conditions, expensive fertilization requirements, and fungal pathogens, including Ganoderma . Intense efforts in oil palm breeding are devoted to improving both oil production yield and resistance to environmental cues. Metabolomics can be of interest because it provides many quantitative traits and metabolic signatures that can be selected for to optimize oil palm performance. Here, we briefly review how metabolomics can help oil palm breeding, and to do so, we give examples of recent metabolomics analyses and provide a roadmap to use metabolomics-assisted breeding.

Protein content variation in milk can impact the quality and consistency of dairy products, necessitating access to in-line real time monitoring. Here, we present a chemometric approach for the qualitative and quantitative monitoring of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR). In this study, we employed Hotelling T2 and Q-residual for outlier detection, automated preprocessing using nippy, conducted wavenumber selection with genetic algorithms, and evaluated four chemometric models, including partial least squares, support vector regression (SVR), ridge, and logistic regression to accurately predict the concentrations of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin in milk. For the quantitative analysis of these two whey proteins, SVR performed the best to interpret protein concentration from 197 MIR spectra originating from 42 Cornell University samples of preserved pasteurized modified milk. The R 2 values obtained for β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin using leave one out cross-validation (LOOCV) are 92.8% and 92.7%, respectively, which is the highest correlation reported to date. Our approach introduced a combination of preprocessing automation, genetic algorithm-based wavenumber selection, and used Optuna to optimize the framework for tuning hyperparameters of the chemometric models, resulting in the best chemometric analysis of MIR data to quantitate β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin to date.

It has been shown that the rate of clergy occupational distress and depression is increasing. This study examines occupational distress, social support, mental health, and spiritual wholeness in Florida clergy. Clergy in our study sample exhibited higher rates of occupational distress than the national average. Significant connections were made between validated instruments used to assess mental health, clergy occupational distress, and social support. More research is needed to understand the potential causal effects.

A significant portion of the world's population is impacted by chronic pain; in the United States, chronic pain costs billions annually in treatment and lost productivity. A needs assessment was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) at a university occupational therapy clinic over a 3-month period; recommendations were made to improve pain management at the clinic and referring hospital system. Graded Chronic Pain Scale 2.0 results indicated the prevalence of CNMP was a significant problem. Three evidence-based interventions based on the biblically based CREATION Health Model were developed.

Objectives: Our primary objective was to estimate the proportion of patients with culture-proven urinary tract infection (UTI) and recurrent UTI after midurethral sling (MUS), as well as to evaluate their risk factors. Our secondary objective was to characterize the difference in the proportion of patients with recurrent UTI before and after MUS., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent MUS from 2009 to 2012 within a large health maintenance organization and subsequently had documentation of at least 1 positive urine culture (>100 K CFU/mL) within 1 year. Validated procedural and diagnostic codes were used to identify patients undergoing MUS and the diagnosis of UTI, respectively., Results: Of the 7461 MUS performed, 883 (12%) patients had at least 1 culture-proven UTI and 258 (3.5%) patients met the definition of recurrent UTI postoperatively. Of those 883 patients, 89 (10%) patients met the definition of recurrent UTI before, and 258 (29%) patients after, MUS. McNemar χ test revealed that patients were more likely to have recurrent UTI after MUS compared with before (P < 0.0001). In multivariate logistic regression, Caucasian (odds ratio [OR], 1.60, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.12-2.29; P = 0.01) and African-American (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 1.42-8.29; P = 0.01) ethnicity, older age (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.04; P = 0.03), and a history of recurrent UTI (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.88-7.93, P = 0.0003) were risk factors for postoperative recurrent UTI., Conclusions: In this population, preoperative recurrent UTI was the only modifiable risk factor associated with an increased risk of postoperative recurrent UTI.

Study Objective: To prospectively evaluate time required to perform cystoscopy with a laparoscope or a cystoscope after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Urinary tract symptoms, infection, adverse events, and expense were also evaluated., Design: Randomized, single-blind pilot study (Canadian Task Force classification I)., Setting: Suburban private gynecology group practice and local community hospital., Subjects: Sixty-six subjects scheduled to undergo laparoscopic hysterectomy between January and July 2009., Intervention: Either cystoscopy with a laparoscope or a cystoscope., Measurements and Main Results: Subjects were randomized to undergo either form of cystoscopy, and events were reported. Each subject completed self-reported urinary tract symptom questionnaires before surgery and at 2 weeks after surgery. Clean-catch urine samples were obtained before surgery and postoperatively at day 1 and 2 weeks. In the group who underwent laparoscope cystoscopy, a suction-irrigator device, a 5-mm needle-nose suction irrigator tip, and a 5-mm 0-degree video laparoscope were required. In the group who underwent traditional cystoscopy, a 70-degree video telescope with a 17F sleeve, irrigation fluid, and a light source were required. Subjects were followed up for 6 weeks postoperatively. Adverse events were minimal, with 1 in the laparoscope group and 6 in the traditional cystoscope group. Two postoperative urinary tract infections occurred in the traditional cystoscopy group. The mean total procedural time for laparoscope cystoscopy of 137 seconds was statistically less (p < .001) compared with the 296 seconds in the traditional cystoscopy group. Improvements in urinary tract symptom scores improved from baseline, but were not statistically significantly different between the groups. Traditional cystoscopy equipment cost approximately $60 more per subject., Conclusion: The study results suggest that laparoscope cystoscopy is more time-efficient and cost-effective than traditional cystoscopy and that the incidence of urinary tract symptoms, infection, and injury did not increase., (Copyright © 2012 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To explore caregivers' challenges and quality-of-life issues managing diabetes in patients with dementia., Method: We conducted six focus groups with 21 caregivers of patients with dementia and type 2 diabetes. Focus groups were digitally recorded, transcribed, and translated using a software coding system. Emergent themes were identified and confirmed., Results: Three themes emerged. (1) Memory loss was the first identified cause of self-care neglect leading to caregiver intervention. (2) Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) disrupted the daily diabetes care routine, with 'denial' of having diabetes or memory loss (anosognosia) being the most disruptive. (3) Caregivers reported that caring for both diabetes and dementia was highly burdensome, felt overwhelmed with BPSD, and wanted more support from family and patients' healthcare providers., Conclusion: Caregivers of patients with dementia and diabetes face extraordinary challenges managing both conditions and the accompanying BPSD. Their identified need for a greater response from the healthcare system should be tested in quality improvement programs for this overlooked yet rapidly growing population.

The objective of this study was to determine if patients with diagnosed stage-1 hypertension could benefit by a forgiveness training program to achieve measurable reductions in anger expression and blood pressure. Twenty-five participants were randomly divided into wait-listed control and intervention groups. The control group monitored blood pressure while the intervention group participated in an 8-week forgiveness training program. At the end of eight weeks, the wait listed group became an intervention group. Those who received forgiveness training achieved significant reductions in anger expression when compared to the control group. While reductions in blood pressure were not achieved by all the participants, those participants who entered the program with elevated anger expression scores did achieve significant reductions in blood pressure. It is suggested that forgiveness training may be an effective clinical intervention for some hypertensive patients with elevated levels of anger.

Background: Bowel preparation is a significant aspect of the flexible sigmoidoscopy procedure. Clear visibility of the bowel mucosa is critical for a thorough examination. The combination of a light breakfast in the morning and the application of 2 phosphate enemas a few hours before the examination is a safe and commonly used method of preparing a patient for a flexible sigmoidoscopy procedure. However, there is a paucity of objective data on the efficacy of this method of bowel preparation. It has been practiced on the basis of intuition and clinical experience., Methods: In this prospective single-blinded randomized study, 429 consecutive patients were assigned to receive 1 of 4 different bowel preparations before elective 60-cm flexible sigmoidoscopy. After completion of the procedure, the examiner gave a subjective rating of the quality of the preparation. The rating was determined on the basis of the percentage of bowel mucosa that was visible., Results: Statistical analysis of results suggests no significant difference in frequency of favorable ratings between the 4 bowel preparations., Conclusions: This study substantiates the practice of having a light breakfast and 2 phosphate enemas as a method of bowel preparation for a flexible sigmoidoscopy procedure. Additional preparatory measures such as dietary restrictions and ingestion of phospho-soda oral saline laxative did not significantly enhance the quality of the examination.