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BackgroundSAB-185, a novel fully human IgG polyclonal immunoglobulin product, underwent phase 2 evaluation for nonhospitalized adults with mild-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsParticipants received intravenous SAB-185 3840 units/kg (low-dose) or placebo, or 10 240 units/kg (high-dose) or placebo. Primary outcome measures were nasopharyngeal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA < lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) at study days 3, 7, and 14, time to symptomatic improvement, and safety through day 28.ResultsTwo-hundred thirteen participants received low-dose SAB-185/placebo (n = 107/106) and 215 high-dose SAB-185/placebo (n = 110/105). The proportions with SARS-CoV-2 RNA < LLOQ were higher for SAB-185 versus placebo at days 3 and 7 and similar at day 14, and significantly higher at day 7 for high-dose SAB-185 versus placebo only, relative risk 1.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.49). At day 3, SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels were lower with low-dose and high-dose SAB-185 versus placebo: differences in medians of -0.78 log10 copies/mL (P = .08) and -0.71 log10 copies/mL (P = .10), respectively. No difference was observed in time to symptom improvement: median 11/10 days (P = .24) for low-dose SAB-185/placebo and 8/10 days (P = .50) for high-dose SAB-185/placebo. Grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 5%/13% of low-dose SAB-185/placebo and 9%/12% of high-dose SAB-185/placebo.ConclusionsSAB-185 was safe and generally well tolerated and demonstrated modest antiviral activity in predominantly low-risk nonhospitalized adults with COVID-19. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04518410.

There is a lack of published research on the evaluation of academic success among student-athletes in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 2 (D2) institutions. Our study focused on comparing academic performance and career prospects between student-athletes and non-athletes (traditional students) at a D2 university. A survey measuring academic and career-related variables was administered to 170 participants, with 92 (54%) being student-athletes and 78 (46%) being non-athlete students. Our findings revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of study hours, grade point average, and academic motivation. Moreover, there were no disparities in declared majors, expected graduation timelines, and career aspirations. The academic performance of student-athletes was found to be similar to that of their non-athlete counterparts. Most D2 student-athletes did not foresee pursuing professional sports careers, highlighting the importance of academic achievement in their overall career objectives.

Background: A social justice framework can be used to inform healthy equity-focused research, and operationalizing social justice can inform strategic planning for research and practice models. This study aimed to develop a working definition of social justice based on input from a diverse group of collaborators to better inform the work conducted within the Center for Research, Health, and Social Justice. Methods: A concept mapping study was conducted from March to May 2022. A prompt designed to elicit social justice themes was developed (phase 1). At a study website, participants brainstormed statements that represented their definition of social justice (phase 2). Participants then sorted statements based on similarity and rated statements on importance (phase 3). Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to identify nonoverlapping thematic clusters of statements (phase 4). Models were reviewed for best fit, and clusters were assigned names based on theme (phase 5). Results: Participants (n = 49) generated 52 unique statements that were sorted into 5 clusters describing social justice themes. Clusters included (1) Empathy, Awareness, and Understanding (n = 11); (2) Education and Systems Change (n = 10); (3) Policy Design and Implementation (n = 9); (4) Equity and Leveling the Playing Field (n = 11); and (5) Access to Services and Fair Living Standard (n = 11). High mean cluster ratings ranging from 5.22 to 6.02 out of 7 indicated all clusters were rated as being very important aspects of social justice. Conclusions: These data can guide the restructuring of research ecosystems that help eliminate race- and place-based health disparities.

Abstract While digital computers rely on software-generated pseudo-random number generators, hardware-based true random number generators (TRNGs), which employ the natural physics of the underlying hardware, provide true stochasticity, and power and area efficiency. Research into TRNGs has extensively relied on the unpredictability in phase transitions, but such phase transitions are difficult to control given their often abrupt and narrow parameter ranges (e.g., occurring in a small temperature window). Here we demonstrate a TRNG based on self-oscillations in LaCoO3 that is electrically biased within its spin crossover regime. The LaCoO3 TRNG passes all standard tests of true stochasticity and uses only half the number of components compared to prior TRNGs. Assisted by phase field modeling, we show how spin crossovers are fundamentally better in producing true stochasticity compared to traditional phase transitions. As a validation, by probabilistically solving the NP-hard max-cut problem in a memristor crossbar array using our TRNG as a source of the required stochasticity, we demonstrate solution quality exceeding that using software-generated randomness.

Abstract Information security and computing, two critical technological challenges for post-digital computation, pose opposing requirements – security (encryption) requires a source of unpredictability, while computing generally requires predictability. Each of these contrasting requirements presently necessitates distinct conventional Si-based hardware units with power-hungry overheads. This work demonstrates Cu0.3Te0.7/HfO2 (‘CuTeHO’) ion-migration-driven memristors that satisfy the contrasting requirements. Under specific operating biases, CuTeHO memristors generate truly random and physically unclonable functions, while under other biases, they perform universal Boolean logic. Using these computing primitives, this work experimentally demonstrates a single system that performs cryptographic key generation, universal Boolean logic operations, and encryption/decryption. Circuit-based calculations reveal the energy and latency advantages of the CuTeHO memristors in these operations. This work illustrates the functional flexibility of memristors in implementing operations with varying component-level requirements.

Objective: Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease that greatly increases the risk of pathologic fractures and accounts for approximately 700,000 vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) annually in the United States. Cement augmentation procedures such as balloon kyphoplasty (KP) and percutaneous vertebroplasty (VP) have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of VCFs, however, some studies report rates of readmission as high as 10.8% following such procedures. The purpose of this study was to employ Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to predict 30-day hospital readmission following cement augmentation procedures for the treatment of VCFs using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database. Methods: ACS-NSQIP was queried to identify patients undergoing either KP or VP from 2011 to 2014. Three ML algorithms were constructed and tasked with predicting post-operative readmissions within this cohort of patients. Results: Postoperative pneumonia, ASA Class 2 designation, age, partially-dependent functional status, and a history of smoking were independently identified as highly predictive of readmission by all ML algorithms. Among these variables postoperative pneumonia (p < 0.01), ASA Class 2 designation (p < 0.01), age (p = 0.002), and partially-dependent functional status (p < 0.01) were found to be statistically significant. Predictions were generated with an average AUC value of 0.757 and an average accuracy of 80.5%. Conclusions: Postoperative pneumonia, ASA Class 2 designation, partially-dependent functional status, and age are perioperative variables associated with 30-day readmission following cement augmentation procedures. The use of ML allows for quantification of the relative contributions of these variables toward producing readmission.

Abstract Despite the recent success of CdS/Sb2Se3 heterojunction devices, cadmium toxicity, parasitic absorption from the relatively narrow CdS band gap (2.4 eV) and multiple reports of inter‐diffusion at the interface forming Cd(S,Se) and Sb2(S,Se)3 phases, present significant limitations to this device architecture. Among the options for alternative partner layers in antimony chalcogenide solar cells, the wide band gap, non‐toxic titanium dioxide (TiO2) has demonstrated the most promise. It is generally accepted that the anatase phase of the polymorphic TiO2 is preferred, although there is currently an absence of analysis with regard to phase influence on device performance. This work reports approaches to distinguish between TiO2 phases using both surface and bulk characterization methods. A device fabricated with a radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtered rutile‐TiO2 window layer (FTO/TiO2/Sb2Se3/P3HT/Au) achieved an efficiency of 6.88% and near‐record short–circuit current density (Jsc) of 32.44 mA cm−2, which is comparable to established solution based TiO2 fabrication methods that produced a highly anatase‐TiO2 partner layer and a 6.91% efficiency device. The sputtered method introduces reproducibility challenges via the enhancement of interfacial charge barriers in multi‐phase TiO2 films with a rutile surface and anatase bulk. This is shown to introduce severe S‐shaped current–voltage (J–V) distortion and a drastic fill–factor (FF) reduction in these devices.

Abstract Reduction of the carbon footprint of historic buildings is urgent, given their exceptionally large energy demand. In this study, the performance and cost of a roof mounted photovoltaic system has been simulated for Bath Abbey, a grade I listed building, to test the financial viability of installing such a system. The electrical output of the panels was generated by the software package PVsyst with inputs such as the known dimensions of the Abbey, historical weather data, the orientation of the Abbey's roof, module azimuthal and tilt angles and shading by the spire and roof features. An important result is that even though the roof is not shadowed by other buildings, shading causes a 19% loss of peak power. This model was used to determine a recommended configuration comprising 164 solar panels, separated into two subsystems located on two parts of the roof, each with an inverter. Its predicted electrical output, 45 ± 2 MWh generated in the first year of operation, formed the basis of a cost–benefit analysis. This system will become profitable after 13.3 ± 0.6 years and provide a profit of £139,000 ± £12,000 over its 25‐year lifetime. Financial stress tests were performed for key assumptions to ensure that this result was true in all likely scenarios. This result shows that it is likely to make financial sense to install a photovoltaic system on a historic grade I listed building.

Abstract The need for efficient and more accurate ways of monitoring threatened ecosystems is becoming increasingly urgent as climate change intensifies. Coral reefs are an example of an ecosystem in crisis, with widespread declines in coral cover and diversity documented over recent decades. Novel molecular approaches such as biomonitoring using environmental DNA (eDNA) from seawater samples show great potential to complement future coral reef monitoring programs, especially when used in combination with conventional methods. However, eDNA metabarcoding studies often rely on public databases (e.g., GenBank) for assigning taxonomy, which generally limits the number of sequences that can be taxonomically identified. The extent to which building reference tissue sequences improves taxonomic resolution has yet to be fully examined. Here, we combined traditional coral reef monitoring data with eDNA assessments derived from seawater collected at the highly diverse Rowley Shoals in Western Australia. Using two ITS2 assays developed to target basal metazoan DNA and a reference database spiked with 70 local coral specimens, we identified 37 genera and 40 species from 56 1 L seawater samples. We identified considerable overlap of taxa with visual survey data and showed that assignment of amplicon sequence variants was significantly improved when “spiking” the taxonomic classifier with curated sequences of locally collected species. Our findings showcase the potential of eDNA metabarcoding for monitoring the biodiversity of reef corals and highlight the importance of custom reference sequence databases for improving taxonomic resolution in metabarcoding studies.

BackgroundInfluenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality despite available treatments. Anecdotal reports suggest that plasma with high antibody titres to influenza might be of benefit in the treatment of severe influenza.MethodsIn this randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 2 trial, 29 academic medical centres in the USA assessed the safety and efficacy of anti-influenza plasma with haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres of 1:80 or more to the infecting strain. Hospitalised children and adults (including pregnant women) with severe influenza A or B (defined as the presence of hypoxia or tachypnoea) were randomly assigned to receive either two units (or paediatric equivalent) of anti-influenza plasma plus standard care, versus standard care alone, and were followed up for 28 days. The primary endpoint was time to normalisation of patients' respiratory status (respiratory rate of ≤20 breaths per min for adults or age-defined thresholds of 20-38 breaths per min for children) and a room air oxygen saturation of 93% or more. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01052480.FindingsBetween Jan 13, 2011, and March 2, 2015, 113 participants were screened for eligibility and 98 were randomly assigned from 20 out of 29 participating sites. Of the participants with confirmed influenza (by PCR), 28 (67%) of 42 in the plasma plus standard care group normalised their respiratory status by day 28 compared with 24 (53%) of 45 participants on standard care alone (p=0·069). The hazard ratio (HR) comparing plasma plus standard care with standard care alone was 1·71 (95% CI 0·96-3·06). Six participants died, one (2%) from the plasma plus standard care group and five (10%) from the standard care group (HR 0·19 [95% CI 0·02-1·65], p=0·093). Participants in the plasma plus standard care group had non-significant reductions in days in hospital (median 6 days [IQR 4-16] vs 11 days [5-25], p=0·13) and days on mechanical ventilation (median 0 days [IQR 0-6] vs 3 days [0-14], p=0·14). Fewer plasma plus standard care participants had serious adverse events compared with standard care alone recipients (nine [20%] of 46 vs 20 [38%] of 52, p=0·041), the most frequent of which were acute respiratory distress syndrome (one [2%] vs two [4%] patients) and stroke (one [2%] vs two [4%] patients).InterpretationAlthough there was no significant effect of plasma treatment on the primary endpoint, the treatment seemed safe and well tolerated. A phase 3 randomised trial is now underway to further assess this intervention.FundingNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health.

Background We evaluated the fully human polyclonal antibody product SAB-185 in a phase 3 trial for COVID-19. Methods Nonhospitalized high-risk adults within 7 days of symptom onset were randomized 1:1 to open-label SAB-185 3840 units/kg or casirivimab/imdevimab 1200 mg. Noninferiority comparison was undertaken for pre-Omicron population (casirivimab/imdevimab expected to be fully active) and superiority comparison for the Omicron population (casirivimab/imdevimab not expected to be active). Primary outcomes were the composite of all-cause hospitalizations/deaths and grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) through day 28. A secondary outcome was time to sustained symptom resolution. Results Enrollment ended early due to low hospitalization/death rates upon Omicron emergence; 255 adults were in pre-Omicron and 392 in Omicron populations. Hospitalizations/deaths occurred in 6 (5.0%) and 3 (2.2%) of pre-Omicron SAB-185 and casirivimab/imdevimab arms (absolute difference 2.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −2.3%-8.6%); and 5 (2.5%) versus 3 (1.5%) (absolute difference 1.0%; 95% CI, −2.3%-4.5%) for Omicron. All risk ratios for grade ≥3 TEAEs were not significant. Time to symptom resolution was significantly shorter for SAB-185 for Omicron only: 18 versus >25 days; P =.006. Conclusions SAB-185 had an acceptable safety profile with faster symptom resolution in the Omicron population. Clinical Trials Registration NCT04518410. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Insulin is an essential treatment within diabetes management; however, it takes on a role of enhancement within image and performance enhancing drug (IPED) communities due to its anabolic effects. This study sought to provide insight into how IPED users perceive and manage the risks linked to insulin. Methods: We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 10 individuals from Australia and United Kingdom who used insulin as part of their IPED protocols. The analysis followed an iterative categorisation approach and applied the lens of situated rationality theory. Results: The decision to incorporate insulin was influenced by peers' experiences and preferences. Participants highlighted the risks and responsibilities associated with insulin use, emphasising the need for precise lifestyle habits. They recognised the potential dangers and called for comprehensive harm reduction strategies within IPED communities to respond to such concerns. Some participants expressed reluctance to discuss insulin openly, underlining the importance of education and awareness to mitigate health risks associated with underground and uninformed use. Discussion and Conclusions: While people who use IPEDs demonstrate awareness of the risks associated with insulin, their practices of routinisation moderate these risks within the context of IPED use. Silence as a risk‐reduction strategy highlights vulnerabilities among certain prospective users, while the hierarchical structure of IPED use establishes expertise and status within the community. Reconsidering insulin risks entails reframing harm reduction messages to better match the social dynamics of IPED communities. Closer ties between IPED communities can enhance support accessibility, particularly through peers, who, with their firsthand knowledge, can offer tailored guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of published research on the evaluation of academic success among student-athletes in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 2 (D2) institutions. Our study focused on comparing academic performance and career prospects between student-athletes and non-athletes (traditional students) at a D2 university. A survey measuring academic and career-related variables was administered to 170 participants, with 92 (54%) being student-athletes and 78 (46%) being non-athlete students. Our findings revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of study hours, grade point average, and academic motivation. Moreover, there were no disparities in declared majors, expected graduation timelines, and career aspirations. The academic performance of student-athletes was found to be similar to that of their non-athlete counterparts. Most D2 student-athletes did not foresee pursuing professional sports careers, highlighting the importance of academic achievement in their overall career objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demands of big data applications and deep learning continue to rise, the industry is increasingly looking to artificial intelligence (AI) accelerators. Analog in‐memory computing (AiMC) with emerging nonvolatile devices enable good hardware solutions, due to its high energy efficiency in accelerating the multiply‐and‐accumulation (MAC) operation. Herein, an Applied Materials custom‐designed system‐on‐chip (SoC) targeting AI applications with analog in‐memory computing using resistive random‐access memory (ReRAM) as the compute element is demonstrated. The first silicon achieves high energy efficiency in MAC operations. This chip is implemented with LeNet‐1 neural network on ReRAM tiles and demonstrated by Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) classification with accuracy matching that predicted in the simulations. A simulation framework, AI Sim, is also developed to evaluate the system performance for large‐scale application and guide the bitcell development and design choices.

Predatory fishes are a major component of many tropical fisheries, although little is known about their diet and trophic structure, which can hinder effective management. We used stable isotopes δ15N and δ13C in conjunction with dietary prey items of five fishes (Lutjanus sebae, Lethrinus punctulatus, Epinephelus areolatus, Epinephelus multinotatus, and Plectropomus maculatus) to describe the diet and trophic structure across this assemblage. A total of 153 isotope and 87 stomach content samples were collected at two locations that were ≈30 km apart, over two sampling trips, separated by three months. There was clear separation of species’ mean δ15N and δ13C values in isotopic space; the highest mean δ15N was exhibited by E. multinotatus (13.50 ± 0.11 SE) and the lowest was L. punctulatus (11.05 ± 0.13). These two species had the lowest overlap of isotopic niche space, whereas the highest overlap occurred between L. sebae and P. maculatus. δ15N increased with fish body size for all species. However, body size was not significantly related to δ13C values for any species. There was a notable shift in both δ15N and δ13C between sampling trips, with δ13C being more depleted in the second trip. There was also a difference in δ13C between locations for all species, suggesting localised foraging. A multiple tissue comparison for L. sebae indicated positive relationships for both δ15N and δ13C between dorsal fin and muscle tissue. Mean δ15N values were the same for both fin (12.1 ± 0.10 SE) and muscle tissue (12.1 ± 0.09 SE), although δ13C was more enriched in fin (-15.6 ± 0.14 SE) compared to muscle tissue (-17.3 ± 0.11 SE). The most common dietary items across species were teleosts and crustaceans, which was consistent with isotope data indicating a reliance on a demersal food web (δ13C values ranging from -18 to -15‰). The results from our study indicate a dynamic spatio-temporal trophic structure and diet for commercially important demersal species and highlight the benefits of a multi-facetted sampling approach.

An understanding of stock recruitment dynamics in fisheries is fundamental to successful management. Pinctada maxima is a bivalve mollusc widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific and is the main species targeted for cultured pearl and pearl shell production in Australia. Pearl production in Australia relies heavily on wild-caught individuals, the majority of which come from the Eighty Mile Beach region near Broome in Western Australia. In this study, we used a genotyping by sequencing approach to explore fine-scale patterns of genetic connectivity among inshore shallow and offshore deep populations of P. maxima near Eighty Mile Beach. Our results revealed high-levels of gene flow among inshore and offshore sites and no differences in genetic diversity between depths. Global estimates of genetic differentiation were low (FST = 0.006) but significantly different from zero, and pairwise estimates of genetic differentiation among sites were significant in only 3% of comparisons. Moreover, Bayesian clustering detected no separation of inshore and offshore sample sites, and instead showed all samples to be admixed among sites, locations and depths. Despite an absence of any clear spatial clustering among sites, we identified a significant pattern of isolation by distance. In a dynamic environment like Eighty Mile Beach, genetic structure can change from year-to-year and successive dispersal and recruitment events over generations likely act to homogenize the population. Although we cannot rule out the null hypothesis of panmixia, our data indicate high levels of dispersal and connectivity among inshore and offshore fishing grounds.

We explored the in-situ doping of cadmium telluride thin films with indium to produce n-type absorbers as an alternative to the near-universal choice of p-type for photovoltaic devices. The films were grown by close space sublimation from melt-synthesised feedstock. Transfer of the indium during film growth was limited to 0.0014%–0.014%—unless reducing conditions were used which yielded 14%–28% efficient transport. While chunks of bulk feedstock were verified as n-type by the hot probe method, carrier type of thin film material was only able to be verified by using hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the Fermi level position within the band gap. The assignment of n-type conductivity was consistent with the rectification behaviour of a p-InP/CdTe:In junction. However, chloride treatment had the effect of compensating n-CdTe:In to near-intrinsic levels. Without chloride, the highest dopant activation was 20% of the chemical concentration of indium, this being for a film having a carrier concentration of n = 2 × 10 ^15 cm ^−3 . However, the activation was often much lower, and compensation due to over-doping with indium and native defects (stoichiometry) are discussed. Results from preliminary bifacial devices comprising Au/P3HT/ZnTe/CdTe:In/CdS/FTO/glass are presented.

Since SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019, it spread from China to the rest of the world. An initial concern was the potential for vaccine- or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of disease as had been reported with other coronaviruses. To evaluate this, we first developed a ferret model by exposing ferrets to SARS-CoV-2 by either mucosal inoculation (intranasal/oral/ocular) or inhalation using a small particle aerosol. Mucosal inoculation caused a mild fever and weight loss that resolved quickly; inoculation via either route resulted in virus shedding detected in the nares, throat, and rectum for 7–10 days post-infection. To evaluate the potential for ADE, we then inoculated groups of ferrets intravenously with 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg doses of a human polyclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG from hyper-immunized transchromosomic bovines (SAB-185). Twelve hours later, ferrets were challenged by mucosal inoculation with SARS-CoV-2. We found no significant differences in fever, weight loss, or viral shedding after infection between the three antibody groups or the controls. Signs of pathology in the lungs were noted in infected ferrets but no differences were found between control and antibody groups. The results of this study indicate that healthy, young adult ferrets of both sexes are a suitable model of mild COVID-19 and that low doses of specific IgG in SAB-185 are unlikely to enhance the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim was to report quality of life (QOL) outcomes following Xen45 Gel Stent implantation surgery in patients suffering with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). A retrospective analysis was performed on all patients who had Xen45 implantation surgery during a 2-year period (Jun, 2016-Apr, 2018). Of 52 consecutive patients were included with a total of 58 eyes being operated on. QOL was compared both pre-operatively and 6 weeks post-operatively using the GQL-15 questionnaire. There was an overall improvement in GQL-15 summary scores for our patient group. All item scores showed either no change or some degree of improvement. The Xen45 Gel Stent Implant is a promising new intervention which has shown improved QOL scores in our patient group. Further, higher power studies are now needed to compare the Xen45 to trabeculectomy (TE), which is currently the gold standard.

While pregnancy and motherhood have become paramount clinical issues for women living with HIV, parenting has received less attention among men living with HIV (MLWH). We conducted a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study assessing fertility desires and intentions of MLWH using a 5-point Likert scale based on the question: “Being a father is important to me”. Logistic regression models were fit to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for significant correlates. Of the 276 respondents, 118 were heterosexual, 158 were gay, bisexual, 2-spirit, or queer (GBTQ), 55% had never parented before, and 65% wanted to parent. 191 (69%) respondents agreed that fatherhood was important to them. In unadjusted analyses, heterosexuality (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.03), African/Caribbean/Black ethnicity (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.19), African/Caribbean birthplace (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.05), and history of parenting (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.39) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with importance of fatherhood. However, none of these variables were significant in adjusted analyses. From the unadjusted model, factors such as sexual orientation, ethnicity, and current parenthood may influence how MLWH value fatherhood, suggesting HIV and fatherhood is complex and must be explored further.

Coral reefs are severely threatened by climate change and recurrent mass bleaching events, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the factors driving recovery and resilience both at the community and species level. While temperature variability has been shown to promote coral heat tolerance, it remains poorly understood whether this also influences coral recovery capacity. Similarly, few studies have investigated how the presence of cryptic species influences bleaching and recovery responses. Using an integrated ecological, physiological, and genetic approach (i.e., reef-wide coral health surveys as well as chlorophyll a concentration and cryptic species diversity of Acropora aspera), we examined the recovery of both coral communities and their dominant species from the 2016 mass bleaching event in the macrotidal Kimberley region, NW Australia. We show that recovery of coral communities inhabiting adjacent but environmentally contrasting reef habitats differed dramatically following unprecedented bleaching in 2016. Both intertidal (thermally extreme) and subtidal (thermally moderate) habitats experienced extensive bleaching (72–81%), but subtidal coral communities had a greater percentage of severely bleached corals than the intertidal community (76 versus 53%). Similarly, subtidal A. aspera corals suffered much greater losses of chlorophyll a than intertidal conspecifics (96 versus 46%). The intertidal coral community fully recovered to its prebleaching configuration within 6 months, whereas the adjacent subtidal suffered extensive mortality (68% loss of live coral cover). Despite the presence of three cryptic genetic lineages in the dominant coral species, the physiological response of A. aspera was independent of host cryptic genetic diversity. Furthermore, both intertidal and subtidal A. aspera harbored symbionts in the genus Cladocopium (previously clade C). Our findings therefore highlight the important role of tidally controlled temperature variability in promoting coral recovery capacity. While the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms require further investigation, we propose that shallow reef environments characterized by strong environmental gradients may generally promote coral resilience to extreme climatic events. Thermally variable reef environments may therefore provide important spatial refugia for coral reefs under rapid climate change.