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The coordination chemistry of the polydentate thiaheterocycle 2,2′-ethylenebis(1,3-dithiane) L1 towards CuX and HgX2 salts was investigated using different metal-to-ligand ratios.

Here we report a contractive synthesis of multisubstituted cyclobutanes containing multiple stereocenters from readily accessible pyrrolidines using iodonitrene chemistry. Mediated by a nitrogen extrusion process, the stereospecific synthesis of cyclobutanes involves a radical pathway. Unprecedented unsymmetrical spirocyclobutanes were prepared successfully, and a concise, formal synthesis of the cytotoxic natural product piperarborenine B is reported.

The metalation of N,N-dimethylaminomethylferrocene in THF by the superbasic mixture of

In dynamic covalent chemistry, reactions follow a thermodynamically controlled pathway through equilibria. Reversible covalent‐bond formation and breaking in a dynamic process enables the interconversion of products formed under kinetic control to thermodynamically more stable isomers. Notably, enantioselective catalysis of dynamic transformations has not been reported and applied in complex molecule synthesis. We describe the discovery of dynamic covalent enantioselective metal‐complex‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions. We have developed a stereodivergent tandem synthesis of structurally and stereochemically complex molecules that generates eight stereocenters with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity through asymmetric reversible bond formation in a dynamic process in two consecutive Ag‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylides with electron‐poor olefins. Time‐dependent reversible dynamic covalent‐bond formation gives enantiodivergent and diastereodivergent access to structurally complex double cycloadducts with high selectivity from a common set of reagents., A highly enantioselectively catalyzed dynamic covalent one‐pot‐tandem 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to α′‐alkylidene‐2‐cyclopentenones is described. Time‐dependend enantio‐ and diastereodivergent synthesis was achieved by using the same set of reagents. A reversible cycloaddition of the kinetically favored product enables the interconversion to its more stable thermodynamically favored product through a chiral complex‐mediated process.

Three new bufadienolides, namely, paulliniogenin A (1), paulliniogenin B (2), and 16β-formyloxybersamagenin 1,3,5-orthoacetate (3), together with two known bufadienolides and six known phenolic substances, were isolated from the stem bark of Bersama abyssinica subsp. abyssinica and B. abyssinica subsp. paullinioides. The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on their NMR and HRMS data analyses. The relative configurations were defined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and NOESY correlations. Cytotoxicity against the L929 and KB3.1 cancer cell lines of the isolated compounds was investigated using an MTT assay. Paulliniogenin A (1) and 16β-hydroxybersamagenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate (4) showed cytotoxicity against the KB3.1 cell line with IC50 values of 1.4 ± 0.77 and 1.6 ± 0.81 μM, respectively. Moreover, paulliniogenin A (1) and paulliniogenin B (2) demonstrated weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Insights gained from a comparison of aminometalation reactions with lithium amides, potassium amides and mixed lithium/potassium amides are presented. A combination of structural characterization, DFT calculations and electrophile reactions of aminometalated intermediates has shown the advantages of using a mixed metal strategy. While potassium amides fail to add, the lithium amides are uncontrollable and eliminated, yet the mixed K/Li amides deliver the best of both systems. Aminopotassiation proceeds to form the alkylpotassium species which has enhanced stability over its lithium counterpart allowing for its isolation and thereby its further characterization., The use of a mixed‐metal system consisting of LiNR2/KOR increases the selectivity of the aminometalation of styrene derivatives in favour of a potassiated intermediate over a polymerization product. Crystal structures along with quantum chemical calculations and experimental investigations demonstrate the additional advantages of potassium over lithium or sodium for the stability of metalated phenylethylamines.

Melianthus major is a medicinal plant endemic to South Africa. Its leaf extract led to the isolation of five new bufadienolides, 2β-acetoxy-3,5-di-O-acetylhellebrigenin (1), 2β-acetoxy-3-O-acetylhellebrigenin (2), 2β-acetoxy-14-deoxy-15β,16β-epoxymelianthugenin (4), 2β-acetoxy-14-deoxy-15β,16β-epoxymelianthusigenin (5), and 2β-hydroxymelianthusigenin (6), and four known analogues. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using NMR and HRESIMS data analyses. The relative configurations were defined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and NOESY correlations. The isolated compounds exhibited strong cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and sensitive CCRF-CEM and multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cells. Compound 1 showed the most potent activity, with IC50 values of 0.1 μM toward CCRF-CEM and CEM/ADR5000 and 0.3 μM toward MCF-7.

The complete mol­ecule of the hexa­metallic title complex, namely, tetra­bromido­tetra-μ-hydroxido-hexa­kis­[μ-2-methyl-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-olato]hexa­zinc(II) acetone disolvate, is generated by a crystallographic centre of symmetry. Two of the unique zinc atoms adopt distorted ZnO2NBr tetra­hedral coordination geometries and the other adopts a ZnO3N tetra­hedral arrangement. Both unique alkoxide ligands are N,O-chelating and both hydroxide ions are μ2 bridging., The complete mol­ecule of the hexa­metallic title complex, namely, tetra­bromido­tetra-μ-hydroxido-hexa­kis­[μ-2-methyl-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-olato]hexa­zinc(II) acetone disolvate, [Zn6Br4(C9H18NO)4(OH)4]·2C3H6O2, is generated by a crystallographic centre of symmetry. Two of the unique zinc atoms adopt distorted ZnO2NBr tetra­hedral coordination geometries and the other adopts a ZnO3N tetra­hedral arrangement. Both unique alkoxide ligands are N,O-chelating and both hydroxide ions are μ2 bridging. The crystal structure displays an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond between a μ2-OH group and an acetone solvent mol­ecule. The Hirshfeld surface has been calculated and is described.

The title compound, [FePt(C19H18OS2)(C18H15P)(C25H22P2)(CO)2],1, [(OC)2Fe(μ-dppm)(μ-C(=O)C(CH2SC6H4Me-4)=CCH2SC6H4Me-4)Pt(PPh3)], represents the first example of a diphosphane-bridged heterobimetallic Fe—Pt dimetallacyclopentenone complex resulting from a bimetallic activation of metal-coordinated carbonyl ligand with an internal alkyne, namely 1,4-bis(p-tolylthio)but-2-yne. The bridging μ2-C(=O)C(CH2SC6H4Me-4)=CCH2SC6H4Me-4 unit (stemming from a carbon–carbon coupling reaction between CO and the triple bond of the alkyne dithioether) forms a five-membered dimetallacyclopentenone ring, in which the C=C bond is π-coordinated to the Fe center. The latter is connected to the Pt center through a short metal–metal bond of 2.5697 (6) Å.

The title compound C

An efficient diastereoselective route is developed to get access to novel spiropyrrolo[1,2

The incorporation of heavy alkali metals into substrates is both challenging and essential for many reactions. Here, we report the formation of THF-solvated alkali metal benzyl compounds [PhCH2M ��� (thf)n] (M=Na, Rb, Cs). The synthesis was carried out by deprotonation of toluene with the bimetallic mixture n-butyllithium/alkali metal tert-butoxide and selective crystallization from THF of the defined benzyl compounds. Insights into the molecular structure in the solid as well as in solution state are gained by single crystal X-ray experiments and NMR spectroscopic studies. The compounds could be successfully used as alkali metal mediating reagents. The example of caesium showed the convenient use by deprotonating acidic C���H as well as N���H compounds to gain insight into the aminometalation using these reagents., Chemistry - a European journal;27(71)

The title compound, [FePt(C12H12O)(C18H15P)(C25H22P2)(CO)2]·2C7H8·CH2Cl2or [(OC)2Fe(μ-dppm)(μ-C(=O)C(2,4,5-C6H2Me3)=CH)Pt(PPh3)], represents an example of a diphosphane-bridged heterobimetallic dimetallacyclopentenone complex resulting from a bimetallic activation of 1-ethynyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene and a metal-coordinated carbonyl ligand. The bridging μ2-C(=O)C(2,4,5-C6H2Me3)=CH unit (stemming from a carbon–carbon coupling reaction between CO and the terminal alkyne) forms a five-membered dimetallacyclopentenone ring, in which the C=C bond is π-coordinated to the Fe centre. The latter is connected to the Pt centre through a short metal–metal bond of 2.5770 (5) Å. In the crystal, the complex is solvated by one dichloromethane and two toluene molecules.

We present a mechanistic proposal for the desymmetrisation of dimethoxy silanes with alkyllithiums. The stereochemical pathway is highly defined by the coordination of the metal lithium, which suppresses the reversible interconversion of the various pentavalent intermediates. The predicted kinetic control of the stereoinduction is verified by the experiments using a planar chiral ferrocene backbone.

A transition-metal-free direct electrolytic C-H amination involving an electrochemically generated nitrenium ion intermediate has been developed. The electrosynthesis takes place in the absence of any organoiodine catalysts and is enabled by an in situ generated electrolyte. A novel, efficient intramolecular and intermolecular C-H amination has been demonstrated using a simple reaction setup.

Three new bufadienolides, namely, paulliniogenin A (

The synthesis and structural investigation of two dimethylphenylsilyllithium adducts with coordinating nitrogen donors quinuclidine and 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (tbtac) are presented. The structures show a comparatively long Si−Li distance and one amongst the shortest in monomeric silyllithiums reported so far, respectively. The structural investigations shed light on the influence of the donating additive for the lithium center on the structure of silyllithium compounds., Z. anorg. allg. Chem.;647(9)

A transition‐metal‐free direct electrolytic C−H amination involving an electrochemically generated nitrenium ion intermediate has been developed. The electrosynthesis takes place in the absence of any organoiodine catalysts and is enabled by an in situ generated electrolyte. A novel, efficient intramolecular and intermolecular C−H amination has been demonstrated using a simple reaction setup., ‘Power'ful Aminations. A simple transition‐metal‐free direct electrolytic amination strategy has been developed. The transformation takes place in the absence of any electrocatalyst by using cheap and easily available graphite electrodes. The reaction allows for the synthesis of carbazole derivatives via intramolecular C−H amination and also cross‐coupling of (hetero)arenes and various N‐arylamides in an undivided cell set up. The usage of an acidic solvent was beneficial as it eliminated the requirement of additional supporting electrolytes for the electrolysis.

International audience; Spiro-acetoxylactams as key substrates were obtained straightforwardly by the tandem regioselective reduction/O-acylation of spiro-isoindolinone-imides. The latter were produced in large scale in three steps from homophthalic acid. These imides were useful to provide in one step isoindolinones bearing hydroxymethyl-amide functions, tethered at quaternary carbon centre with promising biological issues. Submitted to Brönsted (TFA neat) and Lewis acid (trimethylsilyltrifluoro-methanesulfonic (TMSOTf) 10 mol%), the spiro-acetoxylactams undergo π-cyclization of spiro-N-acyliminiums to provide diastereoselectively with π-aromatic original pyrrolopyrido- and pyrroloazepino-isoindoles fused or not to aromatic systems. With π-olefins, pyrrolopyridines and pyrrolo-azepines fused to isoindoline or containing amino-acids were isolated. A reaction mechanism producing all these systems is also discussed.

The phosphonothioamidates (EtO)2P(=O)C(=S)N(H)R (L1 R = Cy; L2 R = Bz) have been prepared by nucleophilic addition of K[(EtO)2P(=O)] to R–N = C=S and crystallographically analyzed. Both compounds are associated pairwise through strong intermolecular N–H···O bonding giving rise to 10-membered supramolecular macrocycles. This intermolecular bonding has also been studied by Hirshfeld analysis of L1 and L2. Complexation of L on CuI in MeCN solution affords the dinuclear rhomboid-shaped thione complexes [{Cu(μ2-I)2Cu}(η1-L)2] (1a,b). Crystallographic characterization of 1a reveals that L1 is ligated exclusively via the thione function to the trigonal Cu(I) centers, which are interconnected through a short Cu–Cu bond of 2.6207(4) Å. In the solid state, individual dimeric complexes are associated through intermolecular N–H···O bonding generating a supramolecular 1D ribbon. The dinuclear complexes [{XHg(μ2-X)2HgX}(η1-L)2] (2a X = Br, L = Cy; 2b X = Br, L = Bz; 2c X = I, L = Bz) were formed by stoichiometric addition of L to HgX2. The molecular structures of 2b and 2c have been elucidated by X-ray diffraction studies, which show that individual complexes are connected through intermolecular N–H···O bonding generating a supramolecular 1D ribbon. Treatment of L1 with two equivalents of HgBr2 produces the tetranuclear compound [Hg4Br8(κ1-L1)2] 3, whose unusual bromide-bridged architecture has been elucidated by X-ray crystallography.

International audience; The dinuclear complexes [Co2(CO)6{P(OAr)3}2] (1a, Ar = Ph; 1b, Ar = o-Tol) were prepared and reacted with PhC≡CH and PhC≡CPh to yield dimetallatetrahedranes [{(ArO)3P}(OC)2Co-Co(μ-RC≡CPh)(CO)2{P(OAr)3}] (3a, Ar = Ph, R = H; 3b, Ar = o-Tol, R = H; 3c, Ar = Ph, R = Ph; 3d, Ar = o-Tol, R = Ph). The main reaction of diphenylacetylene was accompanied by a side reaction, leading to the dissociation of a P(OAr)3 ligand for the formation of mono(phosphite) complexes [{(ArO)3P}(OC)2Co-Co(μ-PhC≡CPh)(CO)3] (2b, R = Ph; 2d, R = o-Tol). The crystal structures of 1b, 3a, and 3d were determined along with that of the mono(phosphite) complex [{(PhO)3P}(OC)2Co-Co(μ-PhC≡CPh)(CO)3] 2b.

International audience; In a sustained search for novel α-amylase inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we report herein the synthesis of a series of nineteen novel rhodanine-fused spiro[pyrrolidine-2,3’-oxindoles]. They were obtained by one-pot three component [3+2] cycloaddition of stabilized azomethine ylides, generated in situ by condensation of glycine methyl ester and the cyclic ketones 1H-indole-2,3-dione (isatin), with (Z)-5-arylidine-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-ones. The highlight of this protocol is the efficient high-yield construction of structurally diverse rhodanine-fused spiro[pyrrolidine-2,3'-oxindoles] scaffolds, including four contiguous stereocenters, along with excellent regio- and diastereoselectivities. The stereochemistry of all compounds was confirmed by NMR and corroborated by an X-ray diffraction study performed on one derivative. All cycloadducts were evaluated in vitro for their α-amylase inhibitory activity and showed good α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values ranging between 1.49± 0.10 and 3.06± 0.17µM, with respect to the control drug acarbose (IC50= 1.56µM). Structural activity relationships (SARs) were also established for all synthesized compounds and the binding interactions of the most active spiropyrrolidine derivatives were modelled by means of molecular in silico docking studies. The most potent compounds 5g, 5k, 5s and 5l were further screened in vivo for their hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, showing a reduction of the blood glucose level. Therefore, these spiropyrrolidine derivatives may be considered as promising candidates for the development of new classes of antidiabetic drugs.

Four new steroidal sapogenins, dracaenogenins C F (1–4), a new conjugated chalcone-stilbene, 3′′-methoxycochinchinenene H (5) together with eight known compounds namely, (25S)-spirosta-1,4-dien-3-one (6), trans-resveratrol (7), 4,4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxychalcone (8), N-trans-coumaroyltyramine (9), N-trans-p-coumaroyloctopamine (10), N-trans-feruloyloctopamine (11), 7-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N2,N3-bis(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-6-methoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2,3-dicarboxamide (12) and grossamide (13) were isolated from the stems of Dracaena usambarensis Engl. from Kenya. It is important to note that compounds 12 and 13 are being reported from this genus for the first time. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was done using spectroscopic (NMR, UV, IR, optical rotation) and spectrometric (HRESIMS) techniques. The absolute and relative configurations of the isolated compounds were determined by employing single crystal X-ray crystallography analysis, NOESY correlations and coupling constants. The anti-inflammatory potencies of the isolated compounds were evaluated by measuring the levels of four cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, GM-CSF and TNF-α) in the supernatant media of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At the tested concentration of 100 μM, the new conjugated chalcone-stilbene 5, the dihydrochalcone, 8 and the lignanamide, 13 were substantially more potent than the standard drug, ibuprofen, inhibiting the release of all the cytokines, IL-1β, IL-2, GM-CSF and TNF-α from 0.06–58.04% compared to LPS control. These compounds should therefore be considered for development into anti-inflammatory drug candidates. Compound 7 significantly decreased the release of GM-CSF (6.11% of LPS control) and TNF-α (18.35% of LPS control). The cytokine TNF-α was sensitive to all the tested compounds 1-13.

From the leaves of South African medicinal plant Melianthus comosus, four previously undescribed bufadienolides, 16β-formyloxymelianthugenin (1), 2β-acetoxymelianthusigenin (2), 2β-hydroxy-3β,5β-di-O-acetylhellebrigenin (3), and 2β-acetoxy-5β-O-acetylhellebrigenin (4) were isolated together with two known bufadienolides. The structural elucidation of the compounds was based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and other spectroscopic methods. The relative configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography analysis and NOESY correlations. The isolated compounds displayed strong cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, sensitive CCRF-CEM and multidrug-resistant CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cells. Compound 1 showed the most potent activity, with IC50 values of 0.07 μM towards CCRF-CEM, 0.06 μM towards CEM/ADR5000 and 0.36 μM towards MCF-7 followed by compound 4 with IC50 values of 0.13 μM towards CCRF-CEM, 0.08 μM towards CEM/ADR5000 and 0.53 μM towards MCF-7.

The title compound [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 (1), prepared by reaction of (NH4)2[PtCl4] with an excess of NH3 in aqueous solution, was crystallized from water and its structure redetermined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at four different temperatures in the range from 273 K down to 100 K. 1 is composed of square-planar [Pt(NH3)4]2+ complex cations and Cl− anions and crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system. Remarkably, the solid state structure is porous (approx. 18% of the crystal volume is void space) and features one-dimensional open channels of a diameter of ∼3–4 A. Unexpectedly, these channels are free of solvent molecules, although the crystals were obtained from aqueous solutions. N H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding interactions between the square-planar [Pt(NH3)4]2+ dications and the Cl− counter ions result in a three-dimensional hydrogen bonding network that stabilizes the porous solid state structure. The hydrogen atoms of the ammonia ligands and their corresponding N H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds are localized at low temperature (space group I4/mmm) but disorder dynamically above 173 K (space group P4/mmm). The order-disorder transition is accompanied by significant changes in the Pt–Pt stacking distances and a fourfold reduction of the unit cell volume.

Treatment of [(OC)3Fe(μ-C=O)(µ-dppm)Pt(PPh3)] (1a) (dppm=Ph2PCH2PPh2) with 1,7-octadiyne affords the isomeric dimetallacyclopentenones [(OC)2Fe(µ-dppm)(µ-C(=O)C{(CH2)4C≡CH}=CH)Pt(PPh3)] (2a) and [(OC)2Fe(µ-dppm)(µ-C(=O)C(H)=C{(CH2)4C≡CH})Pt(PPh3)] (2a′). In a similar manner, the reaction with 1,3-diethynylbenzene and 1,4-diethynylbenzene yields [(OC)2Fe(μ-C(=O)C{C6H4–C≡CH}=CH)(μ-dppm)Pt(PPh3)] (2b,c); using [(OC)3Fe(μ-C=O)(µ-dppa)Pt(PPh3)] (1b) (dppa=Ph2PNHPPh2) as starting material provides [(OC)2Fe(μ-C(=O)C{p-C6H4–C≡CH}=CH)(μ-dppa)Pt(PPh3)] (2d). The isomeric μ-vinylidene complexes [(OC)3Fe(µ-dppm){(µ-C=CH(C6H4C≡CH)})Pt(PPh3)] (3b,c) result from treatment of [(OC)3Fe{Si(OMe)3}(μ-dppm)Pt(H)(PPh3)] with the two aromatic diynes. Reaction of 2a with a further equivalent of 1a yields the structurally characterized tetranuclear species [(OC)2Fe(µ-dppm)(µ-C(=O)C{(CH2)2}=CH)Pt(PPh3)]2 (4a). A dissymmetric heterotetranuclear dimetallacyclopentenone 4b is produced by reacting 2b with [(OC)3Fe(μ-C=O)(µ-dppa)Pt(PPh3)] (1b). An unusual heterotetranuclear dimetallacyclopentenone-μ-vinylidene compound 4c results from reaction of 3c with 1 equivalent of 1a. The dimetallacyclopentenone-dicobaltatetrahedrane cluster [(OC)2Fe(µ-dppm)(µ-C(=O)C{(CH2)4(η2-HC2Co2(CO)6}=CH)Pt(PPh3)] (5a) is formed by addition of [Co2(CO)8] to 2a. Likewise, [(OC)2Fe(µ-dppm)(µ-C(=O)C{C6H4(η2-HC2Co2(CO)4(µ-dppm)}=CH)Pt(PPh3)] (5b) is produced by mixing [Co2(CO)6(µ2-dppm)] with 2b. When attempting to prepare a heterotetranuclear complex by reacting 2a with [Co2(CO)6{P(OPh)3}2], the targeted compound was not formed. Instead, the substitution product [(OC)2Fe(µ-dppm)(µ-C(=O)C{(CH2)4C≡CH}=CH)Pt{P(OPh)3}] (6a) was isolated. 2b reacts in an analogous manner yielding [(OC)2Fe(μ-C(=O)C{C6H4–C≡CH}=CH)(μ-dppm)Pt{P(OPh)3}] (6b).

Phytochemical studies of the seeds of the Cameroonian medicinal plant, Salacia staudtiana, resulted in the isolation and identification of five new cardenolides (1-5) as well as a new dihydro-β-agarofuran (9), along with eight known compounds. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by 1D/2D NMR, ESI-HRMS data and comparison with literature data. The relative configurations of the new compounds were defined by X-ray crystallography analysis, NOESY correlations and coupling constants. We evaluated their antibacterial efficacy against two commonly dispersed environmental strains of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and two pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared to the standard antibiotics, streptomycin and gentamicin. Moreover, we assessed the antibacterial activity of the crude extract of the seeds in parallel to evaluate the plausible synergistic effects of the compounds in chemical defense of the seeds during germination and plant reproduction. The isolated compounds showed moderate antibacterial activities against the tested organisms. Compounds 1 and 3 and the crude extract exhibited distinct antibacterial activities against B. subtilis and S. aureus. The isolated compounds showed weak DPPH radical scavenging properties compared to the reference standard (Trolox). Our study lends evidence to the antibacterial chemical defense of S. staudtiana seeds by seed-borne compounds.

The title compound, trimeth­yl(tetra­hydro­furan-κO)aluminium(III), is an addition product of tri­methyl­aluminium and tetra­hydro­furan (THF). Instead of a dimeric structure, which is very common for these types of compounds, a monomeric mol­ecular structure is observed., The title compound, trimeth­yl(tetra­hydro­furan-κO)aluminium(III), [Al(CH3)3(C4H8O)], is an addition product of tri­methyl­aluminium and tetra­hydro­furan (THF). Instead of a dimeric structure, which is very common for these types of compounds, a monomeric mol­ecular structure is observed. The C—Al—C angles in the mol­ecule are very different from the C—Al—C angles found in dimeric mol­ecular structures, leading to a different symmetry around the AlIII atom. The reasons for these differences are discussed.