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PPP projects are now being considered as a financing option for infrastructural development across the globe. The study was guided by accountability theory. The successful adoption of PPP projects in developing countries has been hindered by different poor accountability mechanisms. The main objectives of the study are to examine the relevance of accountability theory in adoption of PPPs and to analyse the issues of accountability for PPP projects in developing countries. Data collected through review of scholarly literature and documents review was analysed using narratives. The Study findings revealed that accountability theory is highly relevant to the adoption of PPP projects and that accountability is very fundamental for effective adoption of PPPs in developing countries. It was concluded that accountability theory should always be put into consideration if PPPs are to succeed. It was recommended that developing countries need to ensure a conducive accountability mechanism for successful adoption of PPPs.

This article examines the significance of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in emerging economies. The major focus of the paper is the African continent. The article briefly discusses the origin and implementation PPPs in different continents across the globe. A qualitative research paradigm is adopted to analyse public private partnerships in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Qualitative research is exploratory and is frequently used to investigate a subject area in which there is limited information. This method of investigation sheds light on the different PPP projects. A case study strategy adopted in this study was used create understanding of the different process emanating from the implementation of PPPs in Africa continent. A comprehensive understanding of PPP implementation in SSA is essential. PPPs should be considered in sectors where there is a need to improve infrastructure and service delivery. Every government should have legislation in place as well as a regulatory framework on PPPs to facilitate local and foreign investors to implement new projects. The absence of a legal and regulatory framework on PPPs hinders close collaboration between the public and private sector in certain countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Anecdotal evidence from interviews with public officials indicates the need for government to focus on a specific project where it (government) perceives a need for a private company to participate. This article argues that the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) project is an excellent model for governments in SSA where there is a deficit infrastructure, required to provide improved service delivery. Most BOT projects require sizeable financial investment. Most governments prefer to use BOT to construct specific infrastructure such as new electricity power plants, toll roads, prisons, dams and water plants. Experience has revealed that BOT agreements tend to reduce market and credit risk for the private sector because in most instances government is the only customer, thus reducing the risk associated with insufficient demand and the inability to pay.

Procurement and PPPs have been adopted as a medium of engaging the private sector through contracts and concessions to deliver public services. The force majeure clause has been included in procurement and PPP contracts to limit liability in the event that parties are frustrated for serving their obligations. This study reveals that while the force majeure clause exists in contracts, it requires that parties cite the events that shall constitute force majeure. Based on a review of literature, the study reveals that while COVID-19 was not catered for, it is largely confirmed a pandemic alongside its associated lockdowns. The findings reveal that COVID-19 measures constitute a force majeure event that exposes procurement and PPPs contracts to frustration. However, unlike other force majeure events we recommend that termination due to frustration should be a last resort option due to switching costs and risks especially for the government. This study provides for contract continuity alternative actions that are necessary for continuity of service delivery in existing procurement and PPP contracts in the uncertain COVID-19 times. Copyright © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

The impact of the implementation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the Sub-Saharan African region on infrastructure and services is becoming increasingly perceptible. A considerable number of African countries have embraced PPPs as a mechanism to finance large projects due to a constrained fiscus. At present, many financial institutions, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the African Development Bank, which finance some of the projects, have established a department or unit that mainly focuses on infrastructure development in developing countries. The private sector in Africa is equally seen as a significant partner in the development of infrastructure. African governments need to tap into private capital to invest in infrastructure projects. This scientific discussion provides an analysis of PPPs in the East African region. This article selected a number of countries to illustrate PPP projects in the sub-region. The analysis of this study illustrates that the East African region represents unique and valuable public-private partnership lessons in different countries. This study also traces the origins of PPPs to more than a century ago where developed countries completed some of their projects using the same arrangement. This paper further demonstrates that the application of PPPs is always characterised by three factors, namely a country, a sector and a project. Experts in the field often refer to these elements as layers, which usually precede any successful PPP.

A full understanding of the implementation of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is essential. PPPs should be considered in sectors where there is need for improvement of infrastructure and service delivery. Every government should have legislation and a regulatory framework on PPPs to facilitate local and foreign investors to implement new projects. The absence of a legal and regulatory framework on PPPs hinders close collaboration between the public and private sectors. This article argues that the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) project is an excellent model for governments in SSA where there is lack of infrastructure to provide better service delivery. Most BOT projects require sizeable financial investment. Many governments prefer to use BOT for construction of specific infrastructure such as new electricity power plants, toll roads, prisons, dams and water plants. Experience shows that BOT agreements tend to reduce market and credit risk for the private sector because in most cases government is the only customer, thus reducing the risk associated with insufficient demand and the inability to pay.

http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b14660-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14660-3

This chapter outlines some elements of New Public Management (NPM) reform in the sub-Saharan Africa and assesses their successes and failures. It highlights different aspects of NPM such as agencification, civil service reforms, decentralisation, and privatisation in South Africa, Ghana, Uganda, and Tanzania. The reality of NPM reform in the continent, specifically in sub-Saharan Africa, needs to be evaluated with caution because of political instability; democratic elections and regime change transform the system of governance. One major reform that took place in most of sub-Saharan Africa was the implementation of decentralisation of government. Administrative decentralisation within local authorities requires competency from those who manage local institutions. The introduction of fiscal decentralisation in sub-Saharan Africa can improve the efficiency of public service in local communities. Local government service delivery can be improved in most countries when there is fiscal decentralisation, the achievement of which requires the participation of the local community.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14660-12 http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b14660-12

PhD (Public Administration), North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2015 Effective provision of water services in Botswana, especially in villages and rural areas remains a challenge to water authorities. The implementation of Water Sector Reforms (WSR) in 2009 has not yielded any improvements to the supply and distribution of water at the LMC as evidenced by recurring and prolonged water shortage in villages and rural areas. This study assesses the applicability of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) on the water sector in the Lobatse Management Centre (LMC) area which is part of the 15 water management centres. The research objectives are to: assess the performance of water supply and service delivery in the LMC; to identify factors that support or impede the implementation of PPPs in the LMC; to find out what can be done to improve service delivery in the LMC as well as to recommend a suitable PPP model/ option for implementation in the LMC. The research was undertaken using the Grounded Theory method within the interpretivism paradigm, which was found to be most suitable for conducting research where there is an absence of theory to explain or support the state of events evidenced at the LMC prior to the commencement of the study. A total of eleven interviews were conducted with six in-depth interviews and five focus groups, all from the WUC. The research revealed a downward trend in delivery of water services. The study also revealed that the infrastructure inherited by the WUC from the previous water authorities is obsolete and as such requires rehabilitation. The demand for private sector participation in the delivery of water service was also ascertained. Other findings show that the administrative and business processes used by the WUC are outdated. The Operations Support Contracts (OSC) model generated by the study is rooted in the findings of the study. The WUC under the OSC remains the mam provider of the service, while a PrivateCo is contracted to carry out a discreet task within the water sector. Doctoral

M Development and Management--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015. There is a dire need to improve the implementation of the indigent policy in municipalities to assist the most disadvantaged group in the community, the poor. The study focussed on the indigent policy of the City of Tshwane: challenges and options. The challenges would render the indigent policy inefficient and would require more improvement to avoid wasteful expenditure. The indigent policy is implemented through the identification process, which is the criterion the municipality uses in order to register the indigents on the municipal database. The municipality is offering a social package as part of the free basic services. The funding of the programme, which is critical for sustainability, and the exit programme that seeks to transform the poor into economically independent residents who will afford basic municipal services. The study found that the more the indigent register increases in the number of beneficiaries, the higher the municipal rates become, resulting in increased municipal costs for those who do not qualify to be on the indigent register. The implementation of this policy is critical yet complicated. It calls for integration, alignment, and coordinated utilisation of human capital, financial, infrastructural and technical resources involving other relevant stakeholders. Strategic interventions must be in place as a way of reducing levels of indigence in Tshwane. The cycle of poverty needs to be broken. The researcher believes that on-going implementation of poverty alleviation programmes, partnership with tertiary institutions for linking deserving children from poor households, continuous monitoring of the indigent register, assurance that the registration process correspond with the exit process, continuous monitoring, and periodic evaluation of the programme should be executed with efficiency and effectiveness. Masters

PhD (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus Since the introduction of public-private partnerships in South Africa’s toll road subsector in the late 1990s, the government has had some degree of relief in the financing, designing, constructing, operating and maintenance of the infrastructure for the toll road concessions investigated (namely the N3, N4 and N1N4 toll roads). In ensuring that the forms of risks mentioned above are transferred to the concessionaires, the government adopted the design, construct, finance, operate and maintain (DCFOM) model, as this model protects the government against risk exposure. However, the findings show that the structure of the current model cannot remain the same if the existing concession contracts are extended or new private partners are found at the end of the current concession period. This study proposed a suitable model (improve, finance, maintain, operate and transfer (IFMOT)) for all three of the concessions examined. Under this model, the study developed a risk sharing structure of which the government and Concessionaires can share the design and finance risks on an equal basis and leave maintenance and operate risks at the hands of Concessionaires. As the measures of best practices, transparency and accountability were found to be lacking by other stakeholders. This is because they want to determine whether the toll road concessions examined provide value for money. The concern raised was on how SANRAL and concessionaires conduct themselves when giving an account of their activities to the public, and the amount of information given to all other stakeholders. In terms of the oversight role on toll road concessions, it was discovered that the Standing Committee on Finance should support both the Portfolio Committee on State-Owned Enterprises and the Standing Committee on Public Accounts (SCOPA) in order to improve their oversight capacity on financial matters. The reason for this is that the executive authority, SANRAL and concessionaires are not being held accountable for their actions regarding the toll road concessions that were studied, especially on matters relating to finance (revenue, profit, expenditure, etc.), hence the inclusion of the Standing Committee on Finance. Another important factor established is that the SANRAL and National Roads Act, No. 7 of 1998, empowers SANRAL by giving it too much power. There is also a need to establish a dedicated traffic police to deal with traffic transgressions, crime and riots in order to reduce the workload of South African Police Services and South African National Defence Force especially during protests along the toll road concessions being investigated. Exploratory research was used to gain new knowledge about the toll road subsector, and participants were drawn from national government departments, state-owned enterprises, concessionaires, businesses, civil society groups, trade unions and political parties. The study is qualitative in nature and relied on both primary and secondary data. In terms of data collection, this study used interviews and open-ended (particularly semi-structured) questions were used. A large number of documents were also reviewed to assist in the capturing of important information in this research. Doctoral

PhD (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus The current study examined the role of Public-Private Partnerships in the Healthcare sector in Uganda: A case study of government referral hospitals. The study determined a sample size of 160 eligible participants, where a purposive sampling procedure was used to collect qualitative data from 32 informants, using interview guides. Whereas, the snowball technique was employed to collect quantitative data from 160 respondents, using survey questions. The study findings show that the healthcare sector of Uganda is too large, challenging, and demanding for the government to fully finance its programmes and ensure primary healthcare coverage. Accordingly, the study results show that the government of Uganda has embraced PPPs and contracted several private partners to provide improved health facilities through the design, building, and financing of health projects. Thus, the PPPs have helped the government to bridge the financial gaps through funding of many health programmes and infrastructural development, and human resource capacity through recruitment, training, and capacity building of staff. This study maintains that PPPs provide improved health services and medical supplies such as, ARVs, medical beds, surgical equipment, mosquito nets, and clinical and non-clinical support like, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) counseling services on time and in an efficient manner. Though the government has taken a general form of the PPPs model in the healthcare sector. With regards to the best health PPP model, the study results indicate that Integrated Clinical Services is the best health PPPs model for the healthcare sector in Uganda. Although PPPs play a critical role in improving health services and infrastructural development, and health promotion in Uganda, they face some critical challenges along the way. The current study found the following: political interference, bureaucracy in the process of implementing a health project or service, conflict of interest, the parallel working relationship amongst PPPs workers, poor communication and coordination, a discrepancy in compensation structure, advanced equipment provided by private partners that outmatches the users' knowledge, insufficient funding and a poor sustainability plan, collision on the same projects, as well as others that require both policy and administrative solutions. Doctoral

MA (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, 2020 This study aimed at analyzing the role that the executive plays during the budgeting process at Lesedi Local Municipality. Budgeting entails processes to be followed for effective service delivery through acquiring appropriate resources and the division of responsibilities. Budget processes guide how a municipality should manage its funds and it guides how a municipality should efficiently allocate funds within different departments. This process involves the interaction between the executive and the council of the municipality. To analyze the role of the executive and its dominance within the budget process, the researcher collected data from seven participants, which are LLM employees, through unstructured interviews. At the beginning of the study the theme of budgeting is explained, briefly discussing orientation and background, a problem statement, a theoretical statement and a conceptual framework. The introduction of the study fully explains the budget process in all spheres of government taking into consideration South Africa’s first democratic elections in 1994. The findings include that the executive drafts its own budget, the council only approves or rejects the budget prior to the financial year, the executive has the responsibility to ensure that each department is funded to do the tasks and that budgeting is a process of council which is non-delegated. The relationship between the executive and the council does exist, which is informed by the Acts of Law. Several HODs and consultations with other key stakeholders and provincial officials are responsible for overseeing the municipal budgeting process. Chapter 5 of the study evaluated each research objective in terms of questionnaire responses, interviews and literature studies. The evaluation of information in chapter 5 guides towards making appropriate recommendations. The conclusion and recommendations in chapter 6 provide possible resolutions to the research problem. The current study may provide stakeholders, such as the community of LLM, with the process followed while drafting budgets which may assist them to understand the stage at which the budget may be. The study may also assist the council to communicate the process with their subordinates with the view which they may need to communicate with the communities when they are confronted with service delivery delays. Masters

MA (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, 2019 This study aimed to investigate the checks and balances in terms of oversight and accountability at Midvaal Local Municipality. The study explored the various oversight mechanisms and structures to promote accountability and good governance in the local municipal council. The municipality has performed considerably well, winning the title of Gauteng’s top performing municipality in 2015 and achieving 3 unqualified audits in consecutive years Midvaal IDP (2017/18: 79). This bears testimony to the fact that the municipality is in good financial health and delivering services to its residents. The problem identified in this study is that township communities continue to protest on the provincial road R59 due to poor service delivery, this study investigated the role played by oversight committees, ward committees and councillors in public participation processes. Public Participation is the centre of democracy, if implemented correctly by Midvaal it can lead to positive results of sustainable service delivery in all wards even in lowincome wards. Pellizo and Stapenhurst (2013:18) emphasise the Principal-agent theory, whereby principals can monitor and enforce compliance on their agents. The Principal-agent theory is effective in so far as explaining the relationship between citizens (as principals) and the executive and the legislature (both agents) on the one side, and between the legislature (acting as principal, on behalf of citizens) and both the executive and the bureaucracy on the other side. The ultimate principals are citizens, the ultimate agents are civil servants (the bureaucracy). The executive and the legislature are both principals and agents. The executive as agent, is accountable directly to citizens through the electoral process, and to the legislature which acts on behalf of citizens and exercises an oversight function over the executive. Public participation is critical to the success of good governance at municipal councils it can lead to impactful service delivery by ensuring that residents are part of crafting the Integrated Development Plan and make contributions to the Budget of the municipality. The budget is a key tool to ensure accountability because the citizens will be aware of how the municipal council will be spending public money. The section 79 Committees and ward committees of Council are important mechanisms in ensuring that oversight is strengthened in communities. These structures enhance the voice of residents and ensures that their resolutions are taken into account when the executive makes service delivery decisions. The Township Community (low income earning) occupies the less developed areas of Midvaal, either on the edge of developed areas or in rural settings, where there is limited or no service enabling infrastructure. The Township Community thus receives limited basic services from the municipality according to the Midvaal Customer Satisfaction Survey 3rd Quarter 2016 (Midvaal IDP 2017/18: The Township Community requires access to basic and social services which they do not have at present and have highlighted their displeasure with respect to the disparity in access and service quality between themselves and the affluent. More effort is required from the municipality to bridge the gap between the poor and affluent communities in Midvaal. The findings in this study include insufficient staff members supporting the legislature oversight committees, and lack of capacitation for councillors to enhance effective oversight. Furthermore, tools to enhance public participation and civic education can be strengthened. There is a need for monitoring and evaluation of committee resolutions and the lack of sufficient budget allocated to section 79 committees prohibits an enabling environment for proper oversight. The findings of this study suggest that there be capacitation of skills, budget allocation, training and development for all members of committees and those responsible to carry out oversight. Councillors should be capacitated on legal frameworks such as the South African Constitution Act 108 of 1996, Municipal Structures Act No. 117 of 1998, Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000, Municipal Finance Management Act 56 of 2003 and the separation of powers. Citizens are the ultimate principals, therefore local authorities and municipalities must not only engage the citizens in the affairs of the municipality, but also ensure that consultations are meaningful. There has to be a concerted effort to include and educate residents, social partners, businesses, communities, the media and other spheres of government about the affairs of the Midvaal Local Municipality. The goal of this concerted effort is to ensure that the service delivery impact is experienced at all levels including grass root level and not only reflected in the Auditor- General’s reports. The municipality is an example of good governance and ethical leadership and this is evident in the sound financial management. It would greatly assist the Municipality to use oversight mechanisms to enhance public participation and show that there is transparency in service delivery to all wards. Key words and phrases: oversight, good governance, ethical, leadership, service delivery. political accountability, oversight mechanisms, municipal good governance, separation of powers, Midvaal Local Municipality Masters

PhD (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, (South Africa) Vanderbijlpark Campus, 2019 The study aimed at conducting an assessment of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in ensuring Value for Money (VFM) within the roads sector, a case of Uganda National Roads Authority (UNRA). Globally, PPPs provide one of the avenues for financing projects in the roads sector. In 2015, UNRA adopted a policy for use of PPPs to construct some national roads. Despite the adoption of a policy to use PPPs, there were a number of concerns on the use of already existing contracting out model to ensure VFM in the road sector. The main objective of the study was to assess the use of PPPs in ensuring VFM in the roads sector in Uganda. The research study was guided by the principal-agent theory. The study adopted a mixed methods design of the quantitative approach using the cross-sectional survey design followed by the qualitative approach under a case study and exploratory design. A sample size of 126 study participants, with 91 respondents for quantitative part of the study and 35 respondents for qualitative part of the study was targeted. Respondents for quantitative part of the study were selected using systematic random and simple random sampling and while those for qualitative part of the study were selected using snow ball and purposive sampling techniques. Quantitative data was collected using structured questionnaires, while qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews. The collected quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 25) and the collected qualitative data was analyzed thematically in narrative form. It was revealed that there were different perceptions held by UNRA’s stakeholders on the concepts of PPPs and VFM. Secondly only a few models of contracting out, service contract and management contract were being used by UNRA in the roads sector. Thirdly environmental factor of politics, organisational factor of focus by both public and private partners and personal factor of competence of PPP unit staff were the main factors affecting the use of PPP models in the roads sector. Based on findings, the study came up with an integrative PPP model to ensure VFM in the roads sector. The study recommended that UNRA needs to develop the capacity of its staff in the concepts of PPPs and VFM, ascertain whether any PPP model to be used will ensure VFM and UNRA needs to take into consideration how best to manage a number of factors affecting PPP models to ensure VFM in the roads sector in Uganda. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-8352 Doctoral

PhD (Management and Governance), North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus Globally,Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) have been adopted as a tool to improve public service delivery. In the hydropower subsector, PPPs have been adopted to improve competitiveness of the hydropower sector. Existing literature acknowledges that PPPs have been widely welcomed in Uganda and other parts of the world with the hope that they would support electricity improvements in aspects such as effeciency, effectiveness, availability, access and affordability across the energy sector. In the hydropower sub-sector, a range of PPPs models have been adopted in generation, transmission, and distribution. However, there is growing harsh judgment and dissent for PPPs in the sector. Based on interviews, focus group discussion,review of scholary literature and documents review,this study concludes that PPPs can improve competiveness of the hydropower sub-sector under certain conditions.The study acknowledges existing PPP models that have enabled the country to improve availability, access,reliability, quality of power and reduced cost of government in extending electricity to its people. However, the study reveals that tarriffs remain a key challenge and design risk. Based overall findings, the study recommends an extension of the Build Own Operate and Transfer (BOOT) to Design Build Own Operate Transfer (DBOOT) that can be adopted alonsgide some other interventions to improve competitiveness of the hydro electricity sub sector. This model may help to reduce design risk for contracting parties and utimately provide affordable tarriffs in the long term.The study also acknowledges that while the agency theory has been adopted for studies in theory and practice of procurement alongside PPPs, but remains adquate to resolve challenges existent in the practice of PPPs in the hydropower sector.To this effect, the study proposes a new model, the Citizen Principal Agency (CPA) that puts the citizens at the heart of design and implementation of PPPs that aim at improving competitiveness of the electricity in not only Uganda but across the world. The findings of this study are relevant to Uganda and other countries since electricity is considered to be a key catalyst in improving economies of countries but more importantly lives of people at the bottom of the pyramid. Doctoral

Master of Development and Management, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2018 The study explored issues related to the imperatives of participatory budgeting to achieve municipal budgeting legitimacy at Metsimaholo Local Municipality. The enactment of the 1996 Constitution in South Africa ushered in an environment of democracy and accountability. Public participation within the three spheres of government is a constitutional prerequisite. Public participation is crucial since the apartheid government excluded the majority, especially Blacks, from its processes and decision-making procedures. Public participation in the compilation of the municipal budget, is a good example of active participation between government and role-players such as the business sector, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO’s), including significant stake-holders. The budget is a powerful tool of accountability because the citizenry will be aware of how government spends their money. The preparation of the annual budget includes a series of steps that begin with the determination of the overall economic targets, expenditure levels, revenue projections and the financing plan by the Development Budget Coordinating Committee (DBCC). All the municipal councillors have a significant responsibility in approving the budget. Therefore, council plays a critical role to ensure that policy priorities are reflected in the budget. Councillors should focus on allocating budget inputs (resources) between competing priorities consistent with the strategic direction outlined in the Integrated Development Plan. Council must approve credible budgets, with realistic revenue and expenditure estimates. Public participation lies at the centre of democracy and if it is implemented accordingly, it can lead to positive results of sustainable service delivery. Public funds belong to all taxpayers (collectively the entire society); decision making of how the funds should be utilised resides with the legislative body elected by the taxpayers; while the management of the public funds is executed by the government. The reason for the separation of ownership and decision- making is that direct participation by taxpayers on every issue is practically impossible and simply too costly. Furthermore, it is to avoid opportunism in a fiduciary relation so that those who decide on how the funds should be used and those who actually utilise them are not the same persons. The research was conducted in the Metsimaholo Local Municipality, situated in the Free State and comprises of three towns namely: Sasolburg, Deneysville and Oranjeville in its area of jurisdiction, and employs a total of approximately 800 employees of the estimated 150 000 residents. The respondents included: the Executive Mayor; Speaker and Public Participation Officers; Municipal Manager; Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and 4 members from his team; 10 randomly selected councillors from different political parties; 4 members from Audit Committee; 5 members from SAMWU and IMATU; and 85 randomly selected community members from business, teachers, domestic workers and youth. A structured questionnaire as a research instrument was utilised for this study. The findings revealed that municipalities must include communities in drafting their integrated development plan, budget, and in the taking of service delivery and development-related decisions. The respondents revealed that the Municipality must ensure that the members of the public provide input on the contents of the budget. The results also highlighted that the municipal structure should manage its administration; budgeting and planning processes to prioritise the basic needs and promote the social and economic development of the community. Furthermore, the Municipality must immediately after the annual budget is tabled in a municipal council, make public the budget including all supporting documentation. Recommendations were provided to assist Metsimaholo Local Municipality with issues related to the imperatives of participatory budgeting to achieve budgeting legitimacy in its municipal area. Masters

The extensive application of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) throughout the world is comparatively recent. In Botswana, PPPs were first mentioned in the Privatisation Policy of Botswana. The government pronounced in the 2002/2003 budget speech and NDP 9 that PPPs would be widely used as an instrument of procuring and financing infrastructure projects in the public sector. The intention was to ensure sustainable investment in infrastructure and soundness in public finances as well as to decrease the budget deficit to sustainable levels. PPPs are regulated through the 2009 Public-Private Partnership Policy and Implementation Framework. The methodological approach followed is the case study strategy and a qualitative paradigm. The findings of the study reveal a deteriorating water situation over a period of three years. The demand for private sector participation in the water sector is established and areas in which private companies can be engaged are also identified. The research further reveals the feasibility of implementing service contracts within a monopoly-Water Utilities Corporation.

M Development and Management--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015. The study evaluated the training and development in Vereeniging cluster. The South African Police Service is the principal law enforcement institution and has a crucial role in contributing to the safety and security of South African citizens, including those who visit the country. Based on this it is essential that the organisation has skilled employees who will be able to meet the objectives and future challenges of the organisation. Training and development, therefore, is regarded as an important tool by an organisation, to facilitate the learning and development of all employees of the South African Police Service. Training and development identify, assure and develop individual competencies that will assist them to perform their current and future jobs. The research was conducted in the Vereeniging cluster. Only six stations were considered part of the target population. The respondents were randomly selected from the following stations: Heidelberg, Meyerton, Kliprivier, DeDeur, Ratanda and Vaal Marina. The systematic sampling method was used, where each unit had a chance of being selected. The duty list was utilised to obtain the sample. Structured questionnaires were utilised to obtain the responses from the respondents. The results of the findings indicated that employees were not satisfied about the recruitment and selection procedure and need assessment is not done before employees are sent for training. Respondents indicated that training equipment is not sufficient to assist them to acquire more knowledge during the facilitation of the learning programme. The results also highlighted that post-training appraisal is not done after each learning programme, which is important to determine the need for re-training, if any. The study concludes and recommends that the SAPS should focus on ensuring that the skills development facilitators understand the primary role of skills development. Training practices should be in line with the training standards and requirements and should be systematic and transparent Masters

The paper observes the transformation of the political system from a single political to a multi-political party. The essence of this transformation was to accommodate another political culture within the system of governance in the country. This article analyses public sector administration reform in three countries of the Central Africa Region (Republic of Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Republic of Congo. This paper will endeavor to respond to the following question: Why public sector reform in these three countries? Furthermore, the paper will also attempt to validate the need for public sector reform which should be undertaken when the government realises that there is a problem which needs to be resolved in the government institutions. The methodology used in this paper is solely based on the qualitative research approach which will help to understand the applicability of public administration reform in the Central Africa Region. The paper will argue that reform is extremely slow paced in each country. The situation in Cameroon is very complex due to decentralisation being legislated in 2004. However, there have been challenges with the implementation of the legislation governing decentralisation. The State President has personally appointed the majority of the governors and senior government officials in the various provinces. Since the new ministry in the Cameroon presidency assumed accountable public procurement, the ‘other’ reforms have been implemented and meeting the needs of the communities. The reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) also represents its own difficulties. Despite the enactment of the constitution in 2006, there is a distinct lack of reform in the public service. One of the key reforms for the current government is the decentralisation of government institutions. However, local government elections have not been held since 2006. Consequently, reformation has been extremely slow paced with limited reform in the last 8 years. The delegation of absolute autonomy to the provincial government with regard to the management of the provinces was a bold act by the DRC government which was well received by the citizens. In terms of public finance, central government has been faced by numerous challenges especially with the release of the provincial budget. Reformation in Congo Brazzaville has encountered many difficulties because of the lack of qualified human capital in the government institutions. Another critical factor which has contributed towards reformation is the authoritarian system of government. One can infer that a democratically elected regime could contribute positively towards a transformed society in all the above-mentioned countries. http://www.virtusinterpress.org/PUBLIC-ADMINISTRATION-REFORM-IN.html

MA (Public Management and Administration), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014 This study aimed at evaluating the degree to which Performance Management System is being executed at Waste Management Unit within the Emfuleni Local Municipality hence the topic “Performance Management System as a tool for promoting effective waste control: The case of the Emfuleni Local Municipality.” The Performance Management System issues a structure for establishing development needs, determining suitable resources, and making the recommendations regarding suitable PMS of which managers in an accountable manner can utilize to enable the Waste Management Unit to be economical, effective and efficient in its actions. In order to weigh up the scope of service delivery to the communities, and to evaluate whether the objectives of Waste Management Unit at ELM are being accomplished, the entire municipality should be compelled to execute performance management for all members of staff as stipulated by Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 and Municipal Planning and Performance Management Regulations, 2001. This study starts by introducing the subject of performance management system, briefly discussing introductory orientation and background rationale, problem statements, research methods and literature review. Subsequent to introduction of the study are the international perspectives on efficient performance management and an overview of performance management in the Waste Management Unit at Emfuleni Local Municipality. Thereafter the discussion on empirical research, findings and recommendations will serve as the last three chapters. Findings uncovered amongst others, include; the lack of knowledge of PMS amongst Waste Management Unit employees at lower level ranks. No PMS is applied at Waste Management Unit and as the result job descriptions are used as measuring stick of performance. Individual performance at Waste Management Unit is never discussed with the employees. No training of development programmes for employees at WMU to improve their performance. Findings from views of the community in terms of the performance reveal that there is no communication between the community and the Waste Management Unit in terms waste collection issues and its performance. Chapter five of the research assesses each objective in terms of questionnaire responses, interviews and literature study. The assessment of information in chapter five offers the basis for drawing up recommendations. The findings and recommendations in Chapter 6 provide solutions to the research problem. It is anticipated that the outcomes of this research would provide strategic value for ELM as a whole and Waste Management Unit in particular. Masters