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Background The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center - Questionnaire on Health Problems (OSTRC-QHP) has been shown to be a valid and reliable questionnaire for monitoring athletes with acute, overuse, and illness problems. Objectives To translate and cross-culturally adapt the OSTRC-QHP into Brazilian-Portuguese (OSTRC-BR), and investigate the measurement properties of this version. Methods The original (Norwegian) questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted following existing guidelines. Measurement properties of the OSTRC-BR were investigated in 134 athletes followed for 13 weeks. Reliability was analyzed via internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Responsiveness was assessed by effect size (ES) estimations, correlation of the OSTRC-BR severity score with the Global Perceived Effect scale (GPE) and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve test based on the area under the curve (AUC). Results The OSTRC-QHP has been translated and cross-culturally adapted successfully. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.92, 0.94). Intrarater reliability (ICC2,1) of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94, 0.98) was classified as excellent. ES estimation showed large effects (1.14 to 1.39). OSTRC-BR correlation was moderate (0.58 to 0.72) with the GPE and substantial (0.84 to 0.89) with the NPRS. The AUC values were above 0.70 when analysing all types of health problems. Conclusions The OSTRC-BR presented adequate measurement properties. The OSTRC-BR is a valid, reliable, responsive, and, therefore, an adequate tool for monitoring Brazilian athletes from different sports during training and competitions.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and running-related injuries (RRI).METHODS: This is a secondary analysis using a database composed of data from three studies conducted with the same RRI surveillance system. Longitudinal data comprising running exposure (workload) and RRI were collected biweekly during the respective cohorts' follow-up (18-65 weeks). ACWR was calculated as the most recent (i.e., acute) external workload (last 2 weeks) divided by the average external (i.e., chronic) workload of the last 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks. Three methods were used to calculate the ACWR: uncoupled, coupled and exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA). Bayesian logistic mixed models were used to analyse the data.RESULTS: The sample was composed of 435 runners. Runners whose ACWR was under 0.70 had about 10% predicted probability of sustaining RRI (9.6%; 95% credible interval [CrI] 7.5-12.4), while those whose ACWR was higher than 1.38 had about 1% predicted probability of sustaining RRI (1.3%; 95% CrI 0.7-1.7). The association between the ACWR and RRI was significant, varying from a small to a moderate association (1-10%). The higher the ACWR, the lower the RRI risk.CONCLUSIONS: The ACWR showed an inversely proportional association with RRI risk that can be represented by a smooth L-shaped, second-order, polynomial decay curve. The ACWR using hours or kilometres yielded similar results. The coupled and uncoupled methods revealed similar associations with RRIs. The uncoupled method presented the best discrimination for ACWR strata. The EWMA method yielded sparse and non-significant results.

Background Many countries have restricted public life in order to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). As a side effect of related measures, physical activity (PA) levels may have decreased. Objective We aimed (1) to quantify changes in PA and (2) to identify variables potentially predicting PA reductions. Methods A systematic review with random-effects multilevel meta-analysis was performed, pooling the standardized mean differences in PA measures before and during public life restrictions. Results A total of 173 trials with moderate methodological quality (modified Downs and Black checklist) were identified. Compared to pre-pandemic, total PA (SMD − 0.65, 95% CI − 1.10 to − 0.21) and walking (SMD − 0.52, 95% CI − 0.29 to − 0.76) decreased while sedentary behavior increased (SMD 0.91, 95% CI: 0.17 to 1.65). Reductions in PA affected all intensities (light: SMD − 0.35, 95% CI − 0.09 to − 0.61, p = .013; moderate: SMD − 0.33, 95% CI − 0.02 to − 0.6; vigorous: SMD − 0.33, − 0.08 to − 0.58, 95% CI − 0.08 to − 0.58) to a similar degree. Moderator analyses revealed no influence of variables such as sex, age, body mass index, or health status. However, the only continent without a PA reduction was Australia and cross-sectional trials yielded higher effect sizes (p Conclusion Public life restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in moderate reductions in PA levels and large increases in sedentary behavior. Health professionals and policy makers should therefore join forces to develop strategies counteracting the adverse effects of inactivity.

Objectives To investigate the proportion of individuals who practice running, its temporal trend, and to describe the runners’ characteristics. Design Population-based repeated cross-sectional study. Methods The data from the Protective and Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) from Brazil were used. Telephone interviews were conducted with adults from the Brazilian capitals (27 cities) between 2006–2017. The interviewer read the questions and recorded the participants’ responses immediately in a questionnaire. Data analyses were conducted using a Bayesian approach. Results The Vigitel database consisted of 625,460 Brazilian participants composed of 295,681 exercisers and within them 15,529 runners. The mean yearly proportion of runners was about 2.45% (95% Bayesian credible interval [CrI] 1.93 to 3.11) and 5.32% (95%CrI 4.29 to 6.54) in the entire study population and within exercisers, respectively. The absolute increase in the proportion of runners per year over the 12-year period was 0.13% and 0.17% in the entire study population and within exercisers, respectively. Runners were more likely to be younger, men, within normal body mass index, highly educated, moderate alcohol drinkers, non-smokers, less exposed to TV, living near physical activity/sports facilities and less exposed to health conditions such as arterial hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia. Conclusion There was a 95% probability that the yearly proportion of runners lies between 1.93% and 3.11% in the population of the 27 Brazilian capitals, and between 4.29% and 6.54% within exercisers. There has been an increase in the proportion of runners over time. Runners were associated with healthier characteristics compared to non-runners and non-exercisers.

ObjectivePublic life restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic caused reductions in physical activity (PA) and decreases in mental and somatic health. Considering the interplay between these factors, we investigated the effects of digital home exercise (DHE) during government-enforced lockdowns.MethodsA multicentre randomised controlled trial was performed allocating healthy individuals from nine countries (N=763; 523 female) to a DHE or an inactive control group. During the 4-week main intervention, DHE members engaged in live-streamed multicomponent home exercise. Subsequently, both groups had access to prerecorded workouts for an additional 4 weeks. Outcomes, assessed weekly, included PA level (Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7), mental well-being (WHO-5 Questionnaire), sleep quality (Medical Outcome Study Sleep Scale), pain/disability (Chronic Pain Grade Scale) and exercise motivation (Self-Concordance Scale). Mixed models were used for analysis.ResultsLive-streamed DHE consistently increased moderate PA (eg, week 1: 1.65 times more minutes per week, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.94) and vigorous PA (eg, week 1: 1.31 times more minutes per week, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.61), although the effects decreased over time. In addition, exercise motivation, sleep quality and anxiety were slightly improved for DHE in the 4-week live streaming period. The same applied to mental well-being (mean difference at week 4: +0.99, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.86), but an inverted trend was observed after live streaming was substituted by prerecorded exercise.ConclusionsLive-streamed DHE represents an efficacious method to enhance PA and selected markers of health during pandemic-related public life restrictions. However, research on implementation is warranted to reduce dropout rates.Trial Registration numberDRKS00021273.

Nasal dilators were created to expand the nasal valve area. The aim of this systematic review was to verify physiological parameters associated to running performance with the use of nasal dilators. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021225795). According to the PICOS framework studies were included: Population: healthy subjects; Intervention: nasal dilators; Comparison: control group, placebo, minimal intervention, health education or other intervention; Outcomes: cardiorespiratory parameters and subjective perceptions; Study: randomized controlled trials, repeated measures or within-subjects design. The databases searched were MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PEDro and Scopus. The descriptors “Running”, “Nasal Dilator”, “Randomized Controlled Trial”, and synonyms were used. The risk of bias was assessed using the PEDro scale. Random effects Der Simonian and Laird model were used. The assessment of the certainty of the evidence was carried out using the GRADE approach. Eleven articles were included. There was a difference in favour of the nasal dilator when compared to placebo for maximal oxygen uptake and rating of perceived exertion. The certainty of the evidence was very low. Future studies will probably have an impact on estimation of the effect.

To investigate the effects of bike fitting compared to qualitative-based riding posture recommendations on comfort, fatigue, and pain in amateur cyclists. This was a randomised controlled parallel trial of 162 amateur cyclists divided into two groups: bike fitting group (BFG)–participants received a bike fitting session based on 3D kinematic assessments; and a control group (QG)–participants who received a handout containing qualitative-based cycling posture recommendations. Primary outcomes were perceived comfort (FEEL Scale), perceived fatigue (OMNI Scale), and perceived pain (numeric rating pain scale, NRPS). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, when the interventions were delivered, and after 15 days. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted using student t-tests between pre and post intervention on both groups. All dependent variables from BFG displayed significant statistical difference between both groups post-intervention (p < 0.05). FEEL Scale and OMNI Scale results showed the highest changes of all variables under analysis (mean differences of 3.12 and 3.95 points, respectively); while the body parts with more reduction in riding pain were Groin and Back (mean differences of 1.68 and 1.35, respectively). In conclusion, 3D kinematic bikefit demonstrated superior improvements over riding pain, comfort and fatigue compared to qualitative riding posture recommendations.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Runners have a high risk of getting injured compared to practitioners of other sports, and reducing this risk appears challenging. A possible solution may lie in the self-regulatory behavior of runners and their passion for running, which are promising predictors of runners' risk of running-related injuries (RRIs) and chronic fatigue. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated to what extent a mobile application (“app”), called REMBO, could reduce the risk of RRIs and chronic fatigue by externally supporting self-regulation in a personalized fashion. Long-distance runners (N = 425; 243 men, 182 women; Mage = 44.7 years), training for half and whole marathon distances, took part in our randomized controlled trial. Runners were randomly allocated to theintervention group with access to the app (n = 214) or to the control group with no access to the app (n = 211). We tested the effectiveness of the app according to the intention-to-treat protocol and via a dose-response analysis, finding no statistically significant effects with regard to RRIs and chronic fatigue. Furthermore, an exploratory latent risk profile subgroup analysis found no evidence that any reductions in RRIs or chronic fatigue due to the app intervention differed across low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk psychological profiles of runners. Across our study, adherence was relatively low, reasons for which are discussed based on feedback from participants. In our discussion, we outline the implications of the app intervention not achieving its intended effect and list several recommendations that might steer toward more success in preventing RRIs and chronic fatigue in the future.

Background. It is well known that periods of inactivity generate a loss of muscle strength, a fundamental component of sports performance in soccer. However, little information is available on the decrease in strength levels in professional soccer players after the quarantine lockdown that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim. To compare the isokinetic peak torque profiles of professional soccer players from different teams before and after the quarantine period generated by COVID-19. Methods. A retrospective observational study was performed using data collected from two different professional elite-level soccer teams just before and immediately after the COVID-19 quarantine period. One team gave individual instructions to its players for conditioning maintenance at home during the quarantine period, while the other team used regular video calls to maintain the player’s conditioning status on home training. The main outcomes were the mean peak torque of knee extensors and flexors, from concentric and eccentric contractions of each playing position. Analysis. A two-way ANOVA analysis was used to compare peak torque before and after the quarantine period and between both teams’ strategies, showing a statistically significant reduction in eccentric knee flexor peak torque from the team that did not have remote monitoring. Conclusions. Remote monitoring programs are recommended so that athletes are less affected by the deleterious effects of confinement.

BackgroundRunning is an important type of exercise to keep people physically active. However, running also carries a risk of developing running-related injuries (RRI). Therefore, effective and evidence-based RRI prevention programmes are desirable, but are scarce in practice. An approach to face this problem might be the application of methods to develop RRI prevention programmes based on theories of behaviour change.ObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to develop an RRI prevention programme based on perspectives of behavioural and social science theories, as well as taking a framework development approach.MethodsThis was a qualitative study using the Intervention Mapping (IM) framework held between February and March 2018 in São Paulo, Brazil. The participants were involved in running practice. The data collection was conducted during focus group meetings. The data analysis was based on semantic thematic approach using a content analysis orientation based on inductive reasoning.ResultsThe target population of the RRI prevention programme identified was ‘adult recreational runners’. The objectives of the RRI prevention programme were established in two broad actions: (1) to provide feedback on individual training characteristics and RRI risk; and (2) provide/enhance knowledge, skills and self-efficacy on RRI preventive behaviours. The programme is aimed to be delivered through an online system.ConclusionAn RRI prevention programme was developed using the IM framework and a participatory approach. The programme was named ‘RunIn3’, and it is based on providing feedback on running volume and RRI risk, as well as providing knowledge, skills and self-efficacy on RRI preventive behaviours.

Musculoskeletal pain in athletes is common, but not always associated with injury (ie, tissue damage).1 Damage occurs when load exceeds tissue tolerance, such as ligament tear or a fracture. However, pain in athletes that occurs in the absence of trauma and tissue damage is still often labelled an ‘injury’ by clinicians, coaches and athletes themselves. This highlights a gap between knowledge (tissue damage is not necessary for pain) and practice (assuming that all pain arises from tissue damage) in our clinical community.1 2 This applies particularly in the area of acute non-traumatic pain (such as back and joint pain). To help bridge this gap, we outline eight principles to guide clinicians who manage musculoskeletal pain in sport (see infographic in figure 1). Figure 1 Infographic—principles to guide care of acute non-traumatic pain in sport. ### 1. In the absence of trauma, do not assume that pain indicates tissue damage

Introduction Reporting confidence intervals in scientific articles is important and relevant for evidence-based practice. Clinicians should understand confidence intervals in order to determine if they can realistically expect results similar to those presented in research studies when they implement the scientific evidence in clinical practice. The aims of this masterclass are: (1) to discuss confidence intervals around effect estimates; (2) to understand confidence intervals estimation (frequentist and Bayesian approaches); and (3) to interpret such uncertainty measures. Content Confidence intervals are measures of uncertainty around effect estimates. Interpretation of the frequentist 95% confidence interval: we can be 95% confident that the true (unknown) estimate would lie within the lower and upper limits of the interval, based on hypothesized repeats of the experiment. Many researchers and health professionals oversimplify the interpretation of the frequentist 95% confidence interval by dichotomizing it in statistically significant or non-statistically significant, hampering a proper discussion on the values, the width (precision) and the practical implications of such interval. Interpretation of the Bayesian 95% confidence interval (which is known as credible interval): there is a 95% probability that the true (unknown) estimate would lie within the interval, given the evidence provided by the observed data. Conclusions The use and reporting of confidence intervals should be encouraged in all scientific articles. Clinicians should consider using the interpretation, relevance and applicability of confidence intervals in real-world decision-making. Training and education may enhance knowledge and skills related to estimating, understanding and interpreting uncertainty measures, reducing the barriers for their use under either frequentist or Bayesian approaches.

Background: Behavioral and social science theories/models have been gaining attention in sports injury prevention.Objective: To investigate the potential of the Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining running-related injury preventive behavior.Methods: Six-month prospective cohort study based on data gathered from a randomized controlled trial. From a total of 1512 invited trail runners, 232 were included in this study. Preventive behaviors and their determinants were assessed at baseline and two and six months after baseline. Five-point Likert scales were used to assess the determinants of preventive behavior. A Bayesian path analysis was conducted applying mixed models and mediation analysis.Results: A 1-point increase in intention, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control predicted an increase of 54% (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI]: 38, 71) in the rate of performing running-related injury preventive behavior, explaining 49% (R-2 0.49; 95% BCI: 0.41, 0.56) of the variance around preventive behavior. Intention and perceived behavioral control predicted running-related injury preventive behavior directly, while 40% (95% BCI: 21, 61) and 44% (95% BCI: 20, 69) of the total effect of attitude was mediated by intention and perceived behavioral control, respectively. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control predicted intention.Conclusions: The Theory of Planned Behavior may have the potential to explain half of the variance around running-related injury preventive behavior and intention. Therefore, such theory may be considered a relevant and useful tool in developing, investigating, and/or implementing programs aimed at preventing running-related injuries. (C) 2021 Associacao Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pos-Graduacao em Fisioterapia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Background There is a lack of studies describing foot strike patterns in children and adolescents. This raises the question on what the natural foot strike pattern with less extrinsic influence should be and whether or not it is valid to make assumptions on adults based on the knowledge from children. Objectives To investigate the distribution of foot strike patterns in children and adolescents during running, and the association of participants’ characteristics with the foot strike patterns. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Videos were acquired with a high-speed camera and running speed was measured with a stopwatch. Bayesian analyses were performed to allow foot strike pattern inferences from the sample to the population distribution and a supervised machine learning procedure was implemented to develop an algorithm based on logistic mixed models aimed at classifying the participants in rearfoot, midfoot, or forefoot strike patterns. Results We have included 415 children and adolescents. The distribution of foot strike patterns was predominantly rearfoot for shod and barefoot assessments. Running condition (barefoot versus shod), speed, and footwear (with versus without heel elevation) seemed to influence the foot strike pattern. Those running shod were more likely to present rearfoot pattern compared to barefoot. The classification accuracy of the final algorithm ranged from 80% to 88%. Conclusions The rearfoot pattern was predominant in our sample. Future well-designed prospective studies are needed to understand the influence of foot strike patterns on the incidence and prevalence of running-related injuries in children and adolescents during running, and in adult runners.

Background Running is one of the most popular and accessible physical activities in the world. However, running-related injuries are unfortunately very common. Scientific evidence is limited and scarce regarding (cost-)effectiveness and implementation process of interventions for running-related injuries prevention. Thus, the objective of this study will be to investigate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and implementation process of a running-related injury prevention program (RunIn3). Methods This is the protocol of a pragmatic hybrid type 1 randomized controlled trial. There will be 530 runners over 18 years old, without running-related injuries in the last 3 months from Sao Paulo, Brazil. This program will be delivered online with two broad actions: (1) to provide feedback on individual training characteristics and running-related injury risk; and (2) providing/enhancing knowledge, skills and self-efficacy on running-related injury preventive behaviors. The primary outcome will be the proportion of runners reporting running-related injuries. The secondary outcomes will be preventive behaviors, direct and indirect costs, and implementation outcomes. The main effectiveness analysis on the primary outcome will be performed using linear probability mixed models in order to allow outcome changes over time and to yield the absolute risk reduction between-groups. Discussion The main hypothesis of this study is that the RunIn3 program will be effective in reducing the running-related injury risk and in promoting preventive behavior, either by increasing the frequency of healthy behaviors or by reducing the frequency of risk behaviors. Moreover, if the RunIn3 program is effective in reducing the running-related injuries risk, we believe that this effect would go alongside with a reduction of societal costs. Trail registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03892239) Registered 5 February 2019 - Prospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03892239 .

Background: : Knowing the facilitators and barriers of the development process of prevention programs in advance may prevent setbacks to occur and may even enable strategies to explore the facilitators and to deal with and/or avoid possible barriers. Objective: : To investigate the facilitators and barriers of the development process of a running-related injury (RRI) prevention program. Methods: : This was a qualitative study conducted with semi-structured face-to-face interviews with participants from the development of the RunIn3 RRI prevention program. The analysis on facilitators and barriers was performed following a content analysis approach. All participants enrolled in the development of the RunIn3 program were invited to participate in this study (n = 10). The interviews were conducted and recorded until saturation. Qualitative data from interview transcripts were grouped into condensed meaning units, codes, categories and themes, and were analyzed descriptively. Results: : Nine participants were included in this study. Overall, 17 categories were identified: six facilitators (35.3%) and 11 barriers (64.7%). The facilitators were reported 55.1% of the time (frequency of emerging themes [FET] = 43/78) and the barriers were reported 44.9% of the time (FET = 35/78). The most frequent categories classified as facilitators were ‘group meeting’ (32.6%, FET = 14/43) and ‘form of contact’ (20.9%, FET = 9/43). The most frequent categories classified as barriers were ‘absence of participants’ (22.9%, FET = 8/35) and ‘ramblings’ (20.0%, FET = 7/35). Conclusion: : The facilitators were more frequently reported than the barriers related to the development of the RRI prevention program, based on FET. These results may help in future endeavors toward the development of sports injury prevention programs.

Confinement measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have caused substantial reductions in global physical activity (PA) levels. In view of the manifold health benefits of PA, the development of interventions counteracting this trend is paramount. Our survey with 15,261 participants (38 ± 15 years, 58.5% females) examined preferences towards digital home exercise programs in 14 countries affected by COVID-19. More than two-thirds of the sample (68.4%, n = 10,433) indicated being interested in home exercise, and most participants were willing to work out at least three times per week (89.3%, n = 9328). Binary logistic regression revealed that female sex, working part-time, younger age, and being registered in a gym were associated with willingness to exercise. Flexibility (71.1%, n = 7377), resistance (68.6%, n = 7116), and endurance training (62.4%, n = 6478) were the most preferred types of exercise. Our results may guide health providers in developing individually tailored PA interventions during the current and future pandemics.

Background: Many governments have restricted public life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Related measures, among others, include closures of sports facilities and gyms. As regular movement is essential for immune function, bodily health and mental wellbeing, this study examined the effect of pandemic-related confinements on global physical activity (PA) levels. Methods: A multinational survey was performed in 14 countries. To quantify self-reported PA, the times spent in moderate and vigorous physical activities (MVPA) as well as in vigorous physical activities only (VPA) were assessed by means of the Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire (short-form). Data were obtained for leisure and occupational PA pre and during restrictions of public life. Compliance with PA guidelines was calculated based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). To estimate the risk of non-response bias, wave analyses were performed. Findings: A population of n=13,503 respondents (39±15 years, 59% females) were surveyed without indication of non-response bias. Compared to pre-restrictions, overall self-reported PA decreased by 41% (MVPA) and 42·2 % (VPA) during restrictions. Reductions were higher for occupational vs. leisure time, young and old vs. middle-aged persons, previously more active vs. less active individuals, but similar between men and women. Compared to pre-pandemic, compliance with WHO guidelines decreased from 81·0% to 62·5%. Interpretation: Results suggest PA levels have substantially decreased globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key stakeholders should consider strategies to mitigate loss in PA in order to preserve health during the pandemic and in future crises. Funding Statement: There was no external funding. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare there is no conflict of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethics approval was obtained in each involved country (Australia, Austria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, South Africa, Singapore, Switzerland, Spain, USA). All participants provided digital informed consent.

BackgroundTrail running is popular worldwide, but there is no preventive intervention for running-related injury (RRI).AimTo evaluate the effectiveness of adding online tailored advice (TrailS6) to general advice on (1) the prevention of RRIs and (2) the determinants and actual preventive behaviour in Dutch trail runners.MethodsTwo-arm randomised controlled trial over 6 months. 232 trail runners were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. All participants received online general advice on RRI prevention 1 week after baseline. Every 2 weeks, participants in the intervention group received specific advice tailored to their RRI status. The control group received no further intervention. Bayesian mixed models were used to analyse the data.ResultsTrail runners in the intervention group sustained 13% fewer RRIs compared with those in the control group after 6 months of follow-up (absolute risk difference −13.1%, 95% Bayesian highest posterior credible interval (95% BCI) −23.3 to −3.1). A preventive benefit was observed in one out of eight trail runners who had received the online tailored advice for 6 months (number needed to treat 8, 95% BCI 3 to 22). No significant between-group difference was observed on the determinants and actual preventive behaviours.ConclusionsOnline tailored advice prevented RRIs among Dutch trail runners. Therefore, online tailored advice may be used as a preventive component in multicomponent RRI prevention programmes. No effect was observed on determinants and actual preventive behaviours.Trial registration numberThe Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR5431).

Anne Frank wrote in her diary, ‘All children must look after their own upbringing. Parents can only give good advice or put them on the right paths, but the final forming of a person’s character lies in their own hands’. This quote illustrates the challenge faced by BMJ Open Sports & Exercise Medicin e (BOSEM) since its creation. Born in 2015, BOSEM was initially deemed as the ‘open access’ offspring of the British Journal of Sports Medicine . Six years later, BOSEM has published 629 manuscripts with over 900 unique authors listed. Our journal is ready to fly the nest. Now, the final forming of BOSEM’s personality lies with us, the new editorial team. Who are we, what is our personality, what makes us unique? We aim to support our community to make a difference for the general health and well-being of our patients, athletes and the world population. While this goal may not be truly unique in the sports and exercise medicine (SEM) landscape, the way we want to achieve it is. What makes us different is that BOSEM hosts clinically meaningful and impactful publications Open Access. Being true to the phrase ‘scientia potentia est’, all our content is freely available to everyone, and you can interact with BOSEM regardless of where you live and work. We take a continuous …

As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os cursos de Odontologia lançadas no ano de 2002 indicaram uma concepção mais ampla de saúde e apontaram como necessidade um papel ativo dos estudantes no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, propondo a mudança da ênfase nos conteúdos para a participação mais ativa e independente e a superação da dicotomia entre teoria e prática, valorizando o trabalho articulado com os serviços de saúde. O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar o efeito da problematizaçao sobre o desempenho na construção das questões de apreendizagem em funçao da área do conhecimento, eixos de competência e taxonomia de Bloom das questões. Foram avaliados 93 estudantes ao longo de quatro semestres. A partir das experiências viven-ciadas na clínica, durante o atendimento a pacientes, foram levantadas lacunas de conhecimento no ciclo pedagógico, onde se aplicou a metodologia da problematização. Seguindo os passos tutoriais, foram regis-tradas 182 questões. Dessas, 67 que não se repetiram foram agrupadas por área do conhecimento (67,2% de abordagem cognitiva, 25,3% psicomotora e 7,5% afetiva). De acordo com a taxonomia de Bloom, 32 questões foram consideradas de baixa taxonomia, 22 de média e 13 de alta taxonomia. A partir dos resultados encon-trados no presente estudo pode-se concluir que, ao aplicar a problematização como método ativo de ensino-aprendizagem surgiram, na maioria, questões de abordagem cognitiva e de baixa taxonomia de Bloom.

Background Musculoskeletal injuries occur frequently in runners and despite many studies about running injuries conducted over the past decades it is not clear in the literature what are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries (RRMIs). Objective The aim of this study is to systematically review studies on the incidence and prevalence of the main specific RRMIs. Methods An electronic database search was conducted using EMBASE (1947 to October 2011), MEDLINE (1966 to October 2011), SPORTDiscus™ (1975 to October 2011), the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS) [1982 to October 2011] and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) [1998 to October 2011] with no limits of date or language of publication. Articles that described the incidence or prevalence rates of RRMIs were considered eligible. Studies that reported only the type of injury, anatomical region or incomplete data that precluded interpretation of the incidence or prevalence rates of RRMIs were excluded. We extracted data regarding bibliometric characteristics, study design, description of the population of runners, RRMI definition, how the data of RRMIs were collected and the name of each RRMI with their rates of incidence or prevalence. Separate analysis for ultra-marathoners was performed. Among 2924 potentially eligible titles, eight studies (pooled n = 3500 runners) were considered eligible for the review. In general, the articles had moderate risk of bias and only one fulfilled less than half of the quality criteria established. Results A total of 28 RRMIs were found and the main general RRMIs were medial tibial stress syndrome (incidence ranging from 13.6% to 20.0%; prevalence of 9.5%), Achilles tendinopathy (incidence ranging from 9.1% to 10.9%; prevalence ranging from 6.2% to 9.5%) and plantar fasciitis (incidence ranging from 4.5% to 10.0%; prevalence ranging from 5.2% to 17.5%). The main ultra-marathon RRMIs were Achilles tendinopathy (prevalence ranging from 2.0% to 18.5%) and patellofemoral syndrome (prevalence ranging from 7.4% to 15.6%). Conclusion This systematic review provides evidence that medial tibia stress syndrome, Achilles tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis were the main general RRMIs, while Achilles tendinopathy and patellofemoral syndrome were the most common RRMIs for runners who participated in ultra-marathon races.

Em decorrência da quimioterapia, alterações na cavidade oral podem ser observadas e levar a complicações sistêmicas importantes, podendo aumentar o tempo de internação hospitalar, os custos do tratamento e afetar diretamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma pesquisa em um hospital de oncologia da cidade de Juiz de Fora (MG), sendo realizado através de coleta de dados nos prontuários de pacientes que estiveram em tratamento oncológico, onde foram avaliadas as prevalências das manifestações orais em relação ao sexo, idade e tipo de tumor. Verificou-se que a mucosite foi a manifestação mais incidente em ambos os sexos em todas as faixas etárias (15,5%). A xerostomia e as demais lesões, como candidíase e lesões aftosas, também estiveram presentes. É possível melhorar a qualidade de vida antes, durante e após as terapias antineoplásicas através de um protocolo de atendimento odontológico que inclua medidas de condicionamento do meio bucal prévia à quimioterapia, como profilaxia, remoção de cáries, tratamento periodontal e de focos periapicais, orientação para higiene oral e dieta, e ainda laserterapia. É importante a inserção do dentista na equipe oncológica para o diagnóstico precoce das manifestações bucais e acompanhamento no período de tratamento. Several changes in the oral cavity due to chemotherapy can be observed and can lead to important systemic complications, increasing the time of the patient in hospital and the costs of the treatment as well as affect the quality of life of the patients. The aim of this study was to assess the oral manifestation in patients treated with chemoterapy according to sex, age and tumor type. Data was collected in an oncology hospital in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State, from patients' records that were submitted to oncologic treatment. It was possible to verify that mucositis, associated or not to other type of lesions, was the most common lesion in both sex of all ages (15.5%). Xerostomia and other lesions, such as Candida infection and aphthous lesions, were also present. It is possible to improve the quality of life of the patient during and after anti-neoplastic therapies through a protocol of odontological assistance that includes changes of the oral environment previous to chemotherapy such as profilaxis, caries removal, treatment of periodontal and periapical lesions, oral hygiene instructions, diet orientation and laser therapy. It is very important the insertion of the dentist in the oncologic medical team for the early diagnosis of the oral manifestation and follow-up during treatment time.

Em decorrência da quimioterapia, alterações na cavidade oral podem ser observadas e levar a complicações sistêmicas importantes, podendo aumentar o tempo de internação hospitalar, os custos do tratamento e afetar diretamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma pesquisa em um hospital de oncologia da cidade de Juiz de Fora (MG), sendo realizado através de coleta de dados nos prontuários de pacientes que estiveram em tratamento oncológico, onde foram avaliadas as prevalências das manifestações orais em relação ao sexo, idade e tipo de tumor. Verificou-se que a mucosite foi a manifestação mais incidente em ambos os sexos em todas as faixas etárias (15,5%). A xerostomia e as demais lesões, como candidíase e lesões aftosas, também estiveram presentes. É possível melhorar a qualidade de vida antes, durante e após as terapias antineoplásicas através de um protocolo de atendimento odontológico que inclua medidas de condicionamento do meio bucal prévia à quimioterapia, como profilaxia, remoção de cáries, tratamento periodontal e de focos periapicais, orientação para higiene oral e dieta, e ainda laserterapia. É importante a inserção do dentista na equipe oncológica para o diagnóstico precoce das manifestações bucais e acompanhamento no período de tratamento.Several changes in the oral cavity due to chemotherapy can be observed and can lead to important systemic complications, increasing the time of the patient in hospital and the costs of the treatment as well as affect the quality of life of the patients. The aim of this study was to assess the oral manifestation in patients treated with chemoterapy according to sex, age and tumor type. Data was collected in an oncology hospital in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State, from patients' records that were submitted to oncologic treatment. It was possible to verify that mucositis, associated or not to other type of lesions, was the most common lesion in both sex of all ages (15.5%). Xerostomia and other lesions, such as Candida infection and aphthous lesions, were also present. It is possible to improve the quality of life of the patient during and after anti-neoplastic therapies through a protocol of odontological assistance that includes changes of the oral environment previous to chemotherapy such as profilaxis, caries removal, treatment of periodontal and periapical lesions, oral hygiene instructions, diet orientation and laser therapy. It is very important the insertion of the dentist in the oncologic medical team for the early diagnosis of the oral manifestation and follow-up during treatment time.

Several changes in the oral cavity due to chemotherapy can be observed and can lead to important systemic complications, increasing the time of the patient in hospital and the costs of the treatment as well as affect the quality of life of the patients. The aim of this study was to assess the oral manifestation in patients treated with chemotherapy according to sex, age and tumor type. Data was collected in an oncology hospital in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais State, from patients' records that were submitted to oncologic treatment. It was possible to verify that mucositis, associated or not to other type of lesions, was the most common lesion in both sex of all ages (15.5%). Xerostomia and other lesions, such as Candida infection and aphthous lesions, were also present. It is possible to improve the quality of life of the patient during and after anti-neoplastic therapies through a protocol of odontological assistance that includes changes of the oral environment previous to chemotherapy such as profilaxis, caries removal, treatment of periodontal and periapical lesions, oral hygiene instructions, diet orientation and laser therapy. It is very important the insertion of the dentist in the oncologic medical team for the early diagnosis of the oral manifestation and follow-up during treatment time.