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Objectives: To investigate the economic burden of running-related injuries (RRI) occurred during the 6-week 'Start-to-Run' program of the Dutch Athletics Federation in 2013.Design: Prospective cohort study.Methods: This was a monetary cost analysis using the data prospectively gathered alongside the RRI registration in the NLstart2run study. RRI data were collected weekly. Cost diaries were applied two and six weeks after the RRI registration to collect data regarding healthcare utilisation (direct costs) and absenteeism from paid and unpaid work (indirect costs). RRI was defined as running-related pain that hampered running ability for three consecutive training sessions.Results: From the 1696 participants included in the analysis, 185 reported a total of 272 RRIs. A total of 26.1% of the cost data (71 RRIs reported by 50 participants) were missing. Therefore, a multiple imputation procedure was performed. The economic burden (direct plus indirect costs) of RRIs was estimated at (sic)83.22 (95% CI(sic)50.42-(sic)116.02) per RRI, and (sic)13.35 (95% CI(sic)7.07-(sic)19.63) per participant. The direct cost per RRI was (sic)56.93 (95% CI (sic)42.05-(sic)71.81) and the indirect cost per RRI was (sic)26.29(95% CI (sic)0.00-(sic)54.79). The indirect cost was higher for sudden onset RRIs than for gradual onset RRIs, with a mean difference of (sic)33.92 (95% CI (sic)17.96-(sic)49.87).Conclusions: Direct costs of RRIs were 2-fold higher than the indirect costs, and sudden onset RRIs presented higher costs than gradual onset RRIs. The results of this study are important to provide information to public health agencies and policymakers about the economic burden of RRIs in novice runners. (C) 2015 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Background Trailrunning is becoming very popular. However, the risk and burden of running-related injuries (RRI) in trailrunning is not well established. Objective To investigate the prevalence, injury rate, severity, nature, and economic burden of RRIs in Dutch trailrunners. Methods This prospective cohort study included 228 trailrunners aged 18 years or over (range 23–67), and was conducted between October 2013 and December 2014. After completing the baseline questionnaire, the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems was administered every 2 weeks to collect data on RRIs. Participants who reported RRIs were asked about healthcare utilization (direct costs) and absenteeism from paid work (indirect costs). RRI was defined as disorders of the musculoskeletal system or concussions experienced or sustained during participation in running. Results The mean prevalence of RRIs measured over time was 22.4 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 20.9–24.0], and the injury rate was 10.7 RRIs per 1000 h of running (95 % CI 9.4–12.1). The prevalence was higher for overuse (17.7 %; 95 % CI 15.9–19.5) than for acute (4.1 %; 95 % CI 3.3–5.0) RRIs. Also, the injury rate was higher for overuse (8.1; 95 % CI 6.9–9.3) than for acute (2.7; 95 % CI 2.0–3.4) RRIs. The median of the severity score was 35.0 [25–75 %, interquartile range (IQR) 22.0–55.7], and the median of the duration of RRIs was 2.0 weeks (IQR 2.0–6.0) during the study. The total economic burden of RRIs was estimated at €172.22 (95 % CI 117.10–271.74) per RRI, and €1849.49 (95 % CI 1180.62–3058.91) per 1000 h of running. An RRI was estimated to have a direct cost of €60.92 (95 % CI 45.11–94.90) and an indirect cost of €111.30 (95 % CI 61.02–192.75). Conclusions The health and economic burden of RRIs presented in this study are significant for trailrunners and for society. Therefore, efforts should be made in order to prevent RRIs in trailrunners. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0551-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To summarise the benefits and harms of the strengthening exercises for the treatment of people with patellar tendinopathy.

Background Kinesio taping is a commonly used intervention for patients with chronic low back pain. However, the medium term effects of kinesio taping in these patients are unknown. Objective To investigate the effectiveness of kinesio taping in patients with chronic low back pain after 6 months from randomization. Methods This was a randomized controlled trial with a 6 months follow up. One hundred and forty eight participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (kinesio taping with skin convolutions) or control (kinesio taping without convolutions—Sham Taping) group. Participants from both groups had the tape reapplied twice a week for four weeks. The outcomes were pain, disability and global impression of recovery after 6 months. Results One participant was lost to follow up in the experimental group (n = 73, response rate 99%) and two in the control group (n = 72, response rate 97%). After 6 months there were no statistically significant between-group differences in pain intensity (between-group difference −0.8 points, 95% CI −1.7 to 0.2), global impression of recovery (0.4, −0.7 to 1.5), or disability (−1.1, −3.0 to 0.7). Conclusion Four weeks of kinesio taping treatment was no better than sham taping for patients with chronic low back pain, at 6 months follow-up. Trial Registration Number ( http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/ ): RBR-7ggfkv (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials).

Sports participation is a major ally for the promotion of physical activity. However, sports injuries are important adverse effects of sports participation and should be monitored in sports populations. The purpose of this paper is to review the basic concepts of injury monitoring and discuss the implementation of these concepts in practice. The aspects discussed are: (1) sports injury definition; (2) classification of sports injuries; (3) population at risk, prevalence, and incidence; (4) severity measures; (5) economic costs; (6) systems developed to monitor sports injuries; and (7) online technology. Only with reliable monitoring systems applied in a continuous and long-term manner will it be possible to identify the burden of injuries, to identify the possible cases at an early stage, to implement early interventions, and to generate data for sports injury prevention. The implementation of sports injuries monitoring systems in practice is strongly recommended.

Systematic review.To systematically review the descriptors used to define running-related musculoskeletal injury and to analyze the implications of different definitions on the results of studies.Studies have developed their own definitions of running-related musculoskeletal injuries based on different criteria. This may affect the rates of injury, which can be overestimated or underestimated due to the lack of a standard definition.Searches were conducted in the Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, and SciELO databases, without limits on date of publication and language. Only articles that reported a definition of running-related injury were included. The definitions were classified according to 3 domains and subcategories: (1) presence of physical complaint (symptom, body system involved, region), (2) interruption of training or competition (primary sports involved, extent of injury, extent of limitation, interruption, period of injury), and (3) need for medical assistance. Spearman rank correlation was performed to evaluate the correlation between the completeness of definitions and the rates of injury reported in the studies.A total of 48 articles were included. Most studies described more than half of the subcategories, but with no standardization between the terms used within each category, showing that there is no consensus for a definition. The injury rates ranged between 3% and 85%, and tended to increase with less specific definitions.The descriptors commonly used by researchers to define a running-related injury vary between studies and may affect the rates of injuries. The lack of a standardized definition hinders comparison between studies and rates of injuries.

This chapter discusses the aetiology and prevention of paediatric sports injuries in non-contact sports, and the chapter covers bicycling, dance, gymnastics, running, skiing, snowboarding, swimming, tennis, badminton, and volleyball, which were selected based on their worldwide popularity. Each sport is covered in a systematic manner including a brief introduction of the sport practise, the epidemiology and aetiology of sport-specific injuries, risk factors, and preventive strategies. Because of similarities, skiing and snowboarding are grouped and discussed together, as are tennis and badminton. The knowledge summarized should be implemented in real-life situations in order to encourage children and adolescents to participate in sports where they will experience the well-known health benefits of sports participation, but with the lowest risk possible.

Question: For people with chronic low back pain, does Kinesio Taping, applied according to the treatment manual to create skin convolutions, reduce pain and disability more than a simple application without convolutions? Design: Randomised trial with concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis and blinded assessment of some outcomes. Participants: 148 participants with chronic non-specific low back pain. Intervention: Experimental group participants received eight sessions (over four weeks) of Kinesio Taping applied according to the Kinesio Taping Method treatment manual (ie, 10 to 15% tension applied in flexion to create skin convolutions in neutral). Control group participants received eight sessions (over four weeks) of Kinesio Taping with no tension, creating no convolutions. Outcome measures: The primary outcome measures were pain intensity and disability after the four-week intervention. Secondary outcomes were pain intensity and disability 12 weeks after randomisation, and global perceived effect at both four and 12 weeks after randomisation. Results: Applying Kinesio Tape to create convolutions in the skin did not significantly change its effect on pain (MD–0.4 points, 95% CI–1.3 to 0.4) or disability (MD–0.3 points, 95% CI–1.9 to 1.3) at four weeks. There was a small difference in favour of the experimental group for the secondary outcome of global perceived effect (MD 1.4 points, 95% CI 0.3 to 2.5) at four weeks. No significant between-group differences were observed for the other secondary outcomes. Conclusion: Kinesio Taping applied with stretch to generate convolutions in the skin was no more effective than simple application of the tape without tension for the outcomes measured. These results challenge the proposed mechanism of action of this therapy. Trial registration: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, RBR-7ggfkv. [Parreira PCS, Costa LCM, Takahashi R, Hespanhol Junior LC, da Luz Junior MA, da Silva TM, Costa LOP (2014) Kinesio Taping to generate skin convolutions is not better than sham taping for people with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy 60: 90–96]

Despite several studies that have been conducted on running injuries, the risk factors for running-related injuries are still not clear in the literature.The aim of this study was to systematically review prospective cohort studies that investigated the risk factors for running injuries in general.We conducted electronic searches without restriction of language on EMBASE (1980 to Dec 2012), PUBMED (1946 to Dec 2012), CINAHL (1988 to Dec 2012) SPORTDiscus (1977 to Dec 2012), Latin American and Caribbean Centre on Health Sciences Information (1985 to Dec 2012) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (1998 to Dec 2012) databases, using subject headings, synonyms, relevant terms and variant spellings for each database.Only prospective cohort studies investigating the risk factors for running-related musculoskeletal injuries were included in this review. Two independent reviewers screened each article and, if they did not reach a consensus, a third reviewer decided whether or not the article should be included.Year of publication, type of runners, sample size, definition of running-related musculoskeletal injury, baseline characteristics, reported risk factors and the statistical measurement of risk or protection association were extracted from the articles. A scale adapted by the authors evaluated the risk of bias of the articles.A total of 11 articles were considered eligible in this systematic review. A total of 4,671 pooled participants were analysed and 60 different predictive factors were investigated. The main risk factor reported was previous injury (last 12 months), reported in 5 of the 8 studies that investigated previous injuries as a risk factor. Only one article met the criteria for random selection of the sample and only six articles included a follow-up of 6 months or more. There was no association between gender and running injuries in most of the studies.It is possible that eligible articles for this review were published in journals that were not indexed in any of the searched databases. We found a great heterogeneity of statistical methods between studies, which prevented us from performing a meta-analysis.The main risk factor identified in this review was previous injury in the last 12 months, although many risk factors had been investigated in the literature. Relatively few prospective studies were identified in this review, reducing the overall ability to detect risk factors. This highlights the need for more, well designed prospective studies in order to fully appreciate the risk factors associated with running.

Questions What is the incidence of running-related injuries (RRIs) in recreational runners? Which personal and training characteristics predict RRIs in recreational runners? Design Prospective cohort study. Participants A total of 200 recreational runners answered a fortnightly online survey containing questions about their running routine, races, and presence of RRI. These runners were followed-up for a period of 12 weeks. Outcome measures The primary outcome of this study was running-related injury. The incidence of injuries was calculated taking into account the exposure to running and was expressed by RRI/1000 hours. The association between potential predictive factors and RRIs was estimated using generalised estimating equation models. Results A total of 84 RRIs were registered in 60 (31%) of the 191 recreational runners who completed all follow-up surveys. Of the injured runners 30% (n=18/60) developed two or more RRIs, with 5/18 (28%) being recurrences. The incidence of RRI was 10 RRI/1000 hours of running exposure. The main type of RRI observed was muscle injuries (30%, n=25/84). The knee was the most commonly affected anatomical region (19%, n=16/84). The variables associated with RRI were: previous RRI (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.51), duration of training although the effect was very small (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02), speed training (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.10), and interval training (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.88). Conclusions Physiotherapists should be aware and advise runners that past RRI and speed training are associated with increased risk of further RRI, while interval training is associated with lower risk, although these associations may not be causative.

There is conflicting evidence on the association between lower limb alignment characteristics and the incidence of running-related injury (RRI). Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between lower limb alignment characteristics and the incidence proportion of RRI in a convenience sample of recreational runners. A total of 89 recreational runners were included in this prospective cohort study. These participants had been running for at least six months and were injury-free at baseline. Lower limb alignment measurements were conducted in order to calculate lower limb discrepancy, Q-angle, subtalar angle and plantar index. All participants also answered a baseline and biweekly online surveys about their running routine, history of RRI and newly developed RRI over a period of 12 weeks. The prevalence of previous RRI and the 12-week incidence proportion of new RRI were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the association between lower limb length discrepancy, Q-angle, subtalar angle and plantar ach index with the incidence proportion of RRI. The prevalence of previous RRI was 55.1% (n = 49). The 12-week incidence proportion of new RRI was 27.0% (n = 24). Muscle injuries and tendinopathies were the main types of RRI identified. The lower leg and the knee were the main anatomical regions affected. We did not find significant associations between lower limb length discrepancy, Q-angle, subtalar angle and plantar arch index and injury occurrence.

The objective of this study was to test the inter-rater reproducibility of the Portuguese version of the PEDro Scale. Seven physiotherapists rated the methodological quality of 50 reports of randomized controlled trials written in Portuguese indexed on the PEDro database. Each report was also rated using the English version of the PEDro Scale. Reproducibility was evaluated by comparing two separate ratings of reports written in Portuguese and comparing the Portuguese PEDro score with the English version of the scale. Kappa coefficients ranged from 0.53 to 1.00 for individual item and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.82 for the total PEDro score was observed. The standard error of the measurement of the scale was 0.58. The Portuguese version of the scale was comparable with the English version, with an ICC of 0.78. The inter-rater reproducibility of the Brazilian Portuguese PEDro Scale is adequate and similar to the original English version.

Professional swimmers are often affected by a high number of injuries due to their large amount of training. The occurrence of musculoskeletal pain during an important tournament has not been investigated.The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and its characteristics in professional swimmers. Secondary objectives included evaluating the swimmers' injury history over the previous 12 months, and examining the association of the presence of pain with personal and training characteristics of the swimmers.Observational, cross-sectional study.Two-hundred and fifty-seven swimmers who participated in the Brazilian Swimming Championship were included in the study and answered a questionnaire about personal and training characteristics, presence of pain, and injuries in the previous 12 months. The relative risk of presence of pain was calculated for the following variables: gender, BMI, stroke specialty, swimmer's position, strength training, practice of another physical activity, and previous injuries.The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was about 20%, with 60% of swimmers reporting at least one injury in the previous 12 months. The shoulder was the most commonly affected region and tendinopathy was the most common type of previous injury. No significant relationships were found between the presence of pain and personal or training characteristics.The results demonstrated that the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in professional swimmers participating in the most important Brazilian national tournament was approximately 20%, while the majority of participants reported previous injuries in many areas.2c.

Background In order to implement running to promote physical activity, it is essential to quantify the extent to which running improves health. Objective The aim was to summarise the literature on the effects of endurance running on biomedical indices of health in physically inactive adults. Data Sources Electronic searches were conducted in October 2014 on PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, the Cochrane Library and LILACS, with no limits of date and language of publication. Study Selection Randomised controlled trials (with a minimum of 8 weeks of running training) that included physically inactive but healthy adults (18–65 years) were selected. The studies needed to compare intervention (i.e. endurance running) and control (i.e. no intervention) groups. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Two authors evaluated study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias; a third author resolved any uncertainties. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to summarise the estimates for length of training and sex. A dose-response analysis was performed with random-effects meta-regression in order to investigate the relationship between running characteristics and effect sizes. Results After screening 22,380 records, 49 articles were included, of which 35 were used to combine data on ten biomedical indices of health. On average the running programs were composed of 3.7 ± 0.9 sessions/week, 2.3 ± 1.0 h/week, 14.4 ± 5.4 km/week, at 60–90 % of the maximum heart rate, and lasted 21.5 ± 16.8 weeks. After 1 year of training, running was effective in reducing body mass by 3.3 kg [95 % confidence interval (CI) 4.1–2.5], body fat by 2.7 % (95 % CI 5.1–0.2), resting heart rate by 6.7 min−1 (95 % CI 10.3–3.0) and triglycerides by 16.9 mg dl−1 (95 % CI 28.1–5.6). Also, running significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) by 7.1 ml min−1 kg−1 (95 % CI 5.0–9.1) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 3.3 mg dl−1 (95 % CI 1.2–5.4). No significant effect was found for lean body mass, body mass index, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 1 year of training. In the dose-response analysis, larger effect sizes were found for longer length of training. Limitations It was only possible to combine the data of ten out the 161 outcome measures identified. Lack of information on training characteristics precluded a multivariate model in the dose-response analysis. Conclusions Endurance running was effective in providing substantial beneficial effects on body mass, body fat, resting heart rate, VO2max, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol in physically inactive adults. The longer the length of training, the larger the achieved health benefits. Clinicians and health authorities can use this information to advise individuals to run, and to support policies towards investing in running programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0359-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background Volleyball can be considered one of the most popular sports. Prospective studies aimed at investigating the incidence and risk factors of volleyball injuries are scarce. Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors for volleyball injuries among Brazilian elite volleyball players. Design 20-week prospective cohort study. Setting Brazilian elite national league (2015–2016). Participants 13 Brazilian elite volleyball teams (208 players): 7 male teams (116 players) and 6 female teams (92 players). Assessment of Risk Factors Volleyball exposure (hours and sessions of training, strength training and number of matches) and injuries were recorded weekly by the medical team. Main Outcome Measurements Injury during the follow-up period. Results 196 injuries were reported among 96 athletes. The overall injury incidence was 4.8 injuries/1000 hours of training and 18.6 injuries/1000 matches. Overuse injuries (65.3%, n=128) were more common than acute injuries (33.7%, n=66). Knee (28.5%, n=50) and shoulder (9.8%, n=19) were the body regions most affected by overuse injuries. Ankle (6.2%, n=12) and shoulder (5.6%, n=11) were the body regions most affected by acute injuries. Tendinopathy (23.7%, n=46) was the overuse injury type most observed, and ankle sprain (7.2%, n=12) was the acute injury type most observed. Female athletes (OR: 0.50, CI 95%: 0.31–0.80) and additional training sessions (OR: 0.74, CI 95%: 0.60–0.91) were associated with a lower risk of injury. Previous injury (OR: 2.18, CI 95%: 1.40–3.38), and an additional hour of training (OR: 1.18, CI 95%: 1.05–1.32) were associated with a higher risk of injury. Conclusions This study showed that male gender, an additional hour of training, and a history of previous injury were the most significant risk factors for developing a new injury. However, additional training session was associated with lower considered risk of injury.

STUDY DESIGN: Clinical measurement study.OBJECTIVES: To cross-culturally adapt the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), the Functional Index Questionnaire (FIQ), and the Pain Severity Scale (PSS) for patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) into Brazilian Portuguese. This study also aimed to test the measurement properties of the AKPS, the FIQ, and the PSS, and the existing Brazilian Portuguese versions of the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and the Global Perceived Effect scale in a group with PFPS.BACKGROUND: PFPS is a common condition. Therefore, translated, culturally adapted, and clinimetrically tested instruments for measuring PFPS are needed.METHODS: the AKPS, FIQ, and PSS instruments were cross-culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese. the measurement properties of the AKPS, FIQ, PSS, NPRS, and Global Perceived Effect scale (internal consistency, ceiling and floor effects, and construct validity) were tested in 83 patients with PFPS. the reproducibility and responsiveness were tested in 52 patients with PFPS in a test-retest design, with follow-up testing at 48 to 72 hours and at 4 weeks after baseline.RESULTS: the AKPS, the FIQ, and the PSS yielded adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha ranging from .75 to .87) and excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [model 2,1] ranging from 0.90 to 0.97). the AKPS and the PSS yielded very good agreement (standard error of measurement, 2.9% and 3.5%, respectively). the highest correlations were observed among the AKPS, the FIQ, and the PSS (Pearson r>0.60, P

Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar os principais gestos esportivos executados por jogadores profissionais de handebol. Para a mensuração quantitativa dos principais movimentos executados por cada jogador de handebol avaliado foram realizadas gravações de vídeo em todos os jogos. Foram realizados em média 1288,0 (DP = 190,7) gestos esportivos por jogo. Os armadores centrais realizaram em média 375,0 (DP = 83,7) gestos esportivos, e a posição de pivô 63,3 (DP = 21,2) gestos por jogo. As recepções e os passes foram os gestos mais executados, e a posição que mais realizou gestos esportivos na equipe de handebol avaliada foi o armador central, seguido do armador esquerdo e direito. O pivô foi a posição que menos realizou gestos esportivos. This study aimed to quantify the main sporting gestures performed by professional handball players. For the quantitative measurements of the main movements performed by each player, video recordings were made for all games. It was recorded a mean of 1.288.0 (SD = 190.7) sporting gestures per game. The central ship-owners did a mean of 375.0 (SD = 83.7) gestures and the pivot position perform 63.3 (SD = 21.2) gestures per game. The receptions and passes were the main sporting gestures performed by the handball team. The central ship-owner was the position that performed more gestures, followed by the left and right ship-owner. The pivot was the position that performed less sporting gestures by the handball team evaluated. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar los principales gestos deportivos realizados por los jugadores de balonmano. Para la cuantificación de los principales movimientos realizados se hizo grabaciones de vídeo y el análisis se realizó para cada jugador. En promedio los jugadores de balonmano realizaron 1.288,0 (DP = 190,7) gestos deportivos por juego. Los armadores centrales realizaron promedio de 375,0 (DP = 83,7) y la posición de pivote hizo 63,3 (DP = 21,2) gestos. Las recepciones y los pases fueron los gestos deportivos más ejecutados, e los armadores centrales realizaron más gestos deportivos en el equipo de balonmano, seguido por los armadores izquierdos y derechos. La posición que menos ejecuto gestos deportivos fue lo pivote.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A corrida é uma das atividades físicas mais populares do mundo, sendo que o número de praticantes vem crescendo nos últimos 40 anos. Uma das consequências do aumento da popularidade da prática de corrida é o aumento das lesões musculoesqueléticas. OBJETIVOS: Descrever os hábitos, as características de treinamento e o histórico de lesões de corredores recreacionais, além de verificar possíveis associações entre os hábitos e as características de treinamento com lesões musculoesqueléticas prévias relacionadas à corrida. MÉTODOS: Duzentos corredores preencheram um formulário contendo questões sobre dados pessoais, histórico da prática de corrida, características do treinamento, tipo de tênis, tipo de pisada e histórico de lesões nos últimos 12 meses. Os dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva e modelos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos corredores eram homens, com idade média de 43 (DP=10,5) anos, índice de massa corporal de 24,2 (IQ=4,3) kg/m², volume de treino de 35 km semanais (IQ=28), e 55% dos corredores relataram apresentar alguma lesão musculoesquelética nos últimos 12 meses. As principais lesões encontradas foram as tendinopatias e as lesões musculares. A variável que apresentou associação com lesão musculoesquelética prévia relacionada à corrida foi a experiência de corrida entre cinco e 15 anos (Odds Ratio (OR)=0,2; IC95%=0,1 a 0,9). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas relacionadas à corrida nos últimos 12 meses foi de 55%, e a variável experiência de corrida foi associada com a ausência de lesões musculoesqueléticas prévias relacionadas à corrida. BACKGROUND: Running is one of the most popular physical activities in the world and the number of runners has increased over the past 40 years. One of the consequences of the growing running popularity is the increase of musculoskeletal injuries. OBJECTIVES: To describe the routines, training characteristics and history of injury in recreational runners and to evaluate possible associations between the routines and training characteristics with previous musculoskeletal running-related injuries. METHODS: A total of 200 runners participated in this study. The participants completed an electronic form containing questions about personal characteristics, running experience, training characteristics, type of running shoes, foot type and previous injuries history over the last 12 months. The data were analyzed descriptively as well as by using logistic regression models. RESULTS: The majority of the runners was male, aged 43.0 (SD=10.5) years-old, have a body mass index of 24.2 (IQR=4.3) kg/m², and had training volume of 35.0 (IQR=28.0) kilometers per week. Fifty-five percent of runners had injuries over the last 12 months. The most prevalent injuries observed were tendinopathies and muscle injuries. The variable that showed an association with previous running-related injuries was running experience from 5 to 15 years (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.2; 95%CI=0.1 to 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of running-related injuries over the last 12 months was 55%. The variable running experience was associated with the absence of previous musculoskeletal running-related injuries.

Questions: Is Kinesio Taping more effective than a sham taping/placebo, no treatment or other interventions in people with musculoskeletal conditions? Is the addition of Kinesio Taping to other interventions more effective than other interventions alone in people with musculoskeletal conditions? Design: Systematic review of randomised trials. Participants: People with musculoskeletal conditions. Intervention: Kinesio Taping was compared with sham taping/placebo, no treatment, exercises, manual therapy and conventional physiotherapy. Outcome measures: Pain intensity, disability, quality of life, return to work, and global impression of recovery. Results: Twelve randomised trials involving 495 participants were included in the review. The effectiveness of the Kinesio Taping was tested in participants with: shoulder pain in two trials; knee pain in three trials; chronic low back pain in two trials; neck pain in three trials; plantar fasciitis in one trial; and multiple musculoskeletal conditions in one trial. The methodological quality of eligible trials was moderate, with a mean of 6.1 points on the 10-point PEDro Scale score. Overall, Kinesio Taping was no better than sham taping/placebo and active comparison groups. In all comparisons where Kinesio Taping was better than an active or a sham control group, the effect sizes were small and probably not clinically significant or the trials were of low quality. Conclusion: This review provides the most updated evidence on the effectiveness of the Kinesio Taping for musculoskeletal conditions. The current evidence does not support the use of this intervention in these clinical populations. PROSPERO registration: CRD42012003436. [Parreira PdCS, Costa LdCM, Hespanhol Junior LC, Lopes AD, Costa LOP (2014) Current evidence does not support the use of Kinesio Taping in clinical practice: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy 60: 31–39]

Introduction Chronic low back pain is a common condition. A new intervention that is popular in sports has been used in patients with low back pain. This technique is based on the use of elastic tapes that are fixed on the skin of patients using different tensions and is named Kinesio Taping Method. Although this intervention has been widely used, to date the evidence of its effectiveness is lacking. Research Question Is the application of the Kinesio Taping Method according to the treatment manual (with convolutions in neutral position) more efficacious than a simple application without convolutions in patients with chronic low back pain? Design Two-arm randomised controlled trial with a blinded assessor. Participants and Setting 148 patients with chronic low back pain from two outpatient physiotherapy clinics in Brazil. Intervention 8 sessions of Kinesio Taping according to the Kinesio Taping Method treatment manual (ie, 10–15% tension with the treated muscles in stretching position and with convolutions in neutral). Control 8 sessions of Kinesio Taping having no convolutions in neutral (0% tension) with the treated muscles in resting position. Measurements Clinical outcomes (pain intensity, disability and global impression of recovery) will be obtained in assessments that will be performed at 4 weeks and 3 months after randomisation. Analysis The effects of the intervention will be calculated through linear mixed models following intention-to-treat principles. Discussion This is the largest study aimed to investigate the hypothesised mechanism behind the Kinesio Taping application in patients with chronic low back pain. The results of this study will contribute to a better understanding about the mechanisms of action of this widely applied therapeutic modality. Trial registration : Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. Registration number : RBR-7ggfkv. Prospective registration : Yes. Funded by : Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S⭠Paulo (FAPESP), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brazil. Approval number : FAPESP number 2011/12926-0; CNPq number 470652/2011-0. Anticipated completion : February 2013.