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Abstract An accurate analysis of spatial rainfall distribution is of great importance for managing watershed water resources, in addition to giving support to meteorological studies and agricultural planning. This work compares the performance of two interpolation methods: Inverse distance weighted (IDW) and Kriging, in the analysis of annual rainfall spatial distribution. We use annual rainfall data for the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) from 1961 to 2017. To determine which proportion of the sample results in more accurate rainfall distribution maps, we use a certain amount of points close to the estimated point. We use mean squared error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R 2), root mean squared error (RMSE) and modified Willmott's concordance index (md). We conduct random fields simulations study, and the performance of the geostatistics and classic methods for the exposed case was evaluated in terms of precision and accuracy obtained by Monte Carlo simulation to support the results. The results indicate that the co-ordinary Kriging interpolator showed better goodness of fit, assuming altitude as a covariate. We concluded that the geostatistical method of Kriging using nine closer points (50% of nearest neighbors) was the one that better represented annual rainfall spatial distribution in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

O Projeto Matemática para a Cidadania é desenvolvido junto ao Programa Lar-Escola Zita Engel Ayer (CAZITA) desde o ano 2016. O CAZITA foi fundado no ano de 1996 com a missão de promover o desenvolvimento humano, através da formação da criança e do adolescente, oferecendo atividades no contraturno escolar. Apesar de toda a importância que a Matemática exerce na vida das pessoas, é fato que os alunos em geral, apresentam baixo nível de aprendizado em relação a essa disciplina, o que tende a acarretar vários problemas, como evasão escolar, baixa autoestima, entre outros. Neste sentido, este projeto tem como objetivo contribuir para a formação cidadã dos alunos do CAZITA, desenvolvendo a forma de ver e pensar sob o enfoque matemático, fundamentando-se na problematização de questões cotidianas que envolvam a Matemática. No primeiro semestre de 2017, a avaliação diagnóstica das turmas evidenciou a grande dificuldade das crianças com as operações fundamentais. Desta forma, foi implementada num primeiro momento uma revisão de conteúdo a fim de sanar dificuldades e consolidar o aprendizado. Em seguida, definiu-se que, ao final do segundo semestre de 2017, os alunos deveriam ser capazes de calcular o perímetro e a área das figuras geométricas: retângulo, quadrado e triângulo, identificar essas formas na arquitetura, nos objetos e no cotidiano. Observou-se que a aplicação de uma avaliação diagnóstica inicial é de extrema importância para identificar as principais dificuldades dos alunos.

Bamboo is an abundant plant in tropical regions, which can be used as a nonconventional structural material; however, there is a high variability in its mechanical properties. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the moisture content and of the sections (with and without node) on the tensile strength parallel to the culm fibers of three bamboo species (Dendrocalamus asper, Phyllostachys pubescens and Phyllostachys aurea), aiming at their use for structural purposes. For each moisture condition (ambient, saturated in water, oven dried and control), a completely randomized design, following a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, was used. Phyllostachys pubescens exhibited a higher tensile strength parallel to the fibers than the other species. In general, the node affected negatively the tensile strength parallel to the fibers for all analyzed conditions, while the moisture content did not show a significant influence, although the descriptive analysis exhibited its influence on the dimensional variations and water absorption.

The search for improved environmental performance has become a priority in many organizations due to the need showoff showing concern for the environment. Environmental certifications such as ISO 14001 represent strategies for companies to improve their management in the area as well as being attractive to consumers and other interested parties. The number of ISO 14001 certifications issued is constantly growing worldwide, stronger in some countries and with lower impulse in others. Although the analysis of the absolute number of ISO 14001 certificates is important, it does not reflect the real interest of the organizations of each country to get certified. Based on the above, the objective of this research was to compare the number of ISO 14001 certificates in the Americas Countries using a Certification Intensity Index, based on Casadesús, Marimon and Heras-Saizarbitoria (2008). This indicator allows the comparison between the number of certifications in countries with economies of different sizes, representing the availabilities of companies with the possibility to get certificated. For this, the relationship between the number of new ISO 14001 and GDP per capita in 13 countries of the Americas in the last four years was evaluated, based on data obtained from ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and The World Bank. The results showed that while the number of certificates in the United States is still below its capacity, companies from countries such as Colombia have shown great interest in getting it. Different internal factors appear to be motivating or complicating the decision to implement ISO 14001 in the continent. Understanding this behavior is important for stakeholders of ISO 14001, such as company managers, ISO technical committees, governments and certification bodies.

The plant micro-propagation in bioreactor systems is regarded as one way to reduce cost by automation and production scheduling. This research was carried out in order to obtain an efficient procedure for clone production of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on different types of bioreactor including continuous and temporary immersion bioreactor. To do so, the apical meristems (1 mm) and the apical meristems with adjacent tissue (2,5 mm) were used as initial explants. These tissues were cultured, for 60 days, in semisolid culture medium supplemented with 1 mg L -1 indole acetic acid (IAA) and 0.32 mg L -1 benzylaminopurine (BA). After 60 days, the meristems with adjacent tissue were transferred to a continuous immersion bioreactor and maintained in dark or light conditions. In order to verify the effect of the explant source on bioreactor multiplication, the explants subcultured from meristems multiplied in semisolid culture medium and the meristems multiplied in continuous immersion bioreactor were tested and maintained in dark conditions. After establishing this parameters, the multiplication experiments were carried out in continuous and temporary immersion and the multiplied explants were then rooted in MS medium supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 8 and 20 mg L -1 indole butyric acid (IBA) and kept in the dark or under controlled lighting conditions. After that, the rooting the plants were acclimatized in mist chamber. The meristem with adjacent tissue favored a greater number of buds/explants. The continuous immersion bioreactor in the dark provided higher shoots number and multiplication rate. The rooting was better on culture medium without auxin and kept in the dark for 15 days or the culture medium supplemented with auxin and maintained under light with 100% plantlet rooting. The Eucalyptus camaldulensis acclimatization was efficient, with high survival rate (76%). It was possible to establish the procedure for bioreactor micro-propagation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis large-scale clones.

Coumarins are widely distributed substances in plant species that promote phytotoxic effects, allowing them to be exploited as herbicides less harmful to the environment, since many invasive species have demonstrated resistance to commercially available products. The derived coumarins used in this study had not been tested in plant models and their effect on plants was unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic action of these coumarins in bioassays with Lactuca sativa L., in order to select the most responsive substance whose toxicity was best elucidated by chromosomal complement and enzymatic antioxidant metabolism studies. From the phytotoxicity assays, coumarin 8-methoxy-2-oxo-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid (A1), reported here for the first time, was selected as the most responsive and caused a reduction in the following parameters: number of normal seedlings, fresh biomass, root length and shoot length. Subsequent studies demonstrated that this coumarin is cytogenotoxic due to damage caused to the cell cycle and the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities. However, it did not interfere with antioxidant enzyme activity and did not cause lipid peroxidation. The changes caused by coumarin A1 described herein can contribute to better understanding the allelochemical actions of coumarins and the potential use of these substances in the production of natural herbicides.

The Bayesian approach in regression models has shown good results in parameter estimations, where it can increase accuracy and precision. The objective of the current study was to analyze the application of Bayesian statistics to the modeling yield for leaf dry matter (LM) and stem (SM), in kg ha-1, leaf ratio (LR), crude protein content for leaves (CPL) and stem (CPS) (%) of Brachiaria grass as a function of varying N doses (0; 100; 200 and 300 kg ha-1 yr-1). Simple and two degree polynomial linear regression models were analyzed. Information for a priori distributions was obtained from the literature. A posteriori distribution was generated using a Monte Carlo method via Markov chains. Parameters significance was assyed with HPD (Highest Posteriori Density) with a 95% interval. Model selections was performed using DIC (Deviance Information Criterion); and adjustment quality estimated with means and 95% HPD for Bayesian R2 distribution ranges. The models selected for the variables LM, SM and CPS were linear, while for LR and CPL, they were second level polynomial. The lowest doses that maximize response variables were: LM: 274 ha-1yr-1, SM: 280 ha-1yr-1, LR: 113 ha-1yr-1, CPL: 265 ha-1yr-1, CPS: 289 ha-1yr-1. The Bayesian approach allowed the inclusion of literatureverified a priori information, and the identification of evidence optimization range intervals.

The Langmuir isotherm is a nonlinear regression model, being one of the most applied in adsorption studies. In this type of study, the data are collected over time, which can provide correlated errors; in addition, the collection is not always done in an equidistant way, which may influence the estimation of model parameters. One way of modelling the dependent errors in a regression model is to use an autoregressive process that assumes that the observations are performed at equidistant intervals. However, the definition of the independent variable is often performed at irregular intervals, causing a reduction of information obtained from the dataset. One possible improvement in the adjustment quality of these models is the use of the irregular autoregressive process. The objective of this work was to compare the estimates of isotherm parameters with different irregular and regular autoregressive error structures, considering the positive autocorrelation in different sample sizes, error autocorrelation values and positioning of non-equidistant observations. It was found that there is a need to respect the assumptions of the model. The irregular autoregressive model is more appropriate because it is mostly more precise and accurate, especially when non-equidistance occurs in the initial third.

Brazil is one of the center of origin of passion fruit and has an important natural variability of the genus Passiflora. Several wild species of this genus are resistant to some pests and diseases and many are considered as medicinal. The aim of this research was to induce callus from in vitro Passiflora gibertii leaf explants for quantification of vitamin C and total phenols. Once the appropriate auxin/cytokine balance promotes callus formation and may optimize the production of secondary compounds and vitamins, calli were induced using a half-strength MS medium with a combination of the auxin Picloran (PIC) and the cytokine Kinetin (KIN). The vitamin C and total phenols were quantified by colorimetric methods from calli after different culture periods. The calli induction was strongly dependent of the combination PIC/KIN. It was observed high vitamin C content (94.8mg 100g-1) during the calli induction period in MS+4.14µM PIC+ 0.207µM KIN. Higher PIC/KIN concentrations promoted an increase in the vitamin C content after three subcultures. The higher PIC (8.28µM)/KIN (0.828µM) concentration was the higher was the total phenols production (66mg tannic acid 100g-1 of fresh callus) during the calli induction period.

This paper was based in data survey from macro and microscopic oral lesions characteristics, personal data and medical history of patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma in the Lab of Pathological Anatomy from the Federal University of Alfenas from January 2000 to December 2010, establishing comparative parameters among clinical data, type of treatment, recurrence, survival and anatomic pathological characteristics of the lesions. Were analyzed the histopathological reports, dental and hospital records. The highest incidence was in white men, age between 50 and 60 years, married, with low education and socioeconomic levels. The beginning of treatment occurred in average 67 days after the histopathological diagnosis. The estimated survival of patients at five years was 42%. The consumption of alcohol and tobacco and the occurrence of metastasis were statistically significant for the increase of recurrence and lethality.

The bootstrap method is generally performed by presupposing that each sample unit would show the same probability of being re-sampled. However, when a sample with outliers is taken into account, the empirical distribution generated by this method may be influenced, or rather, it may not accurately represent the original sample. Current study proposes a bootstrap algorithm that allows the use of measures of influence in the calculation of re-sampling probabilities. The method was reproduced in simulation scenarios taking into account the logistic growth curve model and the CovRatio measurement to evaluate the impact of an influential observation in the determinacy of the matrix of the co-variance of parameter estimates. In most cases, bias estimates were reduced. Consequently, the method is suitable to be used in non-linear models and allows the researcher to apply other measures for better bias reductions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of periapical cysts, identify their clinical and microscopic features and correlate their microscopic features with the inflammatory infiltrate present in the lesion site. A total of 214 cases were collected over a 10-year period. Clinical data, including gender, age, race, symptoms and location of the lesion, were recorded. Two independent examiners with no prior knowledge of the patients' clinical data conducted the microscopic evaluations. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher's or chi-square tests at a 5% level of significance. The results showed that periapical cysts were more prevalent in white women, with a mean age of 35 years, and in the anterosuperior region. The majority of the lesions were lined by atrophic cystic epithelium, which was associated with moderate inflammatory infiltrate in the cystic capsule (p < 0.01), with a diffuse localization pattern (p = 0.03) and absence of neutrophils (p = 0.01). Our findings suggest that periapical cysts lined by atrophic epithelium are related to the presence of moderate mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate.

Effluents from veterinary pharmaceutical industries that formulate medicines are mainly generated during the washing of equipment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the acute toxicity to Daphnia similis and chronic toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia of raw and treated effluents generated by a veterinary pharmaceutical industry. The industrial effluent treatment system comprises a step of chemical treatment (coagulation-sedimentation forced) followed by aerobic biological treatment (activated sludge process). Five samplings campaigns were performed from October 2011 to July 2012. The raw effluent samples showed high acute and chronic toxicity (acute: fourth sampling with EC50 - 48-h of

Species homogenization or floristic differentiation are two possible consequences of the fragmentation process in plant communities. Despite the few studies, it seems clear that fragments with low forest cover inserted in anthropogenic matrices are more likely to experience floristic homogenization. However, the homogenization process has two other components, genetic and functional, which have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to verify whether there was homogenization of tree reproductive functions in a fragmented landscape and, if found, to determine how the process was influenced by landscape composition. The study was conducted in eight fragments in southwest Brazil. The study was conducted in eight fragments in southwestern Brazil. In each fragment, all individual trees were sampled that had a diameter at breast height ≥3 cm, in ten plots (0.2 ha) and, classified within 26 reproductive functional types (RFTs). The process of functional homogenization was evaluated using additive partitioning of diversity. Additionally, the effect of landscape composition on functional diversity and on the number of individuals within each RFT was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model. appeared to be in a process of functional homogenization (dominance of RFTs, alpha diversity lower than expected by chance and and low beta diversity). More than 50% of the RFTs and the functional diversity were affected by the landscape parameters. In general, the percentage of forest cover has a positive effect on RFTs while the percentage of coffee matrix has a negative one. The process of functional homogenization has serious consequences for biodiversity conservation because some functions may disappear that, in the long term, would threaten the fragments. This study contributes to a better understanding of how landscape changes affect the functional diversity, abundance of individuals in RFTs and the process of functional homogenization, as well as how to manage fragmented landscapes.

The study aims to identify the nursing diagnosis Spiritual distress in 120 patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency, using different instruments, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these instruments in support of this identification. Data were collected separately by two nurses using a questionnaire containing sociodemographic information and the defining characteristics of Spiritual distress, as well as direct questioning to the patient regarding the presence of the diagnosis and the instruments: the Spirituality Rating Scale; Pinto and Pais-Ribeiro's Spirituality Scale; and the Spiritual Well-being Scale. The study found that 25.8% to 35.8% of the patients had the diagnosis. The diagnostic evaluation developed by the expert nurses presented no divergence between the two and obtained a perfect concordance coefficient (96.7%) with the opinion of the patient; this demonstrated substantial concordance with the Existential Well-being Sub-scale (83.3%) and with the Pinto e Pais-Ribeiro's Spirituality Scale (87.5%), which demonstrated their usefulness for diagnostic identification.El estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar el diagnóstico de enfermería Sufrimiento Espiritual en 120 pacientes con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica, utilizando diferentes instrumentos, y evaluar la eficacia de esos instrumentos en el apoyo de esta identificación. Los datos fueron recolectados separadamente por dos enfermeros, por medio de cuestionario conteniendo informaciones sociodemográficas y las características definidoras de Sufrimiento Espiritual, además del cuestionamiento directo al paciente sobre la presencia del diagnóstico y los instrumentos: Escala de Evaluación de la Espiritualidad; Escala de Espiritualidad de Pinto y Pais-Ribeiro; y, Escala de Bienestar Espiritual. El estudio encontró que 25,8% a 35,8% de los pacientes poseían el diagnóstico. La evaluación de diagnóstico efectuada por los enfermeros peritos no presentó divergencia entre ambos y obtuvo coeficiente de concordancia perfecto (96,7%) con la opinión del paciente; esta demostró concordancia substancial con la Sub-escala de Bienestar Existencial (83,3%) y con a Escala de Espiritualidad de Pinto y Pais-Ribeiro (87,5%), que demostraron ser útiles para la identificación del diagnóstico.Neste estudo, visou-se identificar o diagnóstico de enfermagem sofrimento espiritual, em 120 pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica, utilizando-se diferentes instrumentos, e avaliar a eficácia de tais instrumentos no apoio dessa identificação. Os dados foram coletados separadamente, por dois enfermeiros, por meio de questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas e as características definidoras de sofrimento espiritual, além do questionamento direto ao paciente sobre a presença do diagnóstico e os instrumentos: escala de avaliação da espiritualidade, escala de espiritualidade de Pinto e Pais-Ribeiro e escala de bem-estar espiritual. O estudo encontrou que entre 25,8 e 35,8% dos pacientes possuíam o diagnóstico. A avaliação diagnóstica desenvolvida pelos enfermeiros peritos não apresentou divergência entre ambos e obteve coeficiente de concordância perfeito (96,7%) com a opinião do paciente; essa demonstrou concordância substancial com a subescala de bem-estar existencial (83,3%) e com a escala de espiritualidade de Pinto e Pais-Ribeiro (87,5%) que demonstraram ser úteis para a identificação diagnóstica.

The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the raw (EB) and treated (ET) effluents of two textile mills located in south of Minas Gerais State that have their effluents treated at the same Effluent Treatment Plant was investigated using the Allium cepa test system. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the root elongation and mitotic index (MI) endpoints and the genotoxicity was assessed by de determination of chromosome aberrations (CA).The effluent samples were tested at the concentrations 0 (ultrapure water), 25, 50, 75, and 100 % (v/v). A Completely Randomized Design with four replicates of 30 seeds was used. The effluent samples in almost all tested concentrations promoted an increase in root elongation compared to the negative control and this effect was probably related to nutrients levels and organic matter in effluent samples. A lower MI at all concentrations of ET compared to EB. The highest MI was observed at 100% (v/v) concentration of both effluents. The highest rates of CA occurred at concentrations 75% (v/v) of EB and 100% (v/v) of both effluents. The effluent samples showed no cytotoxic effect, but cell division occurred disorderly, leading to increase rate of AC, revealing a genetoxic effect. Improvements in the wastewater treatment are needed to reduce environmental impacts.

The present work purposes the preparation of a silica gel sorbent organically modified with 2-aminoethyl-3-aminobutylmethyldimethoxysilane (AAMDMS) and imprinted with Cu2+ ions by means surface imprinting technique and its use for selective on-line sorbent preconcentration of Cu2+ ions with further UV-VIS spectrophotometric determination by flow injection analysis. The Cu2+-imprinted silica gel, when compared with non imprinted silica gel and silica gel, showed from the binary mixture of Cu2+/Ni2+ relative selectivity coefficient (k') of 6.84 and 5.43 and 6.64 and 19.83 for the mixture Cu2+/Pb2+, thus demonstrating higher selectivity of Cu2+-imprinted silica gel towards Cu2+ ions. Under optimized condition, the on-line preconcentration method provided detection limit of 3.4 μg L-1 and linear range ranging from 30.0 up to 300.0 μg L-1 (r = 0.995). The accuracy of method was successfully assessed by analyzing different kind of spiked water samples with recovery values ranging from 92.2 up to 103.0%.

Dados históricos de precipitação máxima são utilizados para realizar previsões de chuvas extremas, cujo conhecimento é de grande importância na elaboração de projetos agrícolas e de engenharia hidráulica. A distribuição generalizada de valores extremos (GEV) tem sido aplicada com freqüência nesses tipos de estudos, porém, algumas dificuldades na obtenção de estimativas confiáveis sobre alguma medida dos dados têm ocorrido devido ao fato de que, na maioria das situações, tem-se uma quantidade escassa de dados. Uma alternativa para obter melhorias na qualidade das estimativas seria utilizar informações dos especialistas de determinada área em estudo. Sendo assim, objetiva-se neste trabalho analisar a aplicação da Inferência Bayesiana com uma distribuição a priori baseada em quantis extremos, que facilite a incorporação dos conhecimentos fornecidos por especialistas, para obter as estimativas de precipitação máxima para os tempos de retorno de 10 e 20 anos e seus respectivos limites superiores de 95%, para o período anual e para os meses da estação chuvosa em Jaboticabal (SP). A técnica Monte Carlo, via Cadeias de Markov (MCMC), foi empregada para inferência a posteriori de cada parâmetro. A metodologia Bayesiana apresentou resultados mais acurados e precisos, tanto na estimação dos parâmetros da distribuição GEV, como na obtenção dos valores de precipitação máxima provável para a região de Jaboticabal, apresentando-se como uma boa alternativa na incorporação de conhecimentos a priori no estudo de dados extremos.Historical maximum rainfall data are used to forecast extreme rainfall, which is important to elaborate agricultural and hydraulic engineering projects. Generalized Extreme Value Distribution (GEV) has been applied in such type of studies. Since those values are extracted from the upper (or lower) tail of the original distribution, a scarce amount of data is obtained in most cases, which may be a problem acquiring reliable estimates about some measure of interest. An alternative to overcome this potential problem would be the use of information available from experts in the area. Therefore, this paper intended to analyze the application of the Bayesian Inference using a priori distribution based on extreme quantiles, which facilitates the incorporation of the information supplied by the experts in order to determine the punctual and the 95% upper limit estimates of the probable maximum precipitation for return periods of 10 and 20 years, yearly and monthly in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods were used to a posterior inference of each parameter. Bayesian inference yielded more suitable and accurate results in the estimation of the parameters of the GEV distribution as well as in the determination of the values of the probable maximum precipitation estimates for Jaboticabal. It turned out as an interesting way of incorporating prior knowledge to the study of extreme data.

O curauá [Ananas erectifolius (L.B.Sm) - Bromeliaceae] é uma espécie com grande potencial de utilização na indústria automobilística, devido à sua resistência, maciez e peso reduzido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar fibras presentes em brotações de curauá cultivadas in vitro, advindas ou não do estiolamento, bem como contribuir para a descrição anatômica das folhas. Foram comparadas brotações de curauá produzidas in vitro, pelo método convencional (T1) e pelo método de estiolamento (T2). Nas seções transversais, os feixes de fibras associadas e não às nervuras foram contados e tiveram os diâmetros medidos. O número e o diâmetro dos feixes de fibras associadas ou não às nervuras foram superiores no (T1). Este tratamento produziu 23,7 fibras não associadas às nervuras, enquanto que o (T2) produziu 14,3, e nas fibras associadas às nervuras, o (T1)produziu 14,6 e o (T2) produziu 11,3. No diâmetro das fibras associadas às nervuras em (T1) obteve-se 61,61 μm e em (T2), 53,17 μm. Para o diâmetro das fibras não associadas às nervuras, não houve diferença significativa. Quanto às características anatômicas, as maiores diferenças visuais foram constatadas no volume do clorênquima e do parênquima aqüífero, que foram maiores no (T2). Portanto, brotações de curauá cultivadas in vitro obtidas de brotos não estiolados possuem a tendência de produzir mais fibras.Curauá [Ananas erectifolius (L.B.Sm) - Bromeliaceae] is a species with great utilization potential in the car manufacture, due to its resistance, softness and reduced weight. The objective of this study was to examine the presence of fibers in curauá plantlet cultured in vitro deriving or not from elongation as well as to contribute to anatomical leaf description. curauá shoots produced in vitro were compared, by the conventional method (T1) and by the elongation method (T2). In the transversal cuts, fibers bundle related or notto the nervure were counted and fiber bundle diameters measured. The number and fiber bundle diameter related or not to vein were superior in (T1) that produced 23.7 fibers not related to vein while (T2) produced 14.3. The related fibers to vein (T1) produced 14.6 and(T2) 11.3. As for fibers diameter related to vein (T1) obtained 61.61 μm and (T2) 53.17 μm. For the fibers diameter not related to vein, there was no significant difference. For anatomical characteristics, higher visual differences are in the chlorenchyma volume and inthe aquiferus parenchyma that were higher in (T2). Therefore, curauá’s shootlet cultured in vitro from shoot elongation tend to produce more fibers.

O conhecimento das precipitações máximas prováveis é de grande importância na elaboração de projetos agrícolas e de engenharia hidráulica. Tendo em vista esse fato, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar as estimativas pontual e intervalar da precipitação diária máxima provável para os tempos de retorno de 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 e 75 anos, para períodos de quinze dias, um mês e um ano na região de Lavras (MG), utilizando-se a distribuição de valores extremos do tipo I. Aplicou-se o método da máxima verossimilhança para a estimação dos parâmetros dessa distribuição, sendo os intervalos de confiança das estimativas de precipitações máximas prováveis obtidos aplicando-se técnica de reamostragem "Jackknife". Pelos resultados, verificou-se que houve um bom ajuste da distribuição para os dados para a série anual, ao passo que na série mensal, nos meses de julho e agosto, ela não se ajustou. Para a série de quinze dias, o ajuste ocorreu apenas na estação chuvosa. Pelos resultados dos intervalos de confiança, pode-se adotar valores mais adequados de precipitação máxima no dimensionamento de obras hidráulicas na região de Lavras.The knowledge of the probable maximum rainfall is very important in the elaboration of agricultural and hydraulic engineering projects. Therefore this paper aimed to determine punctual and interval estimates of the probable maximum rainfall for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 75 years, at region of Lavras using the extreme values type I distribution, for periods of fifteen days, one month and one year. Maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the distribution were worked out. Jackknife Confidence Intervals for the estimates of probable maximum rainfall were calculated. A good fitting was observed for the annual series data; but not for the monthly, series data (specifically in july and august); and for the fifteen days series data no good model was found for the whole period, but just for the rainy season. One main conclusion is that the confidence intervals provided for the maximum rainfall values are the more appropriate to plan hydraulic works at Lavras region.

Introdução: O câncer da cavidade bucal está entre as dez neoplasias mais frequentes na população brasileira. E diagnosticado na maioria dos casos em estágios avançados, dificultando o tratamento e reduzindo o índice de sobrevida dos pacientes. Objetivo: Aferir a concordância entre os diagnósticos clínicos, histopatológicos das biopsias e das peças cirúrgicas do carcinoma de células escamosas da boca. Método: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2010, utilizando laudos histopatológicos emitidos pelo Laboratorio de Anatomia Patológica da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil e os prontuários hospitalares dos pacientes tratados. Para que fosse determinada a concordância, os diagnósticos clínicos foram confrontados com os histopatológicos da biopsia e estes com o exame das peças cirúrgicas removidas no tratamento. Resultados: A maior incidencia de CCE ocorreu em pacientes brancos, gênero masculino, com idade entre 50 a 60 anos, solteiros, lavradores ou domésticas, cursaram apenas o ensino fundamental, baixo nível socioeconômico, tabagistas e/ou etilistas. Os sítios anatômicos mais comuns das lesoes foram assoalho bucal e língua. O vestíbulo da boca e o palato foram os sítios menos frequentes. A concordância entre os diagnósticos clínico/histopatológico foi de 71,2% e entre o histopatológico e o exame da peça cirúrgica 87,1%. Conclusão: Observou-se expressiva concordância entre o diagnóstico. Entretanto, são necessários novos levantamentos que comparem o resultado dos exames da peça cirúrgica removida no tratamento com as características clínicas.

O curauá [Ananas erectifolius (L.B.Sm) - Bromeliaceae] é uma espécie com grande potencial de utilização na indústria automobilística, devido � sua resistência, maciez e peso reduzido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar fibras presentes em brotações de curauá cultivadas in vitro, advindas ou não do estiolamento, bem como contribuir para a descrição anatômica das folhas. Foram comparadas brotações de curauá produzidas in vitro, pelo método convencional (T1) e pelo método de estiolamento (T2). Nas seções transversais, os feixes de fibras associadas e não às nervuras foram contados e tiveram os diâmetros medidos. O número e o diâmetro dos feixes de fibras associadas ou não às nervuras foram superiores no (T1). Este tratamento produziu 23,7 fibras não associadas às nervuras, enquanto que o (T2) produziu 14,3, e nas fibras associadas às nervuras, o (T1) produziu 14,6 e o (T2) produziu 11,3. No diâmetro das fibras associadas às nervuras em (T1) obteve-se 61,61 μm e em (T2), 53,17 μm. Para o diâmetro das fibras não associadas às nervuras, não houve diferença significativa. Quanto às características anatômicas, as maiores diferenças visuais foram constatadas no volume do clorênquima e do parênquima aqüífero, que foram maiores no (T2). Portanto, brotações de curauá cultivadas in vitro obtidas de brotos não estiolados possuem a tendência de produzir mais fibras.