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espanolEl prefijo pos- (o su alomorfo post-) es un afijo que procede del latin post y que, normalmente, ofrece valores que oscilan entre lo temporal y lo locativo, al indicar posterioridad en el tiempo, ‘despues de’, y en el espacio, ‘detras de’. Se une a bases nominales y verbales y, aunque su productividad es relativa, si logra crear un conjunto interesante de palabras en castellano. Sin embargo, en algunas ocasiones, este prefijo presenta una evolucion diferente y se convierte en el alomorfo pes(t)-, que, aunque poco estudiado en trabajos cientificos, se documenta con claridad en palabras como pestorejo, pescuezo, pespunte, pescuno y pescola, formas que se analizaran en el presente estudio, junto con sus derivados, para entender las razones de esa transformacion y conocer las causas que pudieron provocarla. Desde una perspectiva diacronica, sin perder de vista la situacion actual, explicaremos las primeras documentaciones de estas voces en castellano, la lexicalizacion que llevo en ellas al triunfo de la vocal e frente a la o y los derivados a los que dio lugar ese extrano y poco productivo afijo a lo largo del tiempo. EnglishThe prefix pos- (or its allomorph post-) is an affix that comes from Latin post and that normally offers values that oscillate between temporal and locative, by indicating posterity in time, 'after', and in space, 'behind'. It joins nominal and verbal bases and, although its productivity is relative, it manages to create an interesting set of words in Spanish. However, on some occasions, this prefix follows a different pattern and becomes the allomorph pes(t)-, which, although it has been little studied in scientific works, is clearly documented in words such as pestorejo, pescuezo, pespunte, pescuno and pescola, forms that will be analyzed in this study, together with their derivatives, to understand the reasons for this transformation and to know the causes that could have caused it. From a diachronic perspective, without losing sight of the current situation, this study will explain the first documentations of these voices in Spanish, the lexicalization that led to the triumph of the vowel e over the o, and the derivatives that this strange and unproductive affix gave rise to over time

En 2004 se expuso en la Casa de América de Madrid la muestra titulada "El mundo perdido de los Oparvorulos", nacida de la imaginación del artista plástico madrileño Enrique Cavestany. Los objetos exhibidos en las vitrinas de esta institución surgieron de una experiencia onírica del pintor para representar una civilización perdida que tenía su cultura material pero carecía de lengua propia. Por encargo del propio Cavestany asumí el reto de inventar un sistema lingüístico en sus niveles fonético-fonológico, morfosintáctico y léxico-semántico. Tal desafío comenzó como un ejercicio lúdico que poco a poco se convirtió en una tarea laboriosa para la que fue preciso combinar elementos tomados de diferentes lenguas a partir de una demarcación geográfica inventada también por el artista. La inspiración se buscó en el tronco lingüístico austro-asiático, localizado entre las lenguas papúes de Nueva Guinea, las lenguas australianas y las lenguas sino-tibetanas. El resultado fue un verdadero cóctel salpicado de elementos lingüísticos pretendidamente verosímiles, con la idea de que el sistema creado pareciese real, las palabras mostraran coherencia en cuanto a los procedimientos de formación inventados (por eclecticismo a partir de formas existentes en otras lenguas) y, sobre todo, pudieran transmitir los necesarios ingredientes de ironía y humor sugeridos por el artista. Así nació la lengua úpavny, que dio voz a todo un universo de seres y objetos ficticios. In 2004, the exhibition entitled "El mundo perdido de los Oparvorulos" (The Lost World of the Oparvorulos), born from the imagination of the Madrid artist Enrique Cavestany, was put on display at the Casa de América in Madrid. The objects exhibited in the display cabinets of this institution arose from an oneiric experience of the painter and were intended to depict a lost civilization that had its material culture but lacked its own language. At Cavestany's request, I took on the challenge of inventing a linguistic system at the phonetic-phonological, morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic levels. Such a challenge began as a playful exercise that, little by little, became a laborious task for which I had to combine elements taken from various languages based on a geographical demarcation also invented by the artist. I sought inspiration in the Austro-Asiatic linguistic stock, somewhere between the Papuan languages of New Guinea, Australian languages and Sino-Tibetan languages. The result was a cocktail of supposedly plausible linguistic elements, to the point that the system created would appear to be real, the words would display a level of coherence in terms of their invented formation procedures (through the eclectic use of existing forms in other languages) and, above all, they would transmit the necessary ingredients of irony and humour suggested by the artist. Thus was born the úpavnylanguage, which gave voice to an entire universe of fictitious beings and objects.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a skin infection which is commonly present in underdeveloped countries. The incidence is particularly high in amazonic countries of Latin-America like Brazil, Colombia and Perú and is usually reported as endemic. In Perú, more than one million people are at risk of infection and approximately 6,000 new cases are detected each year. The present work proposes to integrate a set of control, monitoring and disease quantification procedures in: (1) an automated tool to expedite the analysis in laboratories studying parasiticidal agents and (2) a non-invasive treatment monitoring protocol. The first, consists in the adaptation of an optical microscope KRUSS MBL3100 to perform a fast image capture and automated promastigotes identification. This may be of value to evaluate the effectiveness of various parasiticidal agents. The counting process is performed by an automatic segmentation in the RGB green color space discriminating elements by their area. The second, proposes a protocol for monitoring the evolution of the disease treatment divided into three stages: supra-skin modeling and reconstruction, subcutaneous exploration by textural characteristics and volumetric segmentation. This protocol is performed using a Next Engine HD 3D scanner and a Vevo Visualsonix 2100 ultrasonic scanner. The results show improvements in sample processing time, accuracy and inter- and intra-operational variability. The sensitivity and accuracy of the microscopic identification system was of 97% and 92% respectively. The exactitude and precision error was up to 2% and the sensitivity and specificity went as high as 71% in the 3D reconstruction and texture analysis respectively.

The incidence rate of diagnosed thyroid cancer has increased over the last decades. Although ultrasonic imaging has increased the malignancy detection rate, current ultrasonography markers do not provide a sufficient level of diagnostic accuracy to replace the fine needle aspiration biopsy. Recently, studies have reported that significant differences were observed in the values of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters derived from a thyroid cancer rodent model between normal/benign and malignant tissues. In the present study, the performance of a multi-parametric classification for the differentiation of thyroid cancer in this rodent model has been evaluated. The experimental database consisted of 32 mice having different predispositions to developing thyroid abnormalities; 6 of them developed thyroid cancer papillary carcinoma (PTC), 5 follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (FV-PTC), 6 developed benign tumors (c-cell adenoma) and 15 did not develop any thyroid abnormalities. Backscattered data was obtained from excised thyroid tissues using a 40 MHz, f/3 single element transducer. A total of five QUS parameters were derived from the ultrasound data: two from backscatter coefficients (i.e., the effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC)), two from envelope statistics (i.e., the μ and k parameters), and one from ultrasound attenuation (i.e., attenuation coefficient slope). A two-class classification between normal/benign and malignant cases was performed using linear discriminant analysis with both one- and two-dimensional feature spaces. When using a two-dimensional feature space, it was found that the combination of EAC and 10/μ resulted in both a sensitivity and specificity of 100%.

We describe a 1,000-g twin fetus with absent kidneys and ureters, anal atresia and minimal evidence of external genitalia, and hypoplastic lower limbs with absent feet. A postmortem arteriogram showed a large single umbilical artery in direct continuation with the abdominal aorta, a unique anomaly almost always related to sirenomelia. We discuss the possible diagnosis of this case as sirenomelia or caudal dysgenesis, and the controversy as to whether they are two related or separate entities.

Understanding the spatial distribution of prostate cancer and how it changes according to prostate specific antigen (PSA) values, Gleason score, and other clinical parameters may help comprehend the disease and increase the overall success rate of biopsies. This work aims to build 3D spatial distributions of prostate cancer and examine the extent and location of cancer as a function of independent clinical parameters. The border of the gland and cancerous regions from wholemount histopathological images are used to reconstruct 3D models showing the localization of tumor. This process utilizes color segmentation and interpolation based on mathematical morphological distance. 58 glands are deformed into one prostate atlas using a combination of rigid, affine, and b-spline deformable registration techniques. Spatial distribution is developed by counting the number of occurrences in a given position in 3D space from each registered prostate cancer. Finally a difference between proportions is used to compare different spatial distributions. Results show that prostate cancer has a significant difference (SD) in the right zone of the prostate between populations with PSA greater and less than 5ng/ml. Age does not have any impact in the spatial distribution of the disease. Positive and negative capsule-penetrated cases show a SD in the right posterior zone. There is SD in almost all the glands between cases with tumors larger and smaller than 10% of the whole prostate. A larger database is needed to improve the statistical validity of the test. Finally, information from whole-mount histopathological images may provide better insight into prostate cancer.

Background: This paper describes a multilevel youth violence prevention effort called SAFER Latinos (Seguridad, Apoyo, Familia, Educacion, y Recursos), a collaboration between The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services (GWU) and two key Latino community organizations. Objectives: To implement and evaluate an intervention addressing factors within the social ecology of an immigrant Latino community. Methods: The intervention includes (1) Social promotores for family outreach and problem resolution; (2) Youth peer advocates at the high school level; (3) a drop-in center with support services for families and youth; and (4) community events, capacity building, and messages. Evaluation includes a baseline and follow-up surveys (N = 1,400) and focus groups. Lessons Learned: (1) Community circumstances change, requiring regular program adaptation. (2) Community interventions with research face potential contradictions in purpose impacting management of the collaboration and model fidelity. (3) Etiological models tied to interventions may have to be revisited owing to changes in the character and dynamics of the immigrant community. Keywords: Health disparities, health promotion, primary prevention socioeconomic factors, health care

A methodology to study the relationship between clinical variables [e.g., prostate specific antigen (PSA) or Gleason score] and cancer spatial distribution is described. Three-dimensional (3-D) models of 216 glands are reconstructed from digital images of whole mount histopathological slices. The models are deformed into one prostate model selected as an atlas using a combination of rigid, affine, and B-spline deformable registration techniques. Spatial cancer distribution is assessed by counting the number of tumor occurrences among all glands in a given position of the 3-D registered atlas. Finally, a difference between proportions is used to compare different spatial distributions. As a proof of concept, we compare spatial distributions from patients with PSA greater and less than [Formula: see text] and from patients older and younger than 60 years. Results suggest that prostate cancer has a significant difference in the right zone of the prostate between populations with PSA greater and less than [Formula: see text]. Age does not have any impact in the spatial distribution of the disease. The proposed methodology can help to comprehend prostate cancer by understanding its spatial distribution and how it changes according to clinical parameters. Finally, this methodology can be easily adapted to other organs and pathologies.

The purpose of this study was to determine how proficiently children identify the gender of adults and children based upon perception of voiced and whispered vowels. On the average, children’s performance was similar to adults when judgments were based on adult speakers’ phonated and whispered vowels. This indicated that preadolescent listeners were sensitive to the differences in adult laryngeal and vocal tract size characteristics attributable to sexual dimorphism. Children and adults obtained similar average rates of accuracy when identifying gender based upon preadolescent children’s phonated vowels, but the children were not as reliable as adults. Adults were more accurate and more reliable than children when perceiving whispered vowels, the condition where spectrum envelope alone provided primary cues about children’s gender.

El potencial creativo del lenguaje funciona como un elemento esencial para conseguir efectos de humor en numerosos contextos y con intenciones dispares. Este trabajo pretende analizar diferentes formaciones léxicas novedosas, auténticos neologismos creados a partir del nombre del actual presidente de los Estados Unidos de América, Donald Trump, en las que lo original del término y el rasgo humorístico viene de la mano de los procesos de formación de palabras más fecundos en el español actual, la composición y la derivación. La mezcla de elementos afijales, prefijos y sufijos, a la base del nombre propio o del apellido del mandatario americano o la combinación de estos sustantivos con otras palabras fonéticamente próximas y semánticamente satíricas e irónicas propicia un número enorme de vocablos a los que pretendemos acercarnos en este trabajo; todos ellos transmiten por sí mismos fuertes críticas al modo de hacer política del magnate estadounidense, al tiempo que fortalecen los procedimientos de formación de palabras a los dos lados del Atlántico, como testimonio de la vitalidad de la lengua española. The creative potential of language functions as an essential element to produce humorous effects in numerous contexts and with disparate intentions. This text seeks to analyze different and recent lexical formations, authentic neologisms created in the name of the current president of the United States, Donald Trump, in which the original significance of the term and its humoristic aspect is influenced by the processes of word formation, composition and derivation within the Spanish language today. The mixture of affixed elements, prefixed and/or suffixed, based on the american representative's name or surname, as well as the combination of these nouns with other words that are both phonetically similar and semantically satirical and ironic, proposes a huge number of expressions that we intend to approach in this work. These expressions convey strong critiques of the American tycoon's political style and demonstrate current word-forming procedures on both sides of the Atlantic, a testament to the vitality of the Spanish language today.

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