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Conference tourism is of growing importance for destinations, although has been severely impacted by the travel and venue capacity restrictions caused by COVID-19. The main aim of this study is to analyse the motivation of conference tourism demand from a gender-based perspective. Data were gathered using an online survey instrument developed on the basis of a literature review. A total of 265 responses received were subjected to exploratory factor, ANOVA and logistic regression analyses. The sample was composed of 52.5% men and 47.5% women and the average age of respondents was 44.25 (SD = 9.87). The results indicated five motivating factors for attending conferences: Destination and leisure, academic and professional development, networking, travelability and cost. Significant gender differences were found in the first four factors. Female attendees at conferences considered these factors more important than male attendees did. The implications of these findings for conference organisers are discussed.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los estudios realizados sobre turismo de golf desde una perspectiva de la sostenibilidad. Método: Se ha realizado un análisis bibliométrico consultando las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science. Se han seleccionado 46 artículos que han sido publicados en revistas científicas durante los últimos 22 años. Originalidad / Relevancia: El turismo de golf forma parte del turismo deportivo y representa un gran auge en todo el mundo en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, la investigación académica sobre turismo de golf ha mostrado un interés creciente hace relativamente poco tiempo. Resultados principales: los hallazgos del análisis indicaron una alta concentración de estudios e investigadores de países mediterráneos y, concretamente, situados en el sur de la Península Ibérica, destacando las regiones del Algarve (Portugal) y especialmente Andalucía (España). Contribuciones teóricas / metodológicas: Es el primer estudio bibliométrico sobre la temática. El turismo de golf tiene una gran importancia económica en la industria turística. Sin embargo, es necesario considerar también la influencia de la planificación y el desarrollo territorial, tanto a nivel medioambiental como social. Objective: The objective of this work was to analyse the studies on golf tourism from a sustainability perspective. Method: A bibliometric analysis has been carried out. The Scopus and Web of Science databases have been consulted. Forty-six articles have been selected which have been published in scientific journals during the last 22 years. Originality / Relevance: Golf tourism is part of the sports tourism and represents an enormous boom around the world in recent decades. However, academic research on golf tourism has shown increasing interest in a relatively short time. Main results: The analysis findings indicated a high concentration of studies and researchers from Mediterranean countries and, specifically, located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, highlighting the regions the Algarve (Portugal) and especially Andalusia (Spain). Theoretical / methodological contributions: Golf tourism is of great importance for the tourism industry. However, it is also necessary to considerer the influence of territorial planning and development, both environmentally and socially.

The fit between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and luxury is a debated topic and there is limited understanding regarding how the CSR initiatives of a luxury hotel are differently perceived and responded to by customers. The present study analysed the fit between CSR and luxury in China’s luxury hospitality industry by investigating customers’ CSR perceptions as well as their brand attitudes. According to the attribution of CSR motives, this study classified consumers’ four CSR perceptions, including CSR washing, corporate hypocrisy, corporate citizenship, and shared value creation. An experimental study was implemented with 400 luxury customers. It was found that when the CSR information of a hotel was disclosed by advertisements, participants reported stronger perceptions of CSR washing and corporate hypocrisy as well as weaker perceptions of corporate citizenship and shared value creation than when the CSR information was disclosed by media reports. Different CSR perceptions were found to differently influence customers’ brand attitudes. Their brand attitudes were positively influenced by the perceptions of corporate citizenship and shared value creation and were negatively influenced by the perceptions of CSR washing and corporate hypocrisy. In view of this, the present study argued that the fit between CSR and luxury in the hospitality industry is associated with whether consumers perceive CSR initiatives positively or negatively.

The study of tourism and hospitality has been carried out from different academic perspectives, disciplines and fields of knowledge. This paper has focused on the main disciplines in the Spanish to...

Self-consciousness can be considered as the internal disposition to direct attention to oneself. This dispositional tendency can be focused on private aspects of the self, but also on public characteristics of the individual. We examine self-consciousness in online consumer behavior. This concept has been poorly investigated in consumer research. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of the dimensions of self-consciousness in consumer adoption of online shopping. This study is based on a sample of 725 Spanish undergraduates. Findings indicated that public self-consciousness is a significant predictor of the adoption of online shopping, and inversely affects perceived ease of use and usefulness. These results may have important implications in the segmentation of users of self-service technologies.

This study presents a literature review and an empirical research to analyze the connection between self-congruity, perceived social value, and use of social media by Generation Y tourists. To contrast the hypotheses of the study, a quantitative research was carried out among young Spanish travelers. As a result, 444 valid surveys were collected during February of 2016. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to estimate the connection between the constructs. The results show that self-congruity leads to perceived social value and the use of virtual social networks. In addition, perceived social value leads to satisfaction, and satisfaction leads to revisit intention and positive WOM. Finally, positive WOM intention influences the intensity of the use of virtual social networks by Generation Y travelers. As a part of the conclusions, the article presents the managerial implications of these relationships.

There is a very clear link between tourism and sustainability due to the importance and consequences of the tourism sector in the world economy. Behavioural studies are among the major topics of sustainable tourism research. There are several factors that influence our sustainable behaviour at home and in vacation settings. In general, the main objective of this paper is to examine the personal factors in pro-environmental tourist behaviour from a gender perspective. This study is based on a sample of 347 golf tourists from 16 European countries. The results corroborated the relationships between ecological habits, personal capabilities and environmental attitudes. However, interactions between personal factors were more limited. It was shown that only the interaction between personal capabilities and externally-oriented habits have an influence on environmental attitudes. Also, some gender differences were found.

The debate about the role of attitude in the technology acceptance model (TAM) seems to have re-emerged in two prestigious journals in the field of educational technology. Among the publications on this debate, there are authors in favour of excluding the attitude of TAM, whereas others are in favour of including it. These opinions are derived from the results that both groups have obtained in their researches. We have wondered whether the methodology used in these studies could have influenced the results obtained and whether different statistical tools may lead to different conclusions. Two alternatives models were compared: TAM with attitude (TAM-O) and TAM without attitude (TAM-R). To detect the influence of different methodological tools, two structural equations modelling (SEM) approaches were used for analysis: covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM) and partial least squares SEM (PLS-SEM). We found that if PLS-SEM method is used, TAM-O is a better model than TAM-R, whereas if CB-SEM is used, TAM-R is better than TAM-O. We face a paradox that is explained by the influence of the methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Golf tourism is an important sector in the tourism industry, in terms of average daily expenditure per visitor. However, golf tourism also generates social and political controversies, mainly due to its impact on the environment. The main objective of this paper is to observe the progress of research on golf tourism from the perspective of sustainability. For this, the study is based on identifying the scientific production on the subject from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Thus, we have detected 46 articles published in scientific journals in the last 22 years. The findings indicate five lines of research, such as environmental impacts, environmental management, environmental attitudes and behaviors, conflict of interests, and sustainable management and planning. Environmental impact is the most prolific content, while environmental attitudes and behaviors are the least frequent, but the latter is the most current line of research

Self-consciousness can be considered as the internal disposition to direct attention to oneself. This dispositional tendency can be focused on private aspects of the self, but also on public characteristics of the individual. We examine self-consciousness in online consumer behavior. This concept has been poorly investigated in consumer research. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of the dimensions of self-consciousness in consumer adoption of online shopping. This study is based on a sample of 725 Spanish undergraduates. Results indicated that public self-consciousness is a significant predictor of the adoption of online shopping.

El presente estudio se ha centrado en el análisis de la producción científica con difusión internacional de los autores afiliados a instituciones españolas. La búsqueda se ha realizado a través de la base de datos de Scopus durante el período 2002-2013. Especialmente, se han analizado los trabajos publicados en revistas científicas que están incluidas en el Journal Citation Reports (JCR). Entre otros hallazgos, hay una gran concentración de autores que pertenecen a los ámbitos de la economía y la empresa. Las revistas científicas más utilizadas han sido Tourism Management y Tourism Economics. ABSTRACT: This study has focused on the analysis of the international scientific output of scholars in Spain. The search was performed using the Scopus database from 2002 to 2013. Especially, the papers published in scientific journals which are included in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) were analysed. Among other findings, there is a significant concentration of authors from Economy and Business. The most used journals have been Tourism Management and Tourism Economics.

The modern air transport industry is highly competitive. To survive in the market, the implementation of a successful marketing strategy is fundamental. In particular, an effective pricing policy has become crucial for airlines to remain profitable. Correspondingly, the different types of airline in the market have also established very distinct pricing policies. The present study is based on a literature review and presents the state of the art of pricing policy in air transportation. The aim is to compare and discuss the pricing strategies of network carriers and lowcost airlines. Special attention is paid to Revenue Management, which is a very important management tool used by airlines to take advantage of the differences in willingness to pay of passengers. The pricing policy, however, depends on the overall business strategy of the airline. Results show many differences, resulting from the fact that these two types of airline are characterized by very different fundamental business models and, correspondingly, also target groups. Since network carriers and also low-cost airlines have adjusted their pricing strategies lately, these recent developments will be discussed as well. This paper adds to the knowledge of this topic because it presents the most up-to-date and complete study on pricing regarding network carriers vs. low-cost airlines. A moderna indústria do transporte aéreo é altamente competitiva. Para sobreviver no mercado, a implementação de uma estratégia de marketing bem-sucedida é fundamental. Em particular, uma política de preços eficaz tornou-se crucial para as companhias aéreas continuarem lucrativas. Os diferentes tipos de companhias aéreas no mercado também estabeleceram políticas de preços muito distintas. O presente estudo baseia-se numa revisão da literatura e apresenta o estado da arte da política de preços no transporte aéreo. O objetivo é comparar e discutir as estratégias de preços de companhias aéreas de linha e companhias aéreas de baixo custo. Atenção especial é dada à Gestão de Receitas (Revenue Management), que é uma ferramenta de gestão usada pelas companhias aéreas para aproveitar as diferenças na disposição de pagar dos passageiros. A política de preços, no entanto, depende da estratégia geral de negócios da companhia aérea. Os resultados mostram muitas diferenças, resultantes do facto de que esses dois tipos de companhias aéreas são caracterizados por modelos de negócios fundamentais muito diferentes e, correspondentemente, também grupos-alvo. Como as operadoras de rede e também as companhias aéreas de baixo custo ajustaram as suas estratégias de preços ultimamente, esses desenvolvimentos recentes também serão discutidos. Este documento contribui para o conhecimento deste tópico, pois apresenta o estudo mais atualizado e completo sobre preços de companhias aéreas de linha versus companhias aéreas de baixo custo

Environmental attitudes and behaviours have received relatively little attention in golf tourism, compared to other tourism research areas. Golf tourism provides products and services based on nature, and they should focus on the environment. Golf has become increasingly important in the development of European tourism within the last decade. Moreover, golf is one of the primary motivations for European tourists in the sports tourism sector. This study is based on a sample of 431 golf tourists, from different nationalities, who visit Andalusia, Spain. This research examines the relationship between environmental attitudes and behavioural intentions for three subsamples of European nationalities: British, German, and Spanish. This relationship was corroborated in the three subsamples. However, the national citizenship of European golf tourists was not a moderator effect on the relationship between environmental attitudes and behavioural intentions.

The new environmental paradigm (NEP) is probably the most widely used measure of environmental attitude in the world. However, according to the literature review, the dimensionality of the NEP scale has occasioned disagreement. The main objective of this paper was to provide a solution to this dilemma, proposing an examination of the NEP scale. Hence, this paper proposes a short form measure called brief ecological paradigm (BEP) scale. The present study is based on a sample of 509 golf tourists from several European countries. Findings suggest that is advisable to remove bipolarity between paradigms (ecocentrism and anthropocentrism) within the same scale. Moreover, the results suggest that the BEP is a reliable and fast form approach to measuring environmental attitudes.

The present paper focused on the adoption of airline tickets by consumers from a self-service perspective. The profiles of self-consciousness are studied in relation to the adoption of airline e-ticketing service. Self-consciousness consists of three components: public self-consciousness, private self-consciousness, and social anxiety. This study was based on a sample of 819 undergraduate students. The technology acceptance model was used as a framework. Results indicate that the profile that identifies those individuals with high private self-consciousness, but with low or neutral public self-consciousness and low or neutral social anxiety, best explained the adoption of airline e-ticketing service by consumers.

Los investigadores españoles han mostrado un interés creciente en los análisis bibliométricos sobre la investigación turística. Sin embargo, no se ha realizado todavía un análisis de autoría suficientemente exhaustivo en la investigación turística española. Este estudio analiza la producción científica con difusión internacional de los autores afiliados a instituciones españolas. Para ello, la búsqueda se ha realizado a través de la base de datos de Scopus durante el período 2002-2013. Se ha establecido un ranking de 79 autores españoles que han publicado seis o más trabajos en revistas científicas con difusión internacional. La media de co-autores españoles por trabajo publicado es elevada respecto a los autores internacionales. Asimismo, se observa una clara desigualdad de género, con predominio de autores masculinos. En este ranking destacan por número de trabajos publicados las áreas de Economía Aplicada y de Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados, así como las universidades de Islas Baleares y de Alicante.

With the consolidation of the services sector in the global economy, we need to study further the relationship between customer and service provider. This paper analyzed the validity and reliability of the need for social interaction between customer and service provider. This scale has been made by Dabholkar (1996), from the ideas of Langeard et al. (1981). There are relatively few studies with this scale, therefore this construct should be taken into account in future research about service interaction. This study is based on a sample of 819 undergraduates. The results suggest that the Need of Social Interaction is a brief, simple and reliable scale Con la consolidación del sector de los servicios en la economía mundial, es preciso estudiar en mayor profundidad la relación entre cliente y prestador de servicios. Este trabajo analiza la validez y la fiabilidad de la escala de necesidad de interacción social entre empleados y clientes. Esta escala ha sido creada por Dabholkar (1996), a partir de las ideas de Langeard et al. (1981). Hay relativamente pocos estudios sobre esta escala, aunque este constructo debería ser tenido en cuenta en futuras investigaciones sobre la interacción de servicios. Este estudio se ha basado en una muestra de 819 estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados sugieren que la escala de necesidad de interacción social es un instrumento de medida breve, simple y fiable Com a consolidação do setor de serviços na economía mundial, precisamos estudarmais a relação entre o cliente e o prestador de serviços. Este artigo analisa a validade e confiabilidade da escala de necessidade de interação social entre cliente e prestador de serviços. Essa escala foi criada por Dabholkar (1996), baseado nas idéias de Langeard et al. (1981). Há poucos estudos sobre esta escala, embora esta construção deve ser considerado em futuras pesquisas sobre a interação de serviços. Este estudo foi baseado em uma amostra de 819 estudantes universitários. Os resultados sugerem que a escala de necessidade de interacção social é um instrumento de mediçao de curto, simples e fiável

This research focuses on the relationship of self-congruity and perceived social value with the interpersonal connections established by Generation Y tourists in virtual social networks. A quantitative study was performed using a sample of young travelers from Spain. The methodologies of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Models (SEM) were used to analyze the results. The findings of the research show that self-congruity influences the perceived social value; the perceived social value leads to satisfaction and the creation of interpersonal connections in virtual social networks; and the interpersonal connections in virtual social networks influence the use of these tools by Generation Y travelers.

Absenteeism has been a common and very extended problem in university spheres for several years. This problem has become a permanent feature in academic studies in general, yet it has received scarce empirical research attention. This work is focused on the analysis of the factors that determine university absenteeism. It evaluates a series of reasons or causes that prevent students from attending lessons regularly both if they are reasoned (involuntary absenteeism) or not (voluntary absenteeism). This study is based on a sample of 139 students in the third year of the Degree in Tourism. Our analysis shows up that absenteeism is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon. Seven determining factors of absenteeism were obtained: efficiency, teaching style, academic interest, teaching contents and format, classmates influence and fears, imponderables and convenience. The dimension ‘Teaching Style’ is given the highest average score.

This article aims to identify the cognitive factors which influence the consumer attitudes toward the purchase of the airline ticket. We refer to the comparison between the beliefs regarding self-service and the alternative service or traditional service. This study is based on a sample of 739 Spanish undergraduates and their attitudes toward buying an airline ticket. This is the best selling product on the Internet in Spain. We compare the beliefs in two segments—online consumers and offline consumers—regarding each of the two systems for air ticket purchasing: Internet versus traditional travel agency. Hence, in online consumers, control and delivery speed are observed to be differentiating cognitive factors in the use of a self-service system. However, with offline consumers, delivery speed is indicated as a particularly significant cognitive factor in the use of the traditional service system.

This paper investigates the differentiation strategy in global airline alliances from the consumer's perspective. The study compares the three major airline alliances (Oneworld, SkyTeam and Star Alliance) and examines their positioning strategies compared to their low-cost competitors. The authors analyse the service attributes provided to customers by 20 international airlines. The results show differences between the three global airline alliances from the perspective of the passengers. Oneworld and SkyTeam have similar positioning strategies as seen by consumers; however, Star Alliance is closely competitive with the low-cost model.

The present study aims to propose and empirically contrast a structural model of relationships between academic–professional competences in tourism higher education. Currently, much attention is being paid to the concept of competence. However, in the literature review, we did not find any proposal for a holistic approach that tends to understand the relationships between the generic and specific competences in higher education. This study is focused on a subject of the tourism degree in the University of Seville (Spain). It is based on a sample of 154 students. The results confirm that there are relationships between the generic and specific competences.

This paper analysed the validity and reliability of the revised tourist ecological orientation (RTEO) scale. There are relatively few studies in the area of the ecological behaviour of tourists and, therefore, RTEO and other scales should be taken into account in future tourism research. This study is based on a sample of 461 golf tourists. A double analysis was carried out: (1) a qualitative analysis through expert opinion and (2) a quantitative analysis through the partial least squares approach. The results suggest that the RTEO scale is a brief, simple and reliable scale of environmental actions.

After compulsory secondary education; many teenagers face the process of choosing a university degree. This process involves uncertainties referred to their personal abilities, interests, social expectations and professional future. The present work is aimed at determining whether the reasons behind the selection of a particular university degree differ depending on the chosen degree. Another objective is determining whether these reasons differ significantly according to gender. The sample comprises 983 students belonging to the area of social and legal sciences at the University of Seville. The obtained results reveal the existence of four main reasons behind the selection of university degrees for which significant gender-related differences were observed: easy degree, job opportunities, high wages and provision of social services. Besides, these seven reasons are observed to differ widely in six of the considered degrees.

Sensation seeking has been studied extensively. However, the study of sensation-seeking profiles is still very limited in the literature and even more so in the area of information and communication technology (ICT). The present study analyzes sensation seeking and the innovative behavior of individuals in the use of information technologies. This work explores the connection between two individual personality traits: sensation seeking (from a social psychology perspective) and personal innovativeness in ICT (from marketing and information systems perspectives). An empirical study was carried out on a sample of 819 university students. The authors have analyzed 12 profiles, which were obtained from the combination of the four traits of the Sensation-Seeking scale. The results confirmed the relationship between both constructs in three sensation-seeking profiles.

La difusión de innovaciones es un tópico relevante en la literatura del comportamiento del consumidor. En marketing, hay dos perspectivas que caracterizan a la mayoría de los estudios realizados sobre esta materia: una perspectiva agregada y una perspectiva individual. Los modelos analíticos y empíricos para describir la difusión de una innovación han abarcado el mercado de forma agregada, recibiendo poca atención los modelos de adopción individual. Este trabajo intenta revisar estos modelos de adopción en el ámbito de las TICs. The diffusion of innovations is an important topic in the literature on consumer behaviour. In marketing, two perspectives characterize most of the work on this topic: the aggregate market perspective and the individual-level perspective. The analytical and empirical models for describing and forecasting the diffusion of an innovation have addressed the market in the aggregate, with little attention to the micro-level that characterizes the adoption decision. This paper seeks to revise these models of adoption in the field of IT.

The present paper analyses tourist experience, studying the existing differences among geographical zones within a broader tourist destination with provincial character. Planning and management of tourist destinations must pay special attention to the maintenance and conservation of natural and artificial resources in tourist supply, attempting to improve their competitive position. Hence, this study compares several Andalusian coastal municipalities through different components of tourist supply. Among other obtained results, findings indicate the existence of significant differences in urban environments among the municipalities of Almeria, in beach quality among the municipalities of Cadiz and in accommodation among the municipalities of Malaga.

Sensation seeking is a personality trait, which has been studied mainly from the perspective of behavior problems. The current study extends that research to consider the use of the Internet. The Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS), created by Hoyle, Stephenson, Palmgreen, Lorch, and Donohew, was used. This article examined the relationship between sensation seeking and the use of the Internet from the gender perspective. The BSSS is invariant when the population studied is separated between non-Internet users, Internet users, and online buyers. However, some significant differences between the four dimensions of the scale appear when the authors introduce the gender variable.

The concept of postmodernism can be applied to the tourist sector in the search for profiles of visitors at a tourist destination. The purpose of this study is to determine the similarities between tourist characteristics and postmodern behavior. An analysis of latent class methodology is used to help explain the heterogeneity of tourist behavior. This diversity is demonstrated in five groups with some behavior patterns closer to modernism and others closer to postmodernism. Further, different tendencies such as strictly and incipient post-modernism were detected within the post-modern tourists.

Seasonal variations manifest themselves differently according to the tourist destination. This paper analyses seasonal patterns which are evident in Spain, with specific reference to the Autonomous Communities (regions). To this end, levels of seasonality of tourist demand and supply are observed on the basis of different variables, such as: the number of tourists, the average number of nights spent in hotel accommodation by tourists, the number of rooms available and the personnel employed in tourist accommodation. The present study uses data from the Specific and General Indices of Seasonal Variation, and a simple and effective methodology for the measurement of seasonality is proposed. Finally, the paper verifies the need for a more detailed analysis when studying tourism across an extensive territory such as Spain, where the regions show significant differences with regard to the patterns of seasonality.

La autoconciencia del individuo se refiere al hábito, tendencia o disposición a centrar su atención hacia dentro o fuera de uno mismo. Este constructo está compuesto por tres dimensiones: autoconciencia privada, autoconciencia pública y ansiedad social. El presente trabajo se centra en analizar el constructo de la autoconciencia con el fin de comprender mejor este concepto en relación con el comportamiento del consumidor. Se valida con una muestra de 819 estudiantes universitarios españoles una escala breve de la autoconciencia para su uso cuando la escala completa no sea práctica. La autoconciencia se ha medido a través de la escala revisada de Scheier y Carver (1985). Entre los hallazgos obtenidos, se observa una escasa diferenciación en estudios previos entre las dimensiones de la autoconciencia, especialmente entre la autoconciencia pública y la autoconciencia privada. Además, se ha analizado la escala de la autoconciencia y se ha validado una escala breve, que podría ser mucho más operativa para investigaciones futuras.