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The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of EGUS and to quantify serum gastrin levels in jumping horses during competition season and interseason period. Forty jumping horses, competing at high level were randomly allocated into two groups, the Training Group: twenty jumping horses undergoing intense training and participating in competitions, and the Rest Group: twenty jumping horses in the interseason (resting period). The gastroscopic examinations and blood samples of the horses in the training group were performed 1-2 days following the competition while in the horses of the rest group, following 4 weeks of rest. The serum gastrin levels were measured at two different times: pre-feeding and two hours after feeding the horses (postprandial) by ELISA kit. Gastric lesion score data were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test (α= 0.05) and the mean gastrin values were compared between the groups and between the two moments by the paired tet tests, respectively (α= 0, 05). Squamous gastric ulcers were detected in 42.5% of all jumping horses examined independent of the period, competition season or interseason. Serum gastrin levels were significantly higher in the Training Group with no difference between pre-feeding and postprandial values. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de EGUS e quantificar os níveis séricos de gastrina em cavalos de hipismo durante a época de competições e o período de férias. Quarenta cavalos de hipismo de alta performance foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos, grupo treinamento: vinte cavalos de hipismo submetidos a treinamento intenso e participando de competições, e grupo descanso: vinte cavalos de hipismo em férias (período de descanso). As avaliações gastroscópicas e as coletas de sangue dos cavalos em treinamento foram realizadas um ou dois dias após as competições, enquanto nos cavalos do grupo descanso foram realizadas após quatro semanas de repouso. Os níveis séricos de gastrina foram mensurados por kit de ELISA, em dois momentos: antes da alimentação e duas horas após. Os dados de escore das lesões gástricas foram comparados pela prova U de Mann-Whitney (α= 0,05) e os valores médios de gastrina foram comparados entre os grupos e entre os dois momentos pelos testes t e t pareado, respectivamente (α= 0,05). Foram encontradas úlceras gástricas em 42,5% de todos os cavalos examinados, independentemente do período de competições ou repouso. Os níveis séricos de gastrina foram significativamente maiores no grupo treinamento, sem diferença entre os períodos pré e pós-alimentação.

Objective To compare static compliance (Cst) and alveolar–arterial oxygen tension difference [P( a –a)O2] between positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) of 7, 12 and 17 cmH2O applied after an alveolar recruitment maneuver (RM) in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Study design Prospective, randomized, clinical study. Animals A group of 30 healthy adult horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery. Methods Animals in dorsal recumbency and mechanically ventilated with a tidal volume of 14 mL kg−1 and 7 cmH2O PEEP (control; n = 6) were subjected to an RM by increasing PEEP from 7 to 22 cmH2O in 5 cmH2O increments at 5 minute intervals, and then decreased similarly to PEEP of 17 (RM17; n = 8), 12 (RM12; n = 8) or 7 cmH2O (RM7; n = 8). Cst and P( a –a)O2 were assessed prior to (baseline) and after the RM at 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after achieving each target PEEP, and during recovery from anesthesia. Results Post-RM improvements on P( a –a)O2 were maintained (baseline versus 80 minutes) in RM12 [216 ± 77 mmHg (28.8 ± 10.3 kPa) versus 194 ± 39 mmHg (25.9 ± 5.2 kPa)] and RM17 [180 ± 86 mmHg (24.0 ± 11.6 kPa) versus 136 ± 75 mmHg [18.2 ± 10.0 kPa]). The improvements on Cst were maintained only in RM12 (0.80 ± 0.13 versus 0.98 ± 0.13 mL cmH2O−1 kg−1). No such improvements were observed in RM7 and control. No significant differences were observed between groups during recovery from anesthesia. Conclusions and clinical relevance The 12 and 17 cmH2O PEEP can be used to maintain the improvements on P( a –a)O2 obtained after an RM. Only 12 cmH2O PEEP maintained the post-RM increase on Cst. Such variables were not influenced by the 7 cmH2O PEEP.

Background : Sinus neoplasms are reported as low frequency in horses. Its clinical characteristics are often nonspecific, depend on complementary methods for diagnosis, and when diagnosed, generally they are already advanced, limiting therapeutic possibilities. The objective of this case series was to detail clinical aspects and complementary exams for sinus neoplasms for early diagnosis, comparing them with the literature. Cases : Four horses were treated at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of Sao Paulo, with different clinical signs and previous diagnoses, which when evaluated by respiratory endoscopy, radiography, oral cavity evaluation and histopathological exams, revealed the diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, ossifying fibroma and lymphoma. Previous diagnosis, based mainly on clinical signs, were sinusitis secondary to apical infection, ethmoidal hematoma, sinus cyst and sinusitis secondary to periapical disease. The cases of anaplastic carcinoma (case 1) and lymphoma (case 4) presented with an advanced degree of the disease with involvement and destruction of paranasal structures and adjacent tissues, in addition to a poor general condition, which made surgical treatment impossible and led to euthanasia. In these cases, previous treatment was made to apical infection and periodontal disease with secondary sinusitis, but negative evolution led to suspicion of neoplasia, confirmed by histopathological exam of incisional biopsy of the mass in oral cavity. Benign ossifying fibroma (case 3) presented with progressive respiratory difficulty due to occlusion of the lumen of some nasal meatus and radiographic signs of invasion and deformation of the adjacent bones, it was submitted for surgical excision and there was no recurrence until hospital discharge. The poorly differentiated carcinoma (case 2) was a multilobulate neoformation in the ethmoidal region, similar to ethmoid hematoma in endoscopic and radiographic evaluation, it was submitted for excision and two sessions of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin, associated with administration of piroxicam, which obtained a good result until the period of 1 year after discharge. Discussion : It was found that many characteristics are common with these types of neoplasms, and the clinical signs, such as nasal secretions, airway obstruction, increased facial volume, severe alterations in oral cavity, although unspecific, suggest the differential diagnosis for neoplasms. It is important to differentiate from other diseases noting the evolution and growth of these tumors, like in cases 1 and 4, especially the growth to internal tissues, using complementary methods described here, like endoscopic and radiographic examination. Late identification or even manipulation of neoplasms, without proper diagnosis, leads to a few prognoses regarding life. When it is possible to perform surgical excision, complementary methods are important to guide the procedure, and definitive diagnosis is made through histopathologic exam and some need immunohistochemistry analysis. Cases 2 and 3 had surgical access, were submitted to excision and treatment with good results, both with close monitoring in first months and prolonged quality of life. These results highlight the importance of complementary methods for early diagnosis, correct intervention and monitoring of evolution. Keywords: sinus neoplasia, paranasal sinus, tumor, head, horses.

The synovial membrane (SM) presents itself with distinctive characteristics during arthroscopic procedures in cases of osteoarthritis (OA) as well as osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in horses. Most of the arthroscopic findings of the SM are limited to a description of a nonspecific inflammation state. In the present study, the macroscopic and histological aspects of the SM in OA and OCD horses were compared to those of healthy horses. The expression of interleukin (IL) in SM was also investigated. Besides, the concentrations of ILs and keratan sulfate (KS) in the synovial fluid (SF), and the molecular weights of the SF hyaluronic acid (HA) were also determined and correlated to the macroscopic and histological aspects of SM. This study included 10 healthy horses (control group), 12 horses with OA, and 12 with OCD. Macroscopic scores of the SM were higher in the OA group in comparison to the control and OCD groups. However, histological scores between OA and OCD were not different, and both were higher than the control group. Only in the OA group, there was a correlation between macroscopic and histological aspects of the SM, especially between volume and quantity of villi with perivascular inflammatory cells and synovial proliferation. The OA group has shown decreased expression of IL-10 in the SM, lower IL-10 and KS, and higher IL-1β and IL-6 in the SF in comparison to the control and OCD groups. There was a significant negative correlation between the macroscopic aspect of the SM and the molecular weights AH in the OA group. There was no correlation between the macroscopic aspect of the SM and all dosages in the OA and OCD group. In the OA joints, the evaluation of the shape of the SM during arthroscopy promotes a better indicator for joint inflammatory or tissue repair processes, while in the osteochondritic joints, investigation of the histological aspects are recommended to rule out an incipient OA development process. Both are helpful and should be considered to guide the postoperative treatment.

Several studies in human and equine medicine have produced controversial results regarding the role of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a therapeutic agent. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of joint lavage with different DMSO concentrations on biomarkers of synovial fluid inflammation and cartilage degradation in joints with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synovitis. Twenty-six tibiotarsal joints of 13 horses were randomly distributed into four groups (lactated Ringer’s solution; 5% DMSO in lactated Ringer’s; 10% DMSO in lactated Ringer’s; and sham). All animals were evaluated for the presence of lameness, and synovial fluid analyses were performed at 0 h, 1 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h (T0, T1, T8, T24, and T48, respectively). The white blood cell counts (WBC), total protein (TP), urea, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), hyaluronic acid (HA), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) concentrations were measured. The WBC counts and PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TP concentrations increased in all groups at T8 compared to baseline values (p < 0.05). At T48, only the 5% DMSO and 10% DMSO groups showed a significant decrease in WBC counts (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the 10% DMSO group had lower concentrations of PGE2 and IL-1β at T48 than at T8 (p < 0.05) and presented lower IL-6 levels than the5% DMSO and lactated Ringer’s groups at T24. All groups showed an increase in CS concentration after LPS-induced synovitis. Joint lavage with 10% DMSO in lactated Ringer’s has anti-inflammatory but not chondroprotective effects.

Urinary bladder rupture is rarely reported in adult horses and is usually associated with parturition, history of traumaor urethral obstruction. This paper reports two cases in mares free of these predisposing factors, diagnosed throughclinical manifestations, abdominal ultrasound and abdominocentesis, corrected by cystorrhaphy through laparotomy.While recovery was satisfactory in one case, the other case had complications in celiorraphy such as development ofincisional hernia, small colon eventration and intestinal adherences, opting by the euthanasia of the animal. These reportsare important because of the rarity with which they occur in adult mares. The different prognoses may be related to theseverity of each case, according to the location and extension of the wound, which directly or indirectly influence thetechnique and recovery of the animals. A ruptura de bexiga urinária é raramente relatada em equinos adultos, sendo normalmente associada ao parto, antecedentesde trauma ou obstrução de uretra. Este trabalho relata dois casos em éguas livres destes fatores predisponentes,diagnosticados através de manifestações clínicas, ultrassonografia abdominal e abdominocentese, corrigidos por cistorrafiaatravés de laparotomia. Em um dos casos a recuperação ocorreu satisfatoriamente, porém no outro houve complicaçõesna celiorrafia como desenvolvimento de hérnia incisional, eventração de cólon menor e posterior desenvolvimento deaderências intestinais, optando-se pela eutanásia do animal. Estes relatos são importantes pela raridade com que ocorremem éguas adultas. Os diferentes prognósticos podem estar relacionados à gravidade de cada caso, de acordo com o locale extensão da ferida, que direta ou indiretamente influenciam na técnica empregada e recuperação dos animais.

Mineralization of the anatomical structures involved in the limb movement of horses has been reported to inducelameness and interfere with athletic performance. A 4-year-old jumping horse in sport activity was reported at VeterinaryHospital of University of São Paulo, with mild lameness and a mineralized oblique distal sesamoidean ligament (ODSL)of the left forelimb, revealed by a purchase radiographic and ultrasound examination. Mineralization is more commonin tendons than ligaments. This report calls for attention to these structures when performing image exams, even in mildlameness. Long-term favorable follow-up by ultrasonographic and radiographic examination showed that the severeligament injury in this case did not decrease the athletic activity until the present day. A mineralização de estruturas anatômicas envolvidas na movimentação dos membros predispõe à claudicação e interfereno desempenho atlético. Foi admitido no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia daUSP-SP um equino macho, da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de claudicação leve eligamento sesamoideo oblíquo distal mineralizado do membro torácico esquerdo, diagnosticado por exame de compra.A mineralização apresenta alta incidência em tendões, sendo em menor proporção nos ligamentos. Esse relato visaatentar à essas estruturas ao se realizar exames rotineiros de imagem, apesar de claudicação leve. O acompanhamentoa longo prazo por ultrassonografia e radiografia mostrou que lesões graves de ligamentos, como no presente caso, nãodiminuíram a atividade atlética até o momento.

Background Physical exercise is known to cause significant joint changes. Thus, monitoring joint behavior of athletic horses is essential in early disorders recognition, allowing the proper management. Objectives The aims of this study were to determine the morphological patterns, physical examination characteristics and ultrasound findings of show jumping horses in training and to establish a score-based examination model for physical and ultrasound follow-ups of metacarpophalangeal joint changes in these animals. Methods A total of 52 metacarpophalangeal joints from 26 horses who were initially in the taming stage were evaluated, and the horses' athletic progression was monitored. The horses were evaluated by a physical examination and by B-mode and Doppler-mode ultrasound examinations, starting at time zero (T0), which occurred concomitantly with the beginning of training, and every 3 months thereafter for a follow-up period of 18 months. Results The standardized examination model revealed an increase in the maximum joint flexion angles and higher scores on the physical and ultrasound examinations after scoring was performed by predefined assessment tools, especially between 3 and 6 months of evaluation, which was immediately after the horses started more intense training. The lameness score and the ultrasound examination score were slightly higher at the end of the study. Conclusions The observed results were probably caused by the implementation of a training regimen and joint adaptation to physical conditioning. The joints most likely undergo a pre-osteoarthritic period due to work overload, which can manifest in a consistent or adaptive manner, as observed during this study. Thus, continuous monitoring of young athlete horses by physical and ultrasound examinations that can be scored is essential.

Background : Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases : Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 centimeters in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horse’s owner didn’t authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the macroscopic exam, it was observed heterogeneously formation with a grayish-white color and soft consistency aspect. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass, also through electrocautery, was performed with the animal, previously sedated with a detomidine dose of 0.01 mg/kg and a butorphanol dose of 0.02 mg/kg through intravenous. The contact plate of the electrocautery was fixed to the left side of the animal's neck. After the introduction of the endoscope through the nostril and advancing to the pharynx and larynx, lidocaine 2% without a vasoconstrictor was sprayed in the region. The polyps were individually wrapped by the polypectomy loop, passed through the endoscope operational channel and, at this time, the electrocautery was activated. After the treatment, periodical return appointments were made for the next two months. During the fourth appointment, the animal presented, in the endoscopy, a relapse of a few formations which were, again, removed with electrocautery. The histopathological exam in both cases was characterized by the presence of sporangia that was distributed homogeneously across the submucosal blade interspersed with mild to moderate mixed inflammatory infiltration composed predominantly of lymphoplasmic cells, followed by neutrophils and macrophages, as well as some hemorrhage area and the presence of macrophages with hemosiderin. These histopathological findings were consistent with rhinosporidiosis. Discussion : Rhinosporidiosis in horses, although rare, must be considered not only in cases of nasal formations, their most common form, but also in laryngeal cases, while the use of electrocautery is an efficient technique in the removal of the lesions, allowing for a good tissue healing and no postoperative complications. Nevertheless, follow-ups after treatment is always recommended to identify possible relapses.

This study aimed to describe and evaluate a laparoscopic technique to promote nephrosplenic space ablation in horses using a homologous pericardium implant, preserved in 98% glycerin and fixed using laparoscopic polydioxanone staples. In this experimental study, six Arabian horses without previous related abdominal diseases were used. The surgical procedures were performed in the standing position under sedation with alpha-2 agonists and opioids, associated with local infiltration of the local anesthetic in the portal sites. The horses were restrained in a stock, and the left flanks were clipped and aseptically prepared. Three portals were created on the left flank, and the homologous pericardium implant, measuring 10 × 5 cm, was introduced into the abdominal cavity covering the nephrosplenic space, positioned between the dorsal border of the spleen and perirenal fascia, fixed with polydioxanone staples using a laparoscopic stapler. Physical examination and blood and peritoneal fluid sample collection were performed on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 of the postoperative period, and an exploratory laparoscopy was performed on day 60 to assess the effectiveness of the technique and eventual complications. There were no difficulties or significant complications during the surgical procedure, and the total average time to perform was 49.83 minutes (±10.19). In the postoperative period, there was a significant increase (P.05) in the plasma fibrinogen concentration on days 7 and 14 compared with the preoperative moment. The total nucleated cell count in the peritoneal fluid increased (P.05) on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30. After 60 days of the surgical procedure, the physical examination and laboratory data were within the normal range. Exploratory laparoscopy performed on day 60 revealed complete occlusion of the nephrosplenic space, and it was not possible to differentiate the pericardium implant from the scar tissue, not even in the histological evaluation performed on the collected samples. In two horses, omentum adhesion was observed in the region where the implant was fixed, and in two others, a synechia was observed between the implant area and mesocolon without association with clinical complications. The animals were followed up for 36 months at surgery, and no colic signs were observed along this period. It was concluded that the technique of ablation of the nephrosplenic space, using homologous pericardium preserved in 98% glycerin, fixed by polydioxanone staples by laparoscopy, was simple to perform, effective, and free of clinical complications during the period of evaluation, and its use may be indicated as a surgical option in clinical cases of horses with recurrent nephrosplenic entrapment.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar resposta inflamatória e concentrações de proteínas em líquido peritonealde asininas submetidas à ovariectomia por laparotomia e laparoscopia. Foram utilizadas 18 fêmeas adultas, pesando em média 100kg, as quais foram divididas em dois grupos, de nove animais cada: o grupo I, em que foram ovariectomizadas por laparotomia, e o grupo II por laparoscopia. Após as cirurgias, em ambos os grupos foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis no líquido peritoneal: pH, densidade, número de hemácias, leucócitos e proteínas de fase aguda (fibrinogênio, haptoglobina, albumina, antitripsina, alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, imunoglobulinas A e G). Todas as variáveis foram analisadas antes das cirurgias, 12, 24, 48, 72 horas, oito e 16 dias após os procedimentos cirúrgicos. O número de hemácias e leucócitos aumentou 24 horas depois das cirurgias nos dois grupos. Haptoglobina, alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida,albumina, transferrina, gamaglobulinas A, G e proteínas totais aumentaram nos dois grupos. As concentrações de ceruloplasmina não variaram enquanto a antitripsina não foi detectada no líquido peritoneal de asininos.Foi identificada uma proteína com23.000kD, que não tem denominação nem descrição no líquido peritoneal de asininos.

O deslocamento dorsal à esquerda de cólon maior, com aprisionamento no espaço nefroesplênico, é uma afecção relativamente comum nos equinos, e quando ocorre a recidiva recomenda-se o fechamento desse espaço. Algumas técnicas são descritas na literatura e já aplicadas na rotina clinicocirúrgica. Com o intuito de desenvolver técnica minimamente invasiva e de rápida execução, objetivou-se avaliar a efetividade e as possíveis complicações trans e pós-operatórias de duas técnicas de oclusão do espaço nefroesplênico, através de grampeamento laparoscópico, com e sem a utilização de implante de pericárdio homólogo conservado em glicerina a 98%. Para tanto, foram utilizados 11 equinos hígidos, divididos em dois grupos, sendo seis animais submetidos à fixação do implante de pericárdio por grampos de polidioxanona, recobrindo o espaço nefroesplênico (Grupo 1 - G1) e em cinco animais foi realizada a fixação do baço ao ligamento nefroesplênico com o mesmo tipo de grampos (Grupo 2 - G2). Os procedimentos foram realizados em posição quadrupedal, sob sedação, criando-se três portais no flanco esquerdo. Não houve dificuldade para realização de ambas as técnicas, sendo em média necessários 49,83 minutos (±10,19) para o G1 e 30,20 minutos ((±5,89) para o G2, com diferença significativa para p

Background : The equine paranasal sinus have a complex anatomy and large compartiments. For this reason, deseases that affect these structures may develop for long periods before the animal show any clinical signs, making it difficult to stablish a definitive diagnosis and institute an adequate treatment. Usually, maxillary hematomas reports come from progression of ethmoidal hematomas, and the descriptions of primary maxillary hematomas are rare. This study aims to report the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of a case of a maxillary hematoma not associated with ethmoidal turbinates. Case : An 8-year-old male horse, Mangalarga Paulista, was referred to the Centro de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa FMVZ-USP with history of nasal bleeding for over a year. The animal presented deformity on the right side of the face, with significant volume increase on the maxillary bone region and dull sound at percussion, in addition to great painfull sensibility when palpated. The right nare had no airflow, suggesting complete obstruction of the right nasal cavity. In order to better evaluate, endoscopic and radiographic exams were performed. At the radiographic exam, in ventrodorsal projection, it was observed an increase of volume and radiopacity, occupying the right antimer of the nasal cavity, with left nasal septum deviation. In the right dorsoventral oblique projection, it was observed the filling of the rostral and caudal maxillary sinus with the content radiopacity as previously described. At endoscopy exam of the right nasal cavity, it was observed a rounded greenish structure on the middle meatus The diagnosis of maxillary paranasal sinus cist was suggested and surgical removal, through maxillary sinusotomy was recommended. During the surgical procedure, it was noted that the structure previously observed, was not a cavitary organization filled with liquid, but a deorganized, dark and friable mass, like a hematoma. A fragment was sent to histopathological evaluation, which revealed the presence of intact eythrocytes interspersed by fibrilar eosinophilic material (fibrin). There were no indications of an infectious or neoplastic process. The diagnosis of maxillary hematoma was concluded. Forty days after admission, the patient had no surgical complications and showed adequate respiratory flow, at which point the animal was discharged. Discussion : Primary maxillary hematomas are rare on equines. Although benign, it has destructives and expansives characteristics, and for this reason, it can be confused with malignant tumor formation. It has unknown ethiology, and the clinical signs observed are diverse and non specific, which makes it hard to stablish a definitive diagnosis based only on the clinical manifestations of the animal. In this particular case presented, the diagnosis was defined from the hitophatological examination. Initially the image exams (radiography and endoscopy) were usefull to stablish differential diagnosis, as well as the extention of the sinus mass. The surgery was performed with the animal on quadrupedal position, under sedation and local anethesia, in order to dimish haemorrhage occurance during the procedure. This paper describes a primary maxillary hematoma on a horse, characterizing it as to the clinical and pathological manifestations, as well as its surgical treatment. Although rare descriptions and with non specific clinical signs, it is suggested that its occurrence is superior to that described in the literature.

OBJECTIVE To compare effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP), autologous processed plasma (APP), and sodium hyaluronate treatments on synovial fluid cells in vitro and on synovial fluid obtained from osteochondrotic joints of horses. SAMPLE Synovial fluid cells from 8 healthy equine tibiotarsal joints (in vitro experiment) and synovial fluid samples from 40 tibiotarsal joints of 25 horses with osteochondrosis dissecans (in vivo experiment). PROCEDURES Effects of various treatments on concentrations of prostaglandin (PG) E2, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were analyzed in cell medium supernatant, and production of reactive oxygen species was analyzed by use of flow cytometry. In an in vivo experiment, synovial fluid samples were collected before and 48 hours after arthroscopy and treatment administration (8 joints/treatment) and evaluated to determine concentrations of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, PGE2, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, IL-10, and IL-1ra. RESULTS All in vitro treatments reduced reactive oxygen species production, PRP increased PGE2 concentrations, and PRP, IRAP, and APP increased IL-1ra concentrations. Only IRAP and APP increased IL-1 concentrations. For the in vivo experiment, PRP increased and IRAP decreased PGE2 concentrations in synovial fluid after arthroscopy. All treatments increased IL-1ra concentrations, but only sodium hyaluronate resulted in a significant increase in concentration, compared with the concentration for untreated joints. Also, IRAP reduced hyaluronic acid breakdown in synovial fluid. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PRP should be used with caution in the period immediately after arthroscopy and treatment of osteochondrotic joints of horses. All treatments had antioxidant effects. Sodium hyaluronate, APP, and IRAP might help ameliorate joint inflammation.

A abordagem de fraturas em equinos e um desafio para os cirurgioes veterinarios, devido ao porte e temperamento da especie, associados aos altos custos envolvidos e prognostico nem sempre favoraveis. O desenvolvimento de tecnicas e materiais tem permitido uma melhor abordagem cirurgica e refletindo em taxas de sucesso cada vez maior. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir alguns fatores que influenciaram a evolucao na abordagem do tratamento de fraturas em equinos no Brasil e apresentar estudo retrospectivo de casos de fraturas atendidos no Servico de Cirurgia de Grandes Animais da FMVZ/USP, entre os anos de 1997 e 2019. Foram analisados os dados de 45 prontuarios, mostrando que a abordagem cirurgica evoluiu com o passar dos anos, com aumento no numero de casos e desfechos positivos. Melhoria das tecnicas cirurgicas e dos cuidados pos-operatorios, alem da utilizacao de placas bloqueadas, foram fatores que direcionaram a melhora do prognostico principalmente com relacao a vida do paciente, mas tambem com relacao a funcao, em casos mais especificos.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:28:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) This study aimed to grade joint abnormalities in horses submitted to therapeutic arthroscopy using score-based protocols for equine joint assessment, correlated with arthroscopic treatment outcomes and owner satisfaction. In this prospective study, we evaluated 126 joints of athletic horses referred for arthroscopy. The joints were scored according to findings of medical history and physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. Lameness, positive response to flexion test and decreased maximum joint flexion angle were detected in more than 50% of joints. Soft tissue swelling, sclerosis, subchondral bone osteolysis and single osteochondral fragments were the most common radiographic findings. Ultrasonographic examination revealed changes in synovial fluid volume and appearance, and subchondral bone irregularities. Increased vascularity of the synovial villi, chondral fibrillation, chondral fissures and superficial cartilage erosions were the most significant arthroscopic findings. The approaches that demonstrated greater sensitivity and correlation with treatment outcome and owner satisfaction were medical history, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. The scoring protocol employed to grade joint abnormalities enabled the creation of a joint score system for the objective assessment, thus determining the most frequent findings and establishing an injury severity score for each joint. Universidade Federal do Paraná Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Setor Palotina Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Cirurgia Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Clínica Médica Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Hospital Veterinário Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária

PURPOSE:To investigate the development of a laparoscopy technique for local injection into the X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) diaphragm.METHODS:It was used 10 mice Balb/C57 and 5 mdx mice and three differents decubitus type were tested: the right lateral, supine, and supine decubitus with 20 degrees elevation of the forelimb. Abdominal caudal face and the 10 intercostal space were tested as spot to introduce the needle into the diaphragm.RESULTS: Supine position with elevation of 20 degrees forelimb and the 10th intercostal space are the beneficial position to apply a local injection.CONCLUSION:It was proved to be possible to perform the laparoscopy technique in the X-linked muscular dystrophy diaphragm and this requires a specific position and technique during the surgery.

A osteocondrose é uma das principais doenças ortopédicas de desenvolvimento que acomete os equinos, sendo usualmente definida como uma falha no processo de ossificação endocondral. Infelizmente os seus mecanismos não estão bem definidos, mas acredita-se em uma etiologia multifatorial relacionada com predisposição genética, desequilíbrio ou excesso nutricional, fatores endócrinos e forças biomecânicas atuando nas articulações. Uma das formas de manifestação da osteocondrose é a osteocondrite dissecante, quando, após interrupção do processo de ossificação, há um desarranjo das colunas de condrócitos e necrose da camada basal, gerando uma área de fragilidade, onde forças biomecânicas podem resultar na separação de fragmentos cartilaginosos ou osteocondrais. Sua incidência esta relacionada com animais jovens, de crescimento rápido, em articulações predispostas como tibiotársica, metacarpo/metatarsofalangeana e femurotibiopatelar. Normalmente a lesão se desenvolve no primeiro ano de vida, mas os sinais clínicos podem aparecer mais tardiamente ou inclusive passarem despercebidos. Dentro dos sinais clínicos o mais comum é a efusão articular, que pode vir ou não associada à claudicação. O diagnóstico é confirmado através de exame radiográfico, com alterações em locais predispostos para formação de OCD, como crista intermédia da tíbia, cristal troclear lateral do talus, bordo dorsoproximal da primeira falange, bordo plantaromedial da primeira falange e crista troclear lateral do fêmur. Como essas lesões podem acometer mais de um membro locomotor, a articulação contralateral deve ser radiografada ou até mesmo os quatro membros quando se tratar de metacarpo/ metatarsofalangeana. Apesar de existirem diversas formas de tratamento, a maioria dos autores recomenda a retirada cirúrgica via artroscópica, já que esta possui um maior índice de sucesso com melhores resultados funcional e estético. Existem trabalhos divergentes com relação ao prognóstico e momento em que se deve submeter esses animais a cirurgia. Com o objetivo de responder essas dúvidas e apresentar os resultados obtidos com o tratamento cirúrgico a médio e longo prazo este trabalho foi realizado. Nesse estudo foram analisados 75 casos de animais acometidos por OCD, com um total de 106 articulações, tratados cirurgicamente, nos quais a cirurgia ocorreu há um tempo mínimo de 12 meses e máximo de 5 anos. As lesões acometeram principalmente (65%) animais até quatro anos, na fase anterior à doma ou no momento da doma (63%), sendo que a maioria não apresentava sinais clínicos (36%) ou apresentava claudicação associada à efusão articular (33%). A maioria das lesões se localizou na articulação tibiotársica (57%), e nessa articulação o local mais acometido foi a crista intermédia da tíbia (71%). Após o procedimento cirúrgico 72% dos animais não apresentaram sinais clínicos, sendo que a melhora foi mais significativa nos animais de 3 e 4 anos (100%) e pouco se obteve de melhora com relação a claudicação nos animais acima de 6 anos (27%). Osteochondrosis is a major developmental orthopedic disease affecting horses and is usually defined as a failure in the endochondral ossification process. Unfortunately its mechanisms are not defined but it is believed to be a multifactorial etiology related to a genetic predisposition, nutritional imbalance or excess, endocrine factors and biomechanical forces acting on the joints. Osteochondritis dissecans, one of the presentations of osteochondrosis, occours when after stopping the process of ossification, there is a breakdown of the chondrocytes columns and necrosis of the basal layer, creating an area of weakness, where biomechanical forces when applied can result in the separation of cartilage or osteochondral fragments. Its incidence is related to foals with rapid growth, in predisposed joints as tarsocrural, metacarpal/ metatarsalphalangeal and femorotibiopatellar. Usually the lesion develops in the first year of life, but clinical signs may appear later or even go unnoticed. Within the clinical signs, joint effusion is the most common, which may come or not associated with lameness. The diagnosis is confirmed by radiographic examination including changes in prone locations to OCD formation, as intermediate ridge of the tibia, lateral ridge trochlear of the talus, dorsal proximal edge of the first phalanx, plantar medial edge of the first phalanx and the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur. Because these lesions may involve more than one limb, the contralateral joint should be radiographed or even four limbs in the metacarpal/ metatarsalphalangeal. Although there are various forms of treatment most authors recommend surgical excision arthroscopically as this has a higher success rate with best functional and cosmetic results. There are conflicting studies concerning prognosis and best time to refer the animal for surgery. To answer these questions and present the results obtained with surgical treatment in the medium and long term this work was done. In this study we analyzed 75 cases of horses suffering from OCD, with a total of 106 joints treated surgically, which where the treated took place over a minimum of 12 months and a maximum of five years. OCD affected mainly animals up to 4 years (65%) in the period prior to tame or time-taming (63%), and the majority had no clinical signs (36%) or had lameness associated with joint effusion (33%). Most lesions were located in the tarsocrural joint (57%), in the intermediate ridge of the tibia (71%). After surgery 72% of horses showed no clinical signs, and the improvement was more significant in animals 3 and 4 years (100%) and little improvement of lameness in the animals over six years (27%).

A osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) é uma doença que surge nos equinos durante a fase de desenvolvimento sendo caracterizada pela presença de fragmento osteocondral intra-articular. Pouco se sabe sobre a condição da articulação doente em animais mais velhos, principalmente nos casos assintomáticos, que são operados muitas vezes com a finalidade de comercialização posterior ou para impedir a progressão da doença. A finalidade deste estudo, portanto, foi analisar as articulações tíbio-társicas de equinos com idade superior a um ano apresentando OCD na crista intermédia da tíbia, e comparar animais saudáveis (grupo controle) com animais acometidos de OCD nas formas sintomática e assintomática, empregando análise física; contagem de células totais, dosagem de proteína total, análise de glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) e da proteína oligomérica da matriz cartilagínea (COMP) no líquido sinovial; análise dos GAGs urinários e análise histológica da membrana sinovial e fragmento osteocondral. Os eqüinos utilizados foram divididos em três grupos. No Grupo I foram utilizados eqüinos clinicamente sadios, livres de doença na articulação tíbiotársica. Os Grupos II e III foram constituídos por animais portadores de OCD nas formas sintomática e assintomática respectivamente, atendidos e operados no Serviço de Cirurgia de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário FMVZ-USP. A presença de sinais clínicos esteve mais relacionada com a presença de múltiplos fragmentos do que com a de fragmento osteocondral único, independente de seu tamanho. O sinal clínico mais observado nos animais do Grupo III foi a efusão articular. As principais alterações encontradas no líquido sinovial foram: o aumento na concentração de condroitim sulfato (CS) no Grupo II (P

Ileocolonic aganglionosis (ICA) is the congenital and hereditary absence of neurons that constitute the enteric nervous system and has been described in various species including humans - Hirschsprung's disease - and horses - overo lethal white syndrome (OLWS). Hirschsprung's disease affects circa 1 in 5,000 live births. At best, this disease means an inability to absorb nutrients from food (humans). At worse, in horses, it always means death. Despite our general understanding of the functional mechanisms underlying ICA, there is a paucity of reliable quantitative information about the structure of myenteric and submucosal neurons in healthy horses and there are no studies on horses with ICA. In light of these uncertainties, we have used design-based stereology to describe the 3-D structure - total number and true size - of myenteric and submucosal neurons in the ileum of ICA horses. Our study has shown that ICA affects all submucosal neurons and 99% of myenteric neurons. The remaining myenteric neurons (0.56%) atrophy immensely, i.e. 63.8%. We believe this study forms the basis for further research, assessing which subpopulation of myenteric neurons are affected by ileocolonic aganglionosis, and we would like to propose a new nomenclature to distinguish between a complete absence of neurons - aganglionosis - and a weaker form of the disease which we suggest naming ‘hypoganglionosis'. Our results are a step forward in understanding this disease structurally.

PURPOSE: To assess comparatively the inflammatory response that follows CO2 or Ringer's lactate joint capsular distension of horses submitted to experimental arthroscopy METHODS: Each animal was submitted to a bilateral tarsocrural arthroscopy employing gas distention in one joint and fluid distention in the contralateral joint. Synovial fluid was evaluated at 0, six, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-operative. RESULTS: The use of CO2 for arthroscopy causes an acute and mild synovitis alike to the liquid capsular distension, showing similar synovial fluid increase of leukocytes, TP, and TNF-α. Although synovial fluid PGE2 content was higher in joints submitted to CO2 distension, lower levels of hemoglobin and leukocytes oxidative burst after surgery indicates that CO2 arthroscopy decreased intra-articular bleeding and activation of infiltrating leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CO2 for arthroscopic examination causes acute and mild synovitis that is similar to the effects caused by the liquid capsular distension. CO2 also seems to decrease intra-articular bleeding and activation of leukocytes.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar protocolo de reabilitação para o período pós-operatório inicial de artroscopias visando diminuir a inflamação no local operado e aumentar a mobilidade articular. Foram utilizados 12 equinos (total de 20 articulações) encaminhados para artroscopia com diagnóstico de osteocondrite dissecante. Dessas, dez articulações receberam protocolo de reabilitação nos primeiros cinco dias do período pós-operatório. O protocolo consistiu em crioterapia, movimentação passiva da articulação e exercício controlado de baixa intensidade, além de uso sistêmico de anti-inflamatório. O outro grupo, também composto por dez articulações, recebeu apenas a terapia utilizada rotineiramente no HOVET-USP, consistido de repouso em baia e antiinflamatório. As articulações foram avaliadas quanto à circunferência em centímetros, ângulo de flexão, termografia, grau de claudicação. Amostras de líquido sinovial foram coletadas imediatamente antes do procedimento cirúrgico (D1), após 48h (D3) e após 96h (D5) para análise física, qualidade do coágulo de mucina, e quantificação de biomarcadores (IL-1, IL-6 e IL-10, PGE2 e SAA). As análises de exame de claudicação, circunferência articular, ângulo de flexão articular e termografia não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos, nem entre os diferentes dias do mesmo grupo. Na análise do líquido sinovial, a cor e o aspecto apresentaram piora do D1 para o D3, de amarelo claro para avermelhado e de límpido para turvo, respectivamente, nos dois grupos. No entanto, no grupo tratado houve melhora do D3 para o D5, tanto para cor (de avermelhado para maioria xantocrômica e amarela) como aspecto (de maioria turva para ligeiramente turva). No grupo controle os líquidos permaneceram sem alteração em cor e aspecto de D3 para D5, e nas comparações entre os grupos não houve diferença para D1, D3 e D5. A viscosidade do líquido sinovial no grupo controle diminuiu significativamente quando comparados D1, D3 e D5. Já no grupo tratado a diminuição da viscosidade só foi observada quando comparados D1 e D5. O coágulo de mucina apresentou piora de D1 para D3 no grupo controle, com elevação não significativa de D3 para D5, enquanto que para o grupo tratado não houve diferença significativa de D1 para D3 e de D3 para D5, quando comparados o D5 dos dois grupos, o tratado obteve melhor qualidade. As concentrações de interleucina nas amostras não forneceram dados suficientes para análise. Na análise das concentrações de PGE2 não houve diferença entre os grupos nos diferentes momentos, ocorrendo elevação de D3 para D5 em ambos os grupos, porém, no grupo tratado não há diferença entre D1 e D5. Já para SAA os grupos apresentaram comportamento similar de resposta, com elevação de D1 para D3 e queda de D3 para D5, porém menos acentuado no grupo tratado, o que levou a diferença entre os grupos em D3. Pode-se concluir, que o protocolo de reabilitação, apesar de não gerar diferença significativa para as avaliações de exame físico dos animais, proporcionou melhor qualidade de líquido sinovial quanto a cor, aspecto, viscosidade e precipitado de mucina, além de evidenciar menores elevações nas concentrações de marcadores inflamatórios no liquido sinovial durante o período estudado. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a rehabilitation protocol for the initial postoperative period of metatarsophalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and tarsocrural´s arthroscopies, which seeks to, minimize local inflammation, diminish swelling, promote better joint range of motion and pain relief during such period. Twelve horses participated in this study - amounting to 20 joints - with dissecans ostheochondritis diagnosis. The first group was formed by ten joints, which were treated under rehabilitation protocol for the first 5 days as from the surgery (Treated group). The rehabilitation protocol consisted of cryotherapy, passive range of motion, low intensity exercise and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The second group also formed of ten joints received the standard HOVET-USP therapy, which consists of rest and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Both groups were treated with the same non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The joints were measured for circumference, maximal flexion angle, thermography, and lameness score on the day before the surgery (D0) and during the first four days after the surgery. Synovial fluid samples were collected immediately before surgery (D1), within 48 hours (D3), and within 96 hours from the surgery (D5). The analysis evaluated gross appearance (color and aspect), viscosity and mucin clot quality, as well as biomarkers (Il-1, Il-6, Il- 10, PGE2, and SAA) quantification. Lameness examination, joint circumference, flexion angle and thermography evaluation were not significantly different between groups. In synovial fluid analyses de color and aspect have worsen from D1 (clear light yellow) to D3 (turbid hemorrhagic) in both groups. On treated group color and aspect improved from D3 (turbid hemorrhagic) to D5 (xanthochromic and yellow slightly turbid). On treated group there was no difference between D3 and D5. When the groups were compared, none significant differences was seen. The fluid viscosity of control group had significant decrease from D1, to D3 and from D1 and D5. In treated group this viscosity decrease was only seen between D1 and D5. The mucin clot formation worsened when D1 e D3 of control group was compared and remains similar from D3 to D5. In treatment group there were no differences when compared D1 with D3 and D3 with D5. The comparison between groups of D5 has shown treated group improved clot. The interleukin couldn´t be measured on sufficient number of samples for the statistics method. There were no differences between groups on all moments. The PGE2 response was similar in both group with a rise on concentration from D3 to D5. In treated group D1 was similar to D5. This results suggests more evident inflammatory response in the control group. For the SAA the groups have shown similar responses, with an increase from D1 to D3 and decrease from D3 to D5. The response on treated group was less intense and demonstrates lower values in D3 when compared with D3 control group. It was concluded with this study that rehabilitation protocol improved synovial fluid analyses for, color, aspect, viscosity and mucin clot. It even had promoted lower concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers for the treated group during the period.

The occlusion of inguinal ring is the treatment to avoid the inguinal hernia in horses. The aim of this study is evaluate the efficacy of homologous pericardium grafts for internal inguinal ring closure in horses, comparing mechanical or manual laparoscopic suture. Cross over study, using six healthy intact male Mangalarga breed horses aged between 3 and 12 years. Horses were operated under general anesthesia in 25º Trendelenburg position. Five laparoscopic portals were employed. Pericardium grafts measuring 4x5cm were anchored covering the left and right internal inguinal rings using either manual intracorporeal suture or laparoscopic stapler. Horses were followed-up during 11 weeks when were submitted to a laparoscopic control. Surgical time, trans and postoperative complications and effectiveness of internal inguinal closure were evaluated and statistically analyzed. The level of significance was set at 5% P

The most frequently causes of gastric ulcers in horses are fasting, feeding type and management, as well as administration of certain medications. More recently, exercise has also been identified as an important factor in the development of gastric lesions in athlete horses. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether treadmill exercise predisposes the horses to the occurrence of gastric ulcers. Five Arabian horses underwent a twelve-week training period on a treadmill and a gastroscopic evaluation before and after the training period. All animals showed gastric lesions after the training period. Based on these results, it is concluded that Arabian horses undergoing exercise on a treadmill may develop gastric lesions varying in number and severity. RESUMO: As causas mais frequentes de úlceras gástricas em cavalos são jejum, tipo de alimentação e manejo, bem como a administração de alguns medicamentos. Mais recentemente, o exercício também foi identificado como um fator importante no desenvolvimento das lesões gástricas em cavalos atletas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se o exercício em esteira rolante predispõe os cavalos à ocorrência de úlceras gástricas. Cinco cavalos árabes foram submetidos a um período de doze semanas de treinamento em esteira rolante e a avaliação gastroscópica antes e após o período de treinamento. Todos os animais apresentaram lesões gástricas após o treinamento. Com base nesses resultados, conclui-se que cavalos árabes submetidos a exercício em esteira rolante podem desenvolver lesões gástricas em número e gravidade variados.

Background Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in equines, has been reported for different tissues including bone marrow, adipose, umbilical cord, peripheral blood, and yolk sac. In regard to the MSCs derived from synovial fluid (SF) or membrane (SM), there is data available for humans, dogs, pigs, goats and horses. Especially in equines, these cells have being considered promising candidates for articular regeneration. Herein, we established and characterized MSCs obtained from equine SF and SM. Samples were obtained during arthroscopy and cultured using MEM (Minimum Essential Medium). MSCs were characterized by morphology and expression of specific markers for stem cells, pluripotency, inflammation, and cell cycle. Results The medium MEM was more effective (97 % ± 2) to maintain both cultures. The cultures were composed by adherent cells with fibroblast-like shape, which had a growth pattern represented by a sigmoidal curve. After the expansion, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for stem cells, inflammatory, and cell cycle markers, and both lineages showed significant expression of CD45, Oct3/4, Nanog, CD105, CD90, CD34, CD117, CD133, TRA-1-81, VEGF, and LY6a. In contrast, there were differences in the cell cycle phases between the lineages, which was not observed in relation to the mitochondrial electrical potential. Conclusion Given the large impact that joint pathology has on the athletic performance horses, our results suggested that the SF and SM are promising sources of stem cells with satisfactory characteristics of growth and gene expression that can be used in equine regenerative medicine.

The objective of this study was to evaluate duodenocecostomy in horses performed through a ventral midline laparotomy and report its influence on body weight, glucose absorption, serum components, and characteristics of jejunum, cecum, and large colon histology. Four horses were submitted to the duodenocecostomy technique through a ventral midline laparotomy with animals in dorsal recumbency under inhalation anesthesia, followed by abdominal exploration. A side-to-side anastomosis was performed between the duodenojejunal flexure and the base of the cecum with two simple continuous suture lines of the serosal and muscular layers. The size of the opening created was approximately 2 cm in diameter. The mucosa layer was not sutured. After 30 days, animals were submitted to a second laparotomy to check the patency of the duodenocaecal fistula. During both laparotomy procedures, excisional biopsies of different segments of the gastrointestinal tract were performed. Information on physical examination findings, results of hematologic and histopathologic evaluations, and oral glucose absorption test were recorded. The horses did not have significant weight loss from baseline, and absorption curve of glucose did not significantly vary from baseline. Only triglycerides had significant alterations. Histologic evaluation of jejunum, cecum, and large colon did not show alterations of intestinal structure and morphology. We concluded that the proposed technique, principally in relation to the fistula size and not suturing the mucosa layer, allowed partial or total occlusion of the fistulae without the necessity of a second surgery and avoided the permanent bypass of ingesta and weight loss.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar se diferentes tipos de manejo físico e alimentar determinaram mudanças adaptativas na morfometria da região de transição esôfago-gástrica (TEG) em eqüinos. Foram utilizados 15 conjuntos de animais adultos com raça, sexo e idade não identificados, divididos em três grupos de acordo com a dieta e a atividade física: grupo I - composto por cinco conjuntos da TEG de eqüinos em treinamento intensivo e alimentados principalmente à base de concentrado; grupo II - com cinco conjuntos da TEG de eqüinos que não desempenhavam atividade física intensa e eram alimentados principalmente à base de concentrado, e o grupo III - composto por cinco conjuntos da TEG de eqüinos mantidos a pasto e que não desempenhavam atividade física intensa. A região de transição esôfago-gástrica teve a estrutura do seu epitélio avaliada morfometricamente, onde foram feitas mensurações para identificar a espessura do epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado. A espessura do grupo I teve como média 122,3µm, do grupo II foi de 173,4µm e do grupo III foi de 281,7µm. Os resultados encontrados para a espessura do epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado dos eqüinos mostraram a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas dos eqüinos do grupo I, quando comparados aos eqüinos do grupo III. The objective of this research was to identify if different kind of physical and alimentary management determine adaptative changes in morphometry of the esophagus-gastric transition epithelium. 15 sets comprehending the esophagus-gastric transition region (TEG) was used in adult horses considering undefined breed, gender and age divided in three groups according to diet and physical activity: group I - Five sets (TEG) of horses in intensive training fed with commercial ration; group II - Five sets (TEG) of horses which did not develop any intensive physical activity and fed by commercial ration; group III - Five sets (TEG) of horses kept in the grass without any extra feeding which did not develop any intensive physical activity. The esophagus-gastric transition region had its epithelium structure evaluated morphometrically where measurements were done to identify the thickness of the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. The thickness of the grup I had as average 122.3µm, grup II 173.4µm of grup III 281.7µm. Results of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium thickness have shown the existence of statistically significant differences of group I when compared to group III.

In this study, a dorsocaudal portion resection of the left caudal lung lobe was performed using an endoscopic stapler by thoracoscopic procedure. Ten healthy horses, eight males and two females were evaluated by clinical examination and submitted to the surgical procedure. The animals were sedated and maintained in standing position. The procedure was done in the left hemitorax using three access previously studied: the first portal was done at the 12th intercostal space (IS); the second one at the 14th, 15th, or 16th IS; and the third one at the 14th or 15th IS, in accordance with the necessity of positioning the instruments. The employed surgical technique seemed to be adequate in all animals, since it helped controlling the existing pneumothorax; furthermore, clinical recovery during the postoperative period was satisfactory, except for one animal. These results suggest that thoracoscopic may successfully be employed for partial lung resection in horses, using endoscopic staplers, and its practical use may contribute to the knowledge and resolution of thoracic diseases.

Um eqüino de nove anos de idade apresentou ausência de ar expirado e secreção serossanguinolenta na narina direita, associado a ruído respiratório. Os exames endoscópico e radiológico mostraram uma formação de aproximadamente seis centímetros de diâmetro recoberta por mucosa amarelada, que obstruía a cavidade nasal direita e insinuava-se para a cavidade nasal esquerda. Tal massa foi ressecada por meio de sinusotomia frontal direita. O exame histológico e a cultura revelaram lesão granulomatosa causada por fungos. O tratamento pós-operatório compreendeu associação de antibiótico e antiinflamatório, assim como de lavagens com água destilada e chá de camomila.

A desmotomia patelar medial (DPM) é comumente realizada para o tratamento da fixação dorsal da patela (FDP). É de fácil execução e na maioria dos casos seus resultados são imediatos. Porém, alterações articulares após a DPM têm sido freqüentemente descritas na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever as possíveis alterações no líquido sinovial da articulação femuropatelar após desmotomia patelar medial experimental, em eqüinos mantidos em repouso por 120 dias. Foram utilizados oito eqüinos hígidos, adultos, que não apresentaram histórico de lesões no joelho, e que não demonstraram claudicação após exame físico ou teste de flexão dos membros pélvicos. A desmotomia patelar medial foi realizada no membro pélvico direito de cada cavalo. O líquido sinovial foi obtido através de artrocentese durante o período pré-operatório e seqüencialmente no período pós-operatório (po) nos dias 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120, sendo avaliado quanto à coloração, viscosidade, proteína total, e contagem total de células nucleadas e contagem diferencial dos leucócitos. A única alteração significativa no líquido sinovial de cavalos submetidos a desmotomia patelar medial e mantidos em repouso por 120 dias foi a alteração da viscosidade no 30° dia po. Medial patellar desmotomy (MPD) is a common treatment for upward fixation of the patella (UFP). It is easy to perform, and in most cases results are immediate. However, joint changes after MPD have been described. The purpose of this study is to use synovial fluid evaluate the effects of MPD in horses subjected to restricted exercis in the first 120 days postoperatively. Eight sounds adult horses, weighing from 350 to 480kg, were used in the study. The selected animals had no history of lesions in the femuropatellar joint and did not demonstrate lameness on physical examination or after hind limb flexion tests. Right medial patellar desmotomy was performed on each horse. The synovial fluid was obtained by arthrocentesis during the selection phase and after surgery on days 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120. Synovial fluid color, viscosity, total protein, and nucleated cell count and diferential leukocyte count was analysed. The poor viscosity on day 30 was the highest significative change from synovial fluid on the horses subject to medial patelar desmotomy and maintened in rest for 120 days.

Foram utilizados 10 eqüinos clinicamente sadios, machos, adultos, de diferentes raças, pesando entre 350 e 450 Kg, escolhidos aleatoriamente e divididos em dois grupos: em cinco animais foi realizada biópsia renal guiada por laparoscopia com agulha descartável do tipo tru-cut, e nos outros cinco através de pinça de biópsia laparoscópica de 5mm. Os procedimentos foram efetuados com os animais em posição quadrupedal, mediante sedação e analgesia, e bloqueio anestésico local em 2 pontos no flanco esquerdo, sendo um para introdução do trocarte e óptica, e outro para introdução da agulha ou pinça. Parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais foram avaliados dois dias antes do procedimento e acompanhados nas três semanas subseqüentes, permitindo determinar as alterações decorrentes. As técnicas foram comparadas quanto à segurança, qualidade, tempo de execução e significância da amostra colhida. Durante o acompanhamento pós-operatório dos animais, não houve variação clínica e laboratorial significativa em ambos os grupos, porém, a análise histológica dos fragmentos demonstrou uma maior porcentagem de biópsias adequadas no grupo em que foi utilizada pinça laparoscópica. Ten healthy adult male horses, of different breeds, weighing between 350 and 450kg were randomly chosen and divided into two groups of five animais each: in one group, laparoscopic guided renal biopsy was pertormed using tru-cut needles and in the other group using 5mm forceps. Procedures were carried out with animais in quadrupedal position, under sedation and analgesia and local anesthetic nerve block was made in two points on the left flank: one for the introduction of the trocar and optical system and one for the introduction of the needle or forceps. Laboratory and clinical parameters were evaluated two days prior to the proceeding and followed up in the subsequent three weeks in order to verify the resulting alterations. The techniques were compared as regards safety, quality, time for execution and significance of the sample obtained. During the post-surgery follow-up period, no significant clinical and laboratory alterations were observed in either group, although the histological analysis of the fragments a higher percentage of adequate biopsies in the group where Laparoscopic forceps were used.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of chitosan-glycerol phosphate (chitosan- GP) gel with the articular environment following implantation into experimental osteochondral defects in horses. The animals were submitted to experimental arthroscopy of both tibiotarsal joints for creation of osteochondral defects on the medial aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge. One hindlimb was randomly selected for treatment with chitosan-GP gel, while the contralateral hindlimb served as untreated control. Horses were followed at different time points over 24 months, by clinical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, and synovial fluid analysis. Enlargement of all operated joints occurred in both hindlimbs during the first 30 days. No radiographic signs of osteoarthritis appeared, in treated or untreated joints. Ultrasonography revealed similar defect filling tissue, and synovial fluid with similar characteristics in either treated or untreated control joints, with osteochondral defect areas progressively decreasing. Synovial fluid analysis have shown no differences in the total protein, prostaglandin E2, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid concentrations, and white blood cell count, when comparing treated to untreated control joints. In conclusion, Chitosan-GP is biocompatible with the equine articular environment, and did not cause relevant clinical effects, inflammatory response or toxic effects in the horse joints.

RESUMO Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 26 cavalos portadores de obstrucao aerea recorrente (OAR), examinados no Hospital Veterinario da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, entre dezembro de 1997 e novembro de 2004. Durante esse periodo foram atendidos 3101 animais (equinos, asininos e muares), dos quais 182 apresentavam afeccoes respiratorias (5,9%) e os casos de OAR representaram 0,8% do total de equideos atendidos. A maioria dos cavalos acometidos pela OAR (96,1%) apresentava idade superior a cinco anos. Todos os animais eram mantidos estabulados e 76,9% deles apresentaram duracao da enfermidade superior a tres meses. A ocorrencia de OAR nao teve influencia sazonal. A queixa comum relatada em 100% dos cavalos acometidos pela OAR foi a presenca de tosse cronica. Dados referentes a dispneia, intolerância ao exercicio e corrimento nasal foram frequentes em 88,4%, 61,5% e 60,5% dos casos de OAR, respectivamente. Ruidos anormais na auscultacao toracica e taquipneia foram dados frequentemente detectados no exame fisico em 88,4% e 69,2% dos cavalos portadores dessa enfermidade, respectivamente. A porcentagem de 78,5 dos 14 casos de OAR examinados por endoscopia tinha excesso de secrecoes respiratorias na traqueia e a diferenca maxima da pressao intrapleural estava aumentada em 71,4% desses animais. A citologia do lavado traqueobronquico foi o exame complementar com maior sensibilidade no auxilio diagnostico dessa afeccao, pois 85,7% dos 21 casos de OAR examinados apresentaram elevacao no numero de neutrofilos; portanto, foi um importante indicador clinico de inflamacao pulmonar. Palavras-chave: Obstrucao aerea recorrente, doenca pulmonar obstrutiva cronica, equino. RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF RECURRENT AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (RAO) IN HORSES: 26 CASES (1997-2004) ABSTRACT A retrospective study was done from 26 horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), which were clinically examined at Veterinary Hospital of Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, from December of 1997 to November of 2004. During this period, it was attended 3101 animals (horses, donkeys, mules and burros); in which 182 of them showed respiratory disorders (5.9%) and the occurrences of equine RAO were 0.8% of total equid cases. The majority of RAO horses (96.1%) were older than five years. All horses were exposed to indoors, which 76.9% of cases had the duration of disease longer than three months. The occurrence of RAO in horses did not have any season influence. Chronic coughing was the most common historical complaint in horses with RAO, which was reported in 100% of them. Dyspnea, exercise intolerance and nasal discharge were also found as indicators of RAO cases in 88.4%, 61.5% and 60.5% of the horses, respectively. Abnormal lung sounds and increased respiratory rates were the frequently detected findings on physical examination in 88.4% and 69.2% RAO horses, respectively. A percentage of 78.5 of 14 horses examined by endoscopy with RAO had excess volumes of respiratory secretions in their trachea and the maximal intrapleural pressure changes were raised in 71.4% of these horses. Most of 21 RAO cases (85.7%) examined with tracheobronchial wash cytology had elevated neutrophils counts and it was the most sensitive clinical indicator of pulmonary inflammation. Key words: Recurrent airway obstruction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, equine. INVESTIGACION RETROSPECTIVA DE 26 CASOS CLINICOS DE OBSTRUCCION AEREA RECURRENTE (OAR) EN CABALLOS (1997-2004) R ESUMEN Una investigacion retrospectiva fue hecha a partir de 26 caballos con obstruccion aerea recurrente (OAR), que fueron examinados en el Hospital Veterinario de la Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, en el periodo de diciembre de 1997 y noviembre de 2004. Durante este periodo, fueron atendidos 3101 animales (equinos, asininos y muares), de los cuales 182 presentaban los desordenes respiratorios (5,9%) y las ocurrencias de OAR eran 0,8% del total de los equidos. La mayoria de los caballos con OAR (96,1%) presentaban edad superior a los cinco anos. Todos los animales fueron expuestos al establo, y 76,9% de los cuales habian tenido duracion de la enfermedad superior a los tres meses. La ocurrencia de OAR no tiene influencia de las estaciones del ano. La queja comun de 100% de los caballos que le padecen era la presencia de tos cronica. Los datos que se refieren a la respiracion dificultosa, a la intolerancia al ejercicio y a la descarga nasal fueron frecuentes en los 88,4%, 61,5% y 60,5% de los animales afectados, respectivamente. Los ruidos anormales en la auscultacion toracica y la frecuencia respiratoria aumentada fueron signos clinicos detectados en el examen fisico en los 88,4% y 69,2% de los caballos afectados, respectivamente. El porcentaje de 78,5 de los 14 casos de OAR examinados por endoscopia tenia exceso de secrecion en la traquea y la diferencia maxima de presion intrapleural estaba aumentada en 71,4% de estos caballos. La mayoria de los 21 casos de OAR (85,7%) examinados con citologia de los lavajes traqueales presentaba elevado numero de neutrofilos y fue el indicador clinico mas sensible de inflamacion pulmonar. Palabras-clave: Obstruccion aerea recurrente, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cronica, equino

A ulceracao gastrica pode causar uma serie de manifestacoes clinicas em equinos adultos, mas ainda faltam conhecimentossobre essa enfermidade no Brasil. Para avaliar sua importância clinica e alguns fatores associados a etiopatogenia, foramavaliados, atraves de gastroscopia, 20 equinos adultos com suspeita clinica da presenca de ulceras gastricas. Concluiu-seque: o numero total de animais atendidos com ulceracao gastrica foi maior no grupo dos estabulados do que no dos criadosa campo. As ulceracoes devem ser consideradas como causa de manifestacoes clinicas (principalmente colica recorrente),ocorrendo mais na regiao aglandular ao longo do margo plicatus. Quanto maior o numero, a extensao e a profundidade dasulceras, maior a probabilidade de estarem correlacionadas com manifestacoes clinicas.

Objective: The purpose of this study was lo investigate the occurrence of Habronema sp. in healthy horses and to confirm the effectiveness of gastroscopy as a diagnostic method. Material and Method: Gastroscopy examination was performed in 21 healthy horses of different breeds and aged between 3 and 20 years, referred from the Equine Clinic Service of the Faculdade de Medicina Velerinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of Sao Paulo), Sao Paulo, Sp, Brazil. Results: Habronema sp. was present in 28,6% of the horses, mostly close lo the mango plicatus. The presence of excessive amounts was documented in 50% of the affected animals. The parasites recovered were identified as Habronema muscae. Conclusions: Habronema sp. is common in Brazil. Endoscopically, gastric habronemosis is characterized by the presence of the parasites and an associated catarrhal gastritis, with excessive mucus production. Although infections with low parasitic load may go unidentified, gastroscopy examination is an efficient diagnostic method for gastric habronemosis in horses.

Objective: To analyze the different diagnostic techniques and treatment options for subchondral cystic lesions in horses. Data Sources: DEDALUS and PUBMED databases and the co/lection of/library of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of Sao Paulo), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazi/, leer searched, covering a retrospective period of 18 years. Data Synthesis: Subchondral cystic lesions (SCL) and Sleochondrilis dissents (OCD) are COn1lllOn manifestations of Sleochondrosis in horses. SCLs are most frequenlly seen in the medial femoral condyle, but they can occur at different sales, such as the metacarpus, metatarsus, radius, scapula, humerus, libia, femur, carpus, larsus, phalanges and sesamoids. Horses affected with SCLs are typically young, growing animals, mostly between 6 months and 2 years of age, presenting with lameness affine' the onset of training. According to clinical studies, SCLs can be diagnosed by radiographic examination, ultrasonographic examination, scinligraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical debridement through arthroscopy or arthrolomy, conservative treatment and intraregional corticosteroids are mentioned as treatment options. Conclusions: Despite the modern technologies available, such as magnetic resonance imaging and scinligraphy, that enable early diagnosis of these lesions, radiology still remains the most popular diagnostic technique employed, of/lowed by ultrasonography. Based on documented results of both, surgical and conservative treatments, horses presenting with clinical signs related lo a SCL are potential candidates for surgical debridement, preferably through arthroscopic surgery, once such patients will probably not regain allelic soundness unless they are operated on.

Este trabalho experimental objetivou a avaliação do uso da laparoscopia para biópsia hepática em eqüino e o estudo das possíveis alterações clínicas e laboratoriais decorrentes de tal procedimento. Foram utilizados 10 animais, os quais foram submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico em posição quadrupedal, por abordagem pelo flanco direito, no 17º espaço intercostal, após jejum alimentar e hídrico de 36 e 18 horas respectivamente. A avaliação pós-operatória constou de exame físico diário e colheita de amostras de sangue seriadas. O procedimento possibilitou inspeção dos órgãos e estruturas anatômicas localizados dorsalmente à direita da cavidade abdominal, favorecendo a escolha do local de biópsia hepática. Não foram observadas alterações no exame físico dos animais. Os exames hematológicos e de função hepática não apresentaram alterações significativas. Concluiu-se que o emprego da laparoscopia para realização de biópsia hepática em eqüino é simples, eficaz e seguro. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the use of laparoscopy in obtaining hepatic biopsy in horses and to determine a possible clinical and laboratorial changes related to the procedure. Ten animals were submitted to 36 hours of fastening and 18 hours of water deprivation and then operated in the standing position, through a right flank approach at the level of the 17th intercostal space. Post-operative evaluation consisted of daily physical examination and seriated blood sampling. The procedure allowed for wide visualization of the viscera and anatomical structures located on the right side of the abdominal cavity, favouring the choice of the spot for hepatic biopsy collection. No changes were noted in the physical state of the animals and alterations in hemogram and hepatic function tests were not statistically significant. It was concluded that laparoscopy is a simple, effective and safe technique for obtaining hepatic biopsy specimens in horses.

O tórax agudo é síndrome de ocorrência comum em eqüinos, sendo responsável por alta mortalidade. O aprimoramento de técnicas de diagnóstico e dos meios de tratamento, associados à atualização constante do veterinário sobre a etiopatogenia, diagnóstico e abordagem terapêutica das diversas formas de apresentação do tórax agudo, certamente levarão a maior índice de sobrevivência desses animais.