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High-density Electroencephalography (HD-EEG) has been proven to be the most accurate option to estimate the neural activity inside the brain. Multiple studies report the effect of electrode number on source localization for specific sources and specific electrode configurations. The electrodes for these configurations have been manually selected to uniformly cover the entire head, going from 32 to 128 electrodes, but electrodes were not selected according to their contribution to accuracy. In this work, an optimization-based study is proposed to determine the minimum number of electrodes and identify optimal combinations of electrodes that can retain the localization accuracy of HD-EEG reconstructions. This optimization approach incorporates scalp landmark positions of widely used EEG montages. In this way, a systematic search for the minimum electrode subset is performed for single and multiple source localization problems. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) combined with source reconstruction methods is used to formulate a multi-objective optimization problem that concurrently minimizes 1) the localization error for each source and 2) the number of required EEG electrodes. The method can be used for evaluating the source localization quality of low-density EEG systems (e.g. consumer-grade wearable EEG). We performed an evaluation over synthetic and real EEG dataset with known ground-truth. The experimental results show that optimal subsets with 6 electrodes can obtain an equal or better accuracy than HD-EEG (with more than 200 channels) for a single source case. This happened when reconstructing a particular brain activity in more than 88% of the cases (in synthetic signals) and 63% (in real signals), and in more than 88% and 73% of the cases when considering optimal combinations with 8 channels. For a multiple-source case of three sources (only with synthetic signals), it was found that optimized combinations of 8, 12 and 16 electrodes attained an equal or better accuracy than HD-EEG with 231 electrodes in at least 58%, 76%, and 82% of the cases respectively. Additionally, for such electrode numbers, a lower mean error and standard deviation than with 231 electrodes were obtained.HighlightsThe number of EEG electrodes and their locations can be optimized for reconstructing the brain source activity.Optimally selected EEG electrodes can retain the accuracy of high density montages (256, 128 chs) for brain source estimation, when electrodes are selected according to their contribution to accuracy.With optimization, selected combinations of EEG electrodes will flexibilize the estimation of the source activity.

We present a four-objective optimization method for optimal electroencephalographic (EEG) channel selection to provide access to subjects with permission in a system by detecting intruders and identifying the subject. Each instance was represented by four features computed from two sub-bands, extracted using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for each channel, and the feature vectors were used as input for one-class/multi-class support vector machines (SVMs). We tested the method on data from the event-related potentials (ERPs) of 26 subjects and 56 channels. The optimization process was performed by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA), which found a three-channel combination that achieved an accuracy of 0.83, with both a true acceptance rate (TAR) and a true rejection rate (TRR) of 1.00. In the best case, we obtained an accuracy of up to 0.98 for subject identification with a TAR of 0.95 and a TRR 0.93, all using seven EEG channels found by NSGA-III in a subset of subjects manually created. The findings were also validated using 10 different subdivisions of subjects randomly created, obtaining up to 0.97 ± 0.02 of accuracy, a TAR of 0.81 ± 0.12 and TRR of 0.85 ± 0.10 using eight channels found by NSGA-III. These results support further studies on larger datasets for potential applications of EEG in identification and authentication systems.

Due to the problems presented in current traditional/biometric security systems, the interest to use new security systems, have been increasing. This paper explores the use of brain signals EEG-based during imagined speech in order to use it as a new biometric measure for Subjects identification and thus create a new biometric security system. The main contribution of this paper are two methods for feature extraction, first to improve the signal-to-noise ratio the Common Average Reference was applied. The first method was based on Discrete Wavelet Transform, and the second method was based on statistical features directly from the raw signal. The proposed methods were tested in a dataset of 27 Subjects who performed 33 repetitions of 5 imagined words in Spanish. The results show the feasibility of the task with accurate identification of the Subject, regardless of the imagined word used and using a commercial EEG system (EMOTIV EPOC). In addition, the scope of the method is displayed by decreasing the training data, as well as the number of active sensors for the identification task. Using the proposed method with future improvements and implementing it in a low-cost device can be a new and valuable biometric security system.

We present a new approach for a biometric system based on electroencephalographic (EEG) signals of resting-state, that can identify a subject and reject intruders with a minimal subset of EEG channels. To select features, we first use the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) or empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to decompose the EEG signals into a set of sub-bands, for which we compute the instantaneous and Teager energy and the Higuchi and Petrosian fractal dimensions for each sub-band. The obtained features are used as input for the local outlier factor (LOF) algorithm to create a model for each subject, with the aim of learning from it and rejecting instances not related to the subject in the model. In search of a minimal subset of EEG channels, we used a channel-selection method based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA)-III, designed with the objectives of minimizing the required number EEG channels and increasing the true acceptance rate (TAR) and true rejection rate (TRR). This method was tested on EEG signals from 109 subjects of the public motor movement/imagery dataset (EEGMMIDB) using the resting-state with the eyes-open and the resting-state with the eyes-closed. We were able to obtain a TAR of $$1.000 \pm 0.000$$ 1.000 ± 0.000 and TRR of $$0.998 \pm 0.001$$ 0.998 ± 0.001 using 64 EEG channels. More importantly, with only three channels, we were able to obtain a TAR of up to $$0.993 \pm 0.01$$ 0.993 ± 0.01 and a TRR of up to $$0.941 \pm 0.002$$ 0.941 ± 0.002 for the Pareto-front, using NSGA-III and DWT-based features in the resting-state with the eyes-open. In the resting-state with the eyes-closed, the TAR was $$0.997 \pm 0.02$$ 0.997 ± 0.02 and the TRR $$0.950 \pm 0.05,$$ 0.950 ± 0.05 , also using DWT-based features from three channels. These results show that our approach makes it possible to create a model for each subject using EEG signals from a reduced number of channels and reject most instances of the other 108 subjects, who are intruders in the model of the subject under evaluation. Furthermore, the candidates obtained throughout the optimization process of NSGA-III showed that it is possible to obtain TARs and TRRs above 0.900 using LOF and DWT- or EMD-based features with only one to three EEG channels, opening the way to testing this approach on bigger datasets to develop a more realistic and usable EEG-based biometric system.

We present a multi-objective optimization method for electroencephalographic (EEG) channel selection based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) for epileptic-seizure classification. We tested the method on EEG data of 24 patients from the CHB-MIT public dataset. The procedure starts by decomposing the EEG data from each channel into different frequency bands using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) or the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and then for each sub-band four features are extracted; two energy values and two fractal dimension values. The obtained feature vectors are then iteratively tested for solving two unconstrained objectives by NSGA-II or NSGA-III; to maximize classification accuracy and to reduce the number of EEG channels required for epileptic seizure classification. Our results have shown accuracies of up to 1.00 with only one EEG channel. Interestingly, when using all the EEG channels available, lower accuracies were achieved compared to the case when EEG channels were selected by NSGA-II or NSGA-III; i.e., in patient 19 we obtained an accuracy of 0.95 using all the channels and 0.975 using only two channels selected by NSGA-III. The results obtained are encouraging and it has been shown that it is possible to classify epileptic seizures using a few electrodes, which provide evidence for the future development of portable EEG seizure detection devices. © 2020 Moctezuma and Molinas. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

A new concept of low-density electroencephalograms-based (EEG) Subject identification is proposed in this paper. To that aim, EEG recordings of resting-states were analyzed with 3 different classifiers (SVM, k-NN, and naive Bayes) using Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for feature extraction and their accuracies were estimated to compare their performances. To explore the feasibility of using fewer channels with minimum loss of accuracy, the methods were applied to a dataset of 27 Subjects (From 5 sessions of 30 instances per Subject) recorded using the EMOTIV EPOC device with 1 set of 14 channels and 4 subsets (8, 4, 2 and 1 channel) that were selected using a greedy algorithm. The experiments were reproduced using fewer instances each time to observe the evolution of the accuracy using both; fewer channels and fewer instances. The results of this experiments suggest that EMD compared with DWT is a more robust technique for feature extraction from brain signals to identify Subjects during resting-states, particularly when the amount of information is reduced: e.g., using Linear SVM and 30 instances per Subject, the accuracies obtained using 14 channels were 0.91 and 0.95, with 8 channels were 0.87 and 0.89 with EMD and DWT repectively but were reversed in favor of EMD when the number of channels was reduced to 4 channels (0.76 and 0.74), 2 (0.64 and 0.56) and 1 channel (0.46 and 0.31). The general observed trend is that, Linear SVM exhibits higher accuracy rates using high-density EEG (0.91 with 14 channels) while Gaussian naive Bayes exhibits better accuracies when using low-density EEG in comparison with the other classifiers (with EMD 0.88, 0.81, 0.76 and 0.61 respectively for 8, 4, 2 and 1 channel). The findings of these experiments reveal an important insight for continuing the exploration of low-density EEG for Subject identification.

Current problems related to high-level security access are increasing, leaving organizations and persons unsafe. A recent good candidate to create a robust identity authentication system is based on brain signals recorded with electroencephalograms (EEG). In this paper, EEG-based brain signals of 56 channels, from event-related potentials (ERPs), are used for Subject identification. The ERPs are from positive or negative feedback-related responses of a P300-speller system. The feature extraction part was done with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) extracting 2 intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) per channel, that were selected based on the Minkowski distance. After that, 4 features are computed per IMF; 2 energy features (instantaneous and teager energy) and 2 fractal features (Higuchi and Petrosian fractal dimension). Support vector machine (SVM) was used for the classification stage with an accuracy index computed using 10-folds cross-validation for evaluating the classifier's performance. Since high-density EEG information was available, the well-known backward-elimination and forward-addition greedy algorithms were used to reduce or increase the number of channels, step by step. Using the proposed method for subject identification from a positive or negative feedback-related response and then identify the subject will add a layer to improve the security system. The results obtained show that subject identification is feasible even using a low number of channels: E.g., 0.89 of accuracy using 5 channels with a mixed population and 0.93 with a male-only population. © 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

Resumen. El significado de las palabras puede encontrarse por el contexto en el cual estas ocurren. Los contextos de las palabras pueden ser reflejados y agrupados mediante una red SOM (SelfOrganizing Map). En los experimentos que se muestran en el presente trabajo, se aprecian los diferentes grupos de palabras, obtenidos al capturar informacion de contexto, empleando representaciones vectoriales de palabras, en tres obras de Shakespeare: Macbeth, Julio Cesar y Hamlet. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los SOM funcionan de manera adecuada para identificar los diferentes conceptos que los autores manejan en sus obras.

Resumen. En este articulo se presenta una comparativa entre estados de la Republica Mexicana de la frecuencia de palabras azules, rojas, obscenas y vulgares que escriben usuarios de la red social de microblogging Twitter. Se presentan graficas de los resultados obtenidos. El objetivo es mostrar en mapas del comportamiento de la frecuencia de palabras por cada estado y clasificados por el tipo de palabra analizada. Los experimentos fueron realizados sobre un corpus de tweets.

Resumen. Cuando un consumidor desea comprar un producto via comercio electronico, es comun que enfoque sus esfuerzos en localizar la tienda con el mejor precio y con las caracteŕisticas concretas de su interes. Desafortunadamente la mayoŕia de las tiendas emplean un catalogo propio de productos y atributos lo que impide elaborar reportes automaticos de productos de proveedores diversos. En este trabajo hacemos una revision de la forma en que se ha atendido el problema de la comparacion de precios, enseguida caracterizamos algunos sitios de comercio para conocer como buscan resolver la comparacion. Despues presentamos un modelo de organizacion de informacion basado en la Web Semantica para posibilitar el diseno de reportes de productos y atributos de diferentes proveedores y detallamos los diferentes roles que pueden asumir los componentes del modelo. La elaboracion de reportes precisos puede favorecer la mejor decision de compra de los clientes e incorporar de manera masiva a negocios diversos a la necesaria comparacion de ofertantes.