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Helicobacter pylori have coevolved with mankind since its origins, adapting to different human groups. In America, H. pylori has evolved into several subpopulations. We analysed the genome of 154 Colombian strains along with 1,091 strains from worldwide populations to discern the ancestry and adaption to Colombian people. Population structure and ancestry was inferred with FineStructure and ChromoPainter. Phylogenetic relationship and the relative effect of recombination were analysing the core SNPs. Also, a Fst index was calculated to identify the gene variants with the strongest fixation in the Colombian subpopulations compared to their parent population hspSWEurope. FineStructure allowed the identification of two Colombian subpopulations, the previously described hspSWEuropeColombia and a novel subpopulation named hspColombia, that included three subgroups following their geographic origin. Colombian subpopulations represent an admixture of European, African and Indigenous ancestry; although some genomes showed a high proportion of self identity, suggesting an advanced adaption to these mestizo Colombian groups. We found that recombination is more important that punctual mutations in H. pylori genome diversity, 13.9 more important in hspSWEurope, 12.5 in hspSWEColombia and 10.5 in hspColombia, reflecting the divergence of these subpopulations. Fst analysis identified 82 SNPs fixed in 26 genes of the hspColombia subpopulation that encode for outer membrane and central metabolism proteins. Strongest fixation indexes were identified in genes encoding HofC, HopE, FrpB-4 and Sialidase A. These findings demonstrate that H. pylori has evolved in Colombia to give rise to subpopulations with a self identity ancestry, reflected in allele changes on genes encoding for outer membrane proteins.

Helicobacter pylori have coevolved with mankind since its origins, adapting to different human groups. In America, H. pylori has evolved into several subpopulations. We analysed the genome of 154 Colombian strains along with 1,091 strains from worldwide populations to discern the ancestry and adaption to Colombian people. Population structure and ancestry was inferred with FineStructure and ChromoPainter. Phylogenetic relationship and the relative effect of recombination were analysing the core SNPs. Also, a Fst index was calculated to identify the gene variants with the strongest fixation in the Colombian subpopulations compared to their parent population hspSWEurope. FineStructure allowed the identification of two Colombian subpopulations, the previously described hspSWEuropeColombia and a novel subpopulation named hspColombia, that included three subgroups following their geographic origin. Colombian subpopulations represent an admixture of European, African and Indigenous ancestry; although some genomes showed a high proportion of self identity, suggesting an advanced adaption to these mestizo Colombian groups. We found that recombination is more important that punctual mutations in H. pylori genome diversity, 13.9 more important in hspSWEurope, 12.5 in hspSWEColombia and 10.5 in hspColombia, reflecting the divergence of these subpopulations. Fst analysis identified 82 SNPs fixed in 26 genes of the hspColombia subpopulation that encode for outer membrane and central metabolism proteins. Strongest fixation indexes were identified in genes encoding HofC, HopE, FrpB-4 and Sialidase A. These findings demonstrate that H. pylori has evolved in Colombia to give rise to subpopulations with a self identity ancestry, reflected in allele changes on genes encoding for outer membrane proteins.

Abstract Estimating the probability of occurrence of extreme hydrologic events is a fundamental input in the design of hydraulic infrastructure. The classical approach to this problem has been to fit parametric probability functions to annual maxima streamflow data and use them to calculate the risk of failure. An underlying assumption of this approach is the stationarity of the time series. However, the stationarity of streamflows may not hold due to the effect of land cover change and climate change on rainfall runoff processes on watersheds. This study assesses the effect of considering non-stationarity in the estimation of design peak flows at 33 gauging stations in the state of Antioquia, Colombia. Particularly, the effect of non-stationarity in the mean of Gumbel-distributed peak flows is evaluated. This study focuses on the 5-yr and 10-yr return period annual flood flows, which are customary in the design of type sewerage systems. The results show similar behaviours for both return periods. All gauge stations show an asymptotically tendency in the risk of failure to 100% as the project lifetime tends to 30 years. In general, 71.4% of gauging stations show that the estimated risk of failure is larger when non-stationary conditions are assumed, relative to assuming stationary conditions, and that the magnitude of the difference increases for larger return periods. The rest of gauging stations shows the opposite behaviour. Our results support the use of a probability model that includes non-stationary in the mean, and they suggest that a model that also includes non-stationary in the variance could be important.

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the U.S. and the leading cause of cancer death among Hispanics/Latinas (H/L). H/L are less likely than Non-H/L White (NHW) women to be diagnosed in the early stages of this disease. Approximately 5-10% of breast cancer can be attributed to inherited genetic mutations in high penetrance genes such as BRCA1/2. Women with pathogenic variants in these genes have a 40-80% lifetime risk of breast cancer. Past studies have shown that genetic counseling can help women and their families make informed decisions about genetic testing and early cancer detection or risk-reduction strategies. However, H/L are 3.9-4.8 times less likely to undergo genetic testing than NHW women. We developed a program to outreach and educate the H/L community about hereditary breast cancer, targeting monolingual Spanish-speaking individuals in California. Through this program, we have assessed cancer screening behavior and identified women who might benefit from genetic counseling in a population that is usually excluded from cancer research and care.Materials and MethodsThe “Tu Historia Cuenta” program is a promotores-based virtual outreach and education program including the cities of San Francisco, Sacramento, and Los Angeles. Participants responded to three surveys: a demographic survey, a breast cancer family history survey, and a feedback survey. Survey responses were described for participants and compared by area where the program took place using chi-square, Fisher exact tests, and t tests. Multinomial logistic regression models were used for multivariate analyses.Results and ConclusionWe enrolled 1042 women, 892 completed the cancer family history survey and 62 (7%) provided responses compatible with referral to genetic counseling. We identified 272 women (42.8% ages 40 to 74 years) who were due for mammograms, 250 women (24.7% ages 25 to 65 years) due for Papanicolaou test, and 189 women (71.6% ages 50+) due for colorectal cancer screening. These results highlight the need of additional support for programs that spread awareness about cancer risk and facilitate access to resources, specifically within the H/L community.

BackgroundCancer is the leading cause of death among Latinos, the largest minority population in the United States (US). To address cancer challenges experienced by Latinos, we conducted a catchment area population assessment (CAPA) using validated questions from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) population health assessment supplement at our NCI-designated cancer center in California.MethodsA mixed-methods CAPA was administered by bilingual-bicultural staff, with a focus on understanding the differences between foreign-born and US-born Latinos.Results255 Latinos responded to the survey conducted between August 2019 and May 2020. Most respondents were foreign-born (63.9%), female (78.2%), and monolingual Spanish speakers (63.2%). Results showed that compared to US-born Latinos, foreign-born individuals were older, had lower educational attainment, were most likely to be monolingual Spanish speakers, were low-income, and were more likely to be uninsured. Foreign-born Latinos had lower levels of alcohol consumption and higher consumption of fruits and vegetables. The rate of preventive cancer screenings for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer did not differ by birthplace, although a low fraction (35.3%) of foreign-born Latinas who were up-to-date compared to US-born Latinas (83.3%) with colorectal cancer screening was observed. Time since the last routine check-up for all preventable cancers (cervical p=0.0002, breast p=0.0039, and colorectal p=0.0196) is significantly associated with being up to date with cancer screening. Individuals who had a check-up of two or more years ago are 84% less likely to be up to date with pap smears than those who had a check-up within the year (p=0.0060). Individuals without health insurance are 94% less likely to be up to date with mammograms and colonoscopy/FIT tests (p=0.0016 and p=0.0133, respectively) than those who are insured. There is no significant association between screening and nativity.ConclusionsConsiderable differences in socio-economic and environmental determinants of health and colorectal cancer screening rates were observed between US-born and foreign-born Latinos. The present study represents the foundation for future targeted intervention among immigrant populations at our cancer center’s catchment area.

Abstract Background The BRCA1 c.3331_3334delCAAG founder mutation has been reported in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families from multiple Hispanic groups. We aimed to evaluate BRCA1 c.3331_3334delCAAG haplotype diversity in cases of European, African, and Latin American ancestry. Methods BC mutation carrier cases from Colombia (n = 32), Spain (n = 13), Portugal (n = 2), Chile (n = 10), Africa (n = 1), and Brazil (n = 2) were genotyped with the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays to evaluate haplotype diversity around BRCA1 c.3331_3334delCAAG. Additional Portuguese (n = 13) and Brazilian (n = 18) BC mutation carriers were genotyped for 15 informative SNPs surrounding BRCA1. Data were phased using SHAPEIT2, and identical by descent regions were determined using BEAGLE and GERMLINE. DMLE+ was used to date the mutation in Colombia and Iberia. Results The haplotype reconstruction revealed a shared 264.4-kb region among carriers from all six countries. The estimated mutation age was ~ 100 generations in Iberia and that it was introduced to South America early during the European colonization period. Conclusions Our results suggest that this mutation originated in Iberia and later introduced to Colombia and South America at the time of Spanish colonization during the early 1500s. We also found that the Colombian mutation carriers had higher European ancestry, at the BRCA1 gene harboring chromosome 17, than controls, which further supported the European origin of the mutation. Understanding founder mutations in diverse populations has implications in implementing cost-effective, ancestry-informed screening.

La pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 se ha convertido en un problema global de salud provocando infecciones respiratorias severas en humanos. Los países han tenido que establecer estrategias para evitar el colapso de los sistemas sanitarios. Se ha descrito una transmisión de persona a persona facilitada por propagación de gotitas, manos o superficies contaminadas. El distanciamiento físico, los elementos de protección personal, el lavado de manos frecuente y la desinfección de superficies cumplen un rol fundamental en el control de la enfermedad. Algunos procedimientos y situaciones aerosolizan el SARS-CoV-2 por lo que se deben extremar las medidas de protección. Se trabaja arduamente para lograr una vacuna que otorgue inmunidad a la población, pero su desarrollo va a tomar algún tiempo. Las medidas preventivas deben incorporar una buena vigilancia epidemiológica que garantice el control adecuado de los casos y contactos, con el objeto de aislarlos del resto de la población, ya sea hospitalizados o en sus domicilios.

Se presenta la modelación hidrodinámica 2D de un tramo de una vía urbana considerando las características de topografía, distribución de sumideros y cruces de vías, con el objeto de definir mejores criterios de diseño del drenaje vial urbano. El flujo preferente indica la distribución espacial donde se concentra la mayor cantidad de caudal unitario, el cual permite determinar un alineamiento interno para la ubicación de sumideros. Se evalúan diferentes escenarios de análisis que incluye la variación de los tipos de entrada de caudal, la intensidad de lluvia y la distancia entre sumideros, complementados con la inclusión de umbrales de peligrosidad de la escorrentía para los peatones. De los escenarios simulados se obtienen los comportamientos particulares del flujo sobre la vía y se define un criterio básico para la longitud de separación entre sumideros con base en un equilibrio entre criterios hidráulicos, de riesgo y económicos.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy in U.S. Latinas and in Colombian women. Studies in non-Latinos indicate that BRAF and TERT mutations are PTC prognostic markers. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical associations of BRAF and TERT mutations in PTC Latino patients from Colombia. We analyzed mutations of BRAF (V600E) and TERT promoter (C228T, C250T) in tumor DNA from 141 patients (75 with classical variant PTC, CVPTC; 66 with follicular variant PTC, FVPTC) recruited through a multi-center study. Associations between mutations and clinical variables were evaluated with Fisher exact tests. Survival was evaluated with Kaplan–Meier plots. Double-mutant tumors (BRAF+/TERT+, n = 14 patients) were more common in CVPTC (P = 0.02). Relative to patients without mutations (n = 48), double mutations were more common in patients with large tumors (P = 0.03), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.01), extra-thyroid extension (P = 0.03), and advanced stage (P = 6.0 × 10−5). In older patients, TERT mutations were more frequent (mean age 51 years vs 45 years for wild type TERT, P = 0.04) and survival was lower (HR = 1.20; P = 0.017); however, given the small sample size, the decrease in survival was not statically significant between geno types. Comparisons with published data in US whites revealed that Colombian patients had a higher prevalence of severe pathological features and of double-mutant tumors (10 vs 6%, P = 0.001). Mutations in both oncogenes show prognostic associations in Latinos from Colombia. Our study is important to advance Latino PTC precision medicine and replicates previous prognostic associations between BRAF and TERT in this population.

Las curvas Intensidad-Duración-Frecuencia (IDF) actuales suponen que la precipitación no varía significativamente con el tiempo, subestimando así sus eventos extremos, lo que aumenta el riesgo de inundaciones y de daños en la infraestructura, es por esto que se deben estudiar metodologías que permitan su estimación en condición de cambio climático, es decir, con un enfoque no estacionario, tal como en este estudio, en el que se estimaron curvas IDF estacionarias y no estacionarias para 9 estaciones pluviográficas dispuestas sobre la cuenca del río Medellín. Para ajustar las series de tiempo de precipitación se hizo uso de la distribución de valores extremos EV1, sus parámetros estacionarios fueron calculados por medio del método de los L-momentos y los no estacionarios por el de ventanas móviles. Se evidencia el efecto del cambio climático en intensidades altas y duraciones pequeñas, obteniéndose que el enfoque estacionario puede subestimar los eventos extremos hasta en un 39%.

El presente artículo se ocupa de analizar los conflictos entre el sindicalismo docente y los Movimientos de Renovación Pedagógica (MRP) con el neoliberalismo educativo implantado por los Gobiernos de España, Argentina y Chile durante las últimas cuatro décadas. Sus objetivos son establecer las razones que llevaron a estos colectivos a oponerse al avance de la instrucción privada sobre la educación pública en estos tres países afines por razones históricas y culturales, además de señalar las limitaciones de sus respectivas acciones y proponer vías superadoras de estos condicionantes. El método a emplear será el histórico-comparativo para establecer analogías y diferencias entre los casos estudiados, empleando para ello, fuentes primarias y secundarias. Los tres ejemplos nacionales serán analizados de acuerdo a un orden cronológico basado en la implantación del neoliberalismo educativo y los distintos tipos de gobierno que promovieron esta acción. Posteriormente, se compararán sus semejanzas y diferencias a fin de hallar posibles convergencias en su desarrollo. Como conclusión se desarrollará una propuesta, desde una perspectiva holística, de las limitaciones de las acciones de protesta en sus respectivos países de los MRP y sindicatos docentes tendente a coordinar sus actuaciones de manera supranacional y en la defensa de la escuela pública frente a la instrucción privada.

Studies examining genetic conditions common in Latin America are highly underrepresented in the scientific literature. Understanding of the population structure is limited, particularly Chile, in part due to the lack of available population specific data. An important first-step in elucidating disease mechanisms in Latin America countries is to understand the genetic structure of isolated populations. Robinson Crusoe Island (RCI) is a small land mass off the coast of Chile. The current population of over 900 inhabitants are primarily descended from a small number of founders who colonized the island in the late 1800s. Extensive genealogical records can trace the ancestry of almost the entire population. We perform a comprehensive genetic analysis to investigate the ancestry of the island population, examining ancestral mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplogroups, as well as autosomal admixture. Mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplogroups indicated a substantial European genetic contribution to the current RCI population. Analysis of the mitochondrial haplogroups found in the present-day population revealed that 79.1% of islanders carried European haplogroups, compared to 60.0% of the mainland Chilean controls from Santiago. Both groups showed a substantially lower contribution of indigenous haplogroups than expected. Analysis of the Y chromosome haplogroups also showed predominantly European haplogroups detected in 92.3% of male islanders and 86.7% of mainland Chilean controls. Using the near-complete genealogical data collected from the RCI population, we successfully inferred the ancestral haplogroups of 16/23 founder individuals, revealing genetic ancestry from Northern and Southern Europe. As mitochondrial and Y investigations only provide information for direct maternal and paternal lineages, we expanded this to investigate genetic admixture using the autosomes. Admixture analysis identified substantial indigenous genetic admixture in the RCI population (46.9%), higher than that found in the Santiago mainland Chilean controls (43.4%), but lower than a more representative Chilean population (Chile_GRU) (49.1%). Our study revealed the Robinson Crusoe Island population show a substantial genetic contribution for indigenous Chileans, similar to the level reported in mainland Chileans. However, direct maternal and paternal haplogroup analysis revealed strong European genetic contributions consistent with the history of the Island.

Partiendo del principio de subsidiariedad, el autor manifiesta sus preferencias por el mercado libre frente a la economía centralmente planificada, pero analiza los resultados del mercado en cuanto a formación de precios, asignación de recursos y distribución de riqueza, llegando siempre a la conclusión de que es necesario conciliar el derecho a la iniciativa económica con una intervención reguladora por parte de los poderes públicos, en conformidad con la tesis enunciada por la Gaudium et spes (65): «No se puede confiar el desarrollo ni al solo proceso mecánico de la acción económica de los individuos ni a la sola decisión de la autoridad pública».

Hasta el Concilio Vaticano II la actitud de la Iglesia y su teología hacia el «mundo», entendido como conjunto de las realidades temporales, estaba marcado por un cierto desinterés, e incluso hostilidad cuando se trataba del «mundo moderno». Este artículo parte de la nueva visión del «mundo» que hallamos en Gaudium et Spes, y resalta la novedad de la relación de la Iglesia con el mundo: interés, aceptación, actitud humilde, diálogo y servicio.

Después de explicar brevemente en qué consiste la especulación y sus efectos, el autor plantea un juicio ético sobre la misma. Aunque una cierta dosis de especulación puede ser buena, sus niveles actuales han resultado dañinos para la economía mundial. En el debate económico actual, ¿qué puede aportar la reflexión ética?

La necesidad de una nueva evangelización en España y en Europa es consecuencia del fuerte proceso de descristianización vivido en el último medio siglo. El autor pasa revista a diferentes posturas existentes ante el hecho religioso que reclaman una acción evangelizadora también diferenciada: ateísmo, agnosticismo, indiferencia religiosa, pertenencia a otras religiones, así como dos tipos de catolicismo que llama los «católicos del individualismo expresivo» y los «católicos culturales ». Cada una de esas posturas es analizada sociológicamente y valorada pastoralmente.

Familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) has not been clearly linked to causal germline variants, despite the large role that genetic factors play in risk. Recently, HABP2 G534E (rs7080536A) has been implicated as a causal variant in NMTC. We have previously shown that the HABP2 G534E variant is not associated with TC risk in patients from the British Isles. Hispanics are the largest and the youngest minority in the United States and NMTC is now the second most common malignancy in women from this population. In order to determine if the HABP2 G534E variant played a role in NMTC risk among Hispanic populations, we analyzed 281 cases and 1105 population-matched controls from a multicenter study in Colombia, evaluating the association through logistic regression. We found that the HABP2 G534E variant was not significantly associated with NMTC risk (P=0.843) in this Hispanic group. We also stratified available clinical data by multiple available clinicopathological variables and further analyzed the effect of HABP2 on NMTC presentation. However, we failed to detect associations between HABP2 G534E and NMTC risk, regardless of disease presentation (P≥0.273 for all cases). Therefore, without any significant associations between the HABP2 G534E variant and NMTC risk, we conclude that the variant is not causal of NMTC in this Hispanic population.