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Background: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) are commonly used to quantify sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness in older adults. These measures, however, have not been comprehensively evaluated for their psychometrics in older men. We determined the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the PSQI and ESS in a sample of older men.Methods: Participants were 3,059 men (mean age = 76.4 years) in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) who completed the two questionnaires, wrist actigraphy, and a range of additional psychosocial and health measures.Results: Internal consistency was adequate for the PSQI (Cronbach's α =.69) and the ESS (α = .70) total scores. PSQI daytime dysfunction and sleep medications components were weakly associated with the total score, but their removal did not notably improve internal consistency. PSQI and ESS totals were associated with each other and with theoretically related variables (ie, actigraphic variables, depressive symptoms, mobility/instrumental activities of daily living, health-related quality of life) in expected directions. The PSQI differentiated participants reporting no sleep disorder from those reporting particular disorders more reliably than the ESS.Conclusions: In general, we found evidence of the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the PSQI and ESS in older men. Despite low correlation with the PSQI global score, the PSQI daytime dysfunction and sleep medications components do not appreciably reduce the PSQI total score's reliability or validity in older men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Radiographic hip osteoarthritis (RHOA) is associated with increased hip areal bone mineral density (aBMD). This study was undertaken to examine whether femoral geometry is associated with RHOA independent of aBMD. METHODS: Participants in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures in whom pelvic radiographs had been obtained at visits 1 and 5 (mean 8.3 years apart) and hip dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) had been performed (2 years after baseline) were included. Prevalent and incident RHOA phenotypes were defined as composite (osteophytes and joint space narrowing [JSN]), atrophic (JSN without osteophytes), or osteophytic (femoral osteophytes without JSN). Analogous definitions of progression were based on minimum joint space and total osteophyte score. Hip DXA scans were assessed using the Hip Structural Analysis program to derive geometric measures, including femoral neck length, width, and centroid position. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for prevalent, incident, and progressive RHOA per SD increase in geometric measure were estimated in a hip-based analysis using multinomial logistic regression with adjustment for age, body mass index, knee height, and total hip aBMD. RESULTS: In 5,245 women (mean age 72.6 years), a wider femoral neck with a more medial centroid position was associated with prevalent and incident osteophytic and composite RHOA phenotypes (P < 0.05). Increased neck width and centroid position were associated with osteophyte progression (both P < 0.05). No significant geometric associations with atrophic RHOA were found. CONCLUSION: Differences in proximal femoral bone geometry and spatial distribution of bone mass occur early in hip OA and predict prevalent, incident, and progressive osteophytic and composite phenotypes, but not the atrophic phenotype. These bone differences may reflect responses to loading occurring early in the natural history of RHOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study examined associations of the CXC motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9), a pro-inflammatory protein implicated in age-related inflammation, with musculoskeletal function in elderly men. We found in certain outcomes both cross-sectional and longitudinal significant associations of CXCL9 with poorer musculoskeletal function and increased mortality in older men. This requires further investigation., Purpose: We aim to determine the relationship of (CXCL9), a pro-inflammatory protein implicated in age-related inflammation, with both cross-sectional and longitudinal musculoskeletal outcomes and mortality in older men., Methods: A random sample from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study cohort (N = 300) was chosen for study subjects that had attended the third and fourth clinic visits, and data was available for major musculoskeletal outcomes (6 m walking speed, chair stands), hip bone mineral density (BMD), major osteoporotic fracture, mortality, and serum inflammatory markers. Serum levels of CXCL9 were measured by ELISA, and the associations with musculoskeletal outcomes were assessed by linear regression and fractures and mortality with Cox proportional hazards models., Results: The mean CXCL9 level of study participants (79.1 ± 5.3 years) was 196.9 ± 135.2 pg/ml. There were significant differences for 6 m walking speed, chair stands, physical activity scores, and history of falls in the past year across the quartiles of CXCL9. However, higher CXCL9 was only significantly associated with changes in chair stands (β =  - 1.098, p < 0.001) even after adjustment for multiple covariates. No significant associations were observed between CXCL9 and major osteoporotic fracture or hip BMD changes. The risk of mortality increased with increasing CXCL9 (hazard ratio quartile (Q)4 vs Q1 1.98, 95% confidence interval 1.25-3.14; p for trend < 0.001)., Conclusions: Greater serum levels of CXCL9 were significantly associated with a decline in chair stands and increased mortality. Additional studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm our findings., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

There is a strong association between total hip bone mineral density (THBMD) changes after 24 mo of treatment and reduced fracture risk. We examined whether changes in THBMD after 12 and 18 mo of treatment are also associated with fracture risk reduction. We used individual patient data (n = 122 235 participants) from 22 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials of osteoporosis medications. We calculated the difference in mean percent change in THBMD (active-placebo) at 12, 18, and 24 mo using data available for each trial. We determined the treatment-related fracture reductions for the entire follow-up period, using logistic regression for radiologic vertebral fractures and Cox regression for hip, non-vertebral, "all" (combination of non-vertebral, clinical vertebral, and radiologic vertebral) fractures and all clinical fractures (combination of non-vertebral and clinical vertebral). We performed meta-regression to estimate the study-level association (r2 and 95% confidence interval) between treatment-related differences in THBMD changes for each BMD measurement interval and fracture risk reduction. The meta-regression revealed that for vertebral fractures, the r2 (95% confidence interval) was 0.59 (0.19, 0.75), 0.69 (0.32, 0.82), and 0.73 (0.33, 0.84) for 12, 18, and 24 mo, respectively. Similar patterns were observed for hip: r2 = 0.27 (0.00, 0.54), 0.39 (0.02, 0.63), and 0.41 (0.02, 0.65); non-vertebral: r2 = 0.27 (0.01, 0.52), 0.49 (0.10, 0.69), and 0.53 (0.11, 0.72); all fractures: r2 = 0.44 (0.10, 0.64), 0.63 (0.24, 0.77), and 0.66 (0.25, 0.80); and all clinical fractures: r2 = 0.46 (0.11, 0.65), 0.64 (0.26, 0.78), and 0.71 (0.32, 0.83), for 12-, 18-, and 24-mo changes in THBMD, respectively. These findings demonstrate that treatment-related THBMD changes at 12, 18, and 24 mo are associated with fracture risk reductions across trials. We conclude that BMD measurement intervals as short as 12 mo could be used to assess fracture efficacy, but the association is stronger with longer BMD measurement intervals., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Some osteoporosis drug trials have suggested that treatment is more effective in those with low BMD measured by DXA. This study used data from a large set of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine whether the anti-fracture efficacy of treatments differs according to baseline BMD. We used individual patient data from 25 RCTs (103 086 subjects) of osteoporosis medications collected as part of the FNIH-ASBMR SABRE project. Participants were stratified into FN BMD T-score subgroups (≤-2.5, > -2.5). We used Cox proportional hazard regression to estimate treatment effect for clinical fracture outcomes and logistic regression for the radiographic vertebral fracture outcome. We also performed analyses based on BMD quintiles. Overall, 42% had a FN BMD T-score ≤ -2.5. Treatment with anti-osteoporosis drugs led to significant reductions in fractures in both T-score ≤ -2.5 and > -2.5 subgroups. Compared to those with FN BMD T-score > -2.5, the risk reduction for each fracture outcome was greater in those with T-score ≤ -2.5, but only the all-fracture outcome reached statistical significance (interaction P = .001). Results were similar when limited to bisphosphonate trials. In the quintile analysis, there was significant anti-fracture efficacy across all quintiles for vertebral fractures and with greater effects on fracture risk reduction for non-vertebral, all, and all clinical fractures in the lower BMD quintiles (all interaction P ≤ .03). In summary, anti-osteoporotic medications reduced the risk of fractures regardless of baseline BMD. Significant fracture risk reduction with treatment for 4 of the 5 fracture endpoints was seen in participants with T-scores above -2.5, though effects tended to be larger and more significant in those with baseline T-scores <-2.5., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased fracture risk in White adults. However, the impact of DM on fractures in Black adults is unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association between DM and fractures in adults of African ancestry. MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL and Embase databases were searched from their inception up to November 2023 for all studies in the English language investigating the epidemiology of fractures (prevalence, incidence, or risk) in Black men and women (age ≥ 18 years) with type 1 or type 2 DM. Effect sizes for prevalence of previous fractures (%) and incident fracture risk (hazard ratio [HR]) were calculated using a random-effects model on Stata (version 18.0). There were 13 eligible studies, of which 12 were conducted in Black adults from the United States, while one was conducted in adults of West African ancestry from Trinidad and Tobago. We found no fracture data in Black adults with DM living in Africa. Five studies were included in a meta-analysis of incident fracture risk, reporting data from 2926 Black and 6531 White adults with DM. There was increased risk of fractures in Black adults with DM compared to non-DM (HR = 1.65; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.14, 2.39). The risk of fractures was also higher in White adults with DM compared to non-DM (HR = 1.31; 95 % CI: 1.06, 1.61) among these studies. Five studies were included in a meta-analysis of fracture prevalence, of which three also reported fracture prevalence in White adults. There were 175 previous fractures among 993 Black adults with DM and 384 previous fractures among 1467 White adults with DM, with a pooled prevalence of 17.5 % (95 % CI: 15.4, 19.6) and 25.8 % (95 % CI: 4.8, 46.8), respectively. Our results indicate a high burden of fractures in Black adults with DM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict/s of interest. There was no internal and/or external source of funding for the present study., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Context: Impaired bone microarchitecture, assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), may contribute to bone fragility in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) but data on men are lacking., Objective: To investigate the association between T2DM and HR-pQCT parameters in older men., Methods: HR-pQCT scans were acquired on 1794 participants in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. T2DM was ascertained by self-report or medication use. Linear regression models, adjusted for age, race, BMI, limb length, clinic site, and oral corticosteroid use, were used to compare HR-pQCT parameters by diabetes status., Results: Among 1777 men, 290 had T2DM (mean age 84.4 years). T2DM men had smaller total cross-sectional area (Tt.AR) at the distal tibia (p=0.028) and diaphyseal tibia (p=0.025), and smaller cortical area at the distal (p= 0.009) and diaphyseal tibia (p= 0.023). Trabecular indices and cortical porosity were similar between T2DM and non-T2DM. Among men with T2DM, in a model including HbA1c, diabetes duration, and insulin use, diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, compared with <10 years, was significantly associated with higher cortical porosity but with higher trabecular thickness at the distal radius. Insulin use was significantly associated with lower cortical area and thickness at the distal radius and diaphyseal tibia and lower failure load at all three scan sites. Lower cortical area, cortical thickness, total BMD, cortical BMD, and failure load of the distal sites were associated with increased risk of incident non-vertebral fracture in T2DM., Conclusions: Older men with T2DM have smaller bone size compared to non-T2DM, which may contribute to diabetic skeletal fragility. Longer diabetes duration was associated with higher cortical porosity and insulin use with cortical bone deficits and lower failure load., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. See the journal About page for additional terms.)

Cardiorespiratory fitness and mitochondrial oxidative capacity are associated with reduced walking speed in older adults, but their impact on walking speed in older adults with diabetes has not been clearly defined. We examined differences in cardiorespiratory fitness and skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity between older adults with and without diabetes, as well as determined their relative contribution to slower walking speed in older adults with diabetes. Participants with diabetes (n = 159) had lower cardiorespiratory fitness and mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fiber bundles compared with those without diabetes (n = 717), following adjustments for covariates including BMI, chronic comorbid health conditions, and physical activity. Four-meter and 400-m walking speeds were slower in those with diabetes. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity alone or combined with cardiorespiratory fitness mediated ∼20-70% of the difference in walking speed between older adults with and without diabetes. Additional adjustments for BMI and comorbidities further explained the group differences in walking speed. Cardiorespiratory fitness and skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity contribute to slower walking speeds in older adults with diabetes., (© 2024 by the American Diabetes Association.)

Biopsies of muscle and adipose tissue (AT) are useful tools to gain insights into the aging processes in these tissues. However, they are invasive procedures and their risk/benefit profile in older adults can be altered by sarcopenia, frailty, poor healing, and multimorbidity. Their success rates, safety, and tolerability in a geriatric population have not been reported in detail. Investigators in the Study of Muscle, Mobility, and Aging (SOMMA) performed biopsies of muscle and AT in older adults and prospectively collected data on biopsy success rates, safety, and tolerability. We report here the methods and outcomes of these two procedures. In total, 861 participants (aged 70-94) underwent percutaneous biopsies of the Vastus lateralis muscle with a Bergstrom needle. A subset (n = 241) also underwent percutaneous biopsies of the abdominal subcutaneous AT with the tumescent liposuction technique. Success rate was assessed by the percentage of biopsies yielding adequate specimens for analyses; tolerability by pain scores; and safety by frequency of adverse events. All data were prospectively collected. The overall muscle biopsy success rate was 97.1% and was modestly lower in women. The AT biopsy success rate was 95.9% and slightly lower in men. Minimal or no pain was reported in 68% of muscle biopsies and in 83% of AT biopsies. Adverse events occurred in 2.67% of muscle biopsies and 4.15% of AT biopsies. None was serious. In older adults, percutaneous muscle biopsies and abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies have an excellent safety profile, often achieve adequate tissue yields for analyses, and are well tolerated., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Aging Association.)

Oxidative stress is considered a contributor to declining muscle function and mobility during aging; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly described. We hypothesized that greater levels of cysteine (Cys) oxidation on muscle proteins are associated with decreased measures of mobility. Herein, we applied a novel redox proteomics approach to measure reversible protein Cys oxidation in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies collected from 56 subjects in the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA), a community-based cohort study of individuals aged 70 years and older. We tested whether levels of Cys oxidation on key muscle proteins involved in muscle structure and contraction were associated with muscle function (leg power and strength), walking speed, and fitness (VO 2 peak on cardiopulmonary exercise testing) using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body weight. Higher oxidation levels of select nebulin Cys sites were associated with lower VO 2 peak, while greater oxidation of myomesin-1, myomesin-2, and nebulin Cys sites was associated with slower walking speed. Higher oxidation of Cys sites in key proteins such as myomesin-2, alpha-actinin-2, and skeletal muscle alpha-actin were associated with lower leg power and strength. We also observed an unexpected correlation (R = 0.48) between a higher oxidation level of eight Cys sites in alpha-actinin-3 and stronger leg power. Despite this observation, the results generally support the hypothesis that Cys oxidation of muscle proteins impairs muscle power and strength, walking speed, and cardiopulmonary fitness with aging., (© 2024 Battelle Memorial Institute and The Authors. Aging Cell published by Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

There is a common belief that antiosteoporosis medications are less effective in older adults. This study used data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine whether the anti-fracture efficacy of treatments and their effects on BMD differ in people ≥70 compared to those <70 yr. We used individual patient data from 23 RCTs of osteoporosis medications collected as part of the FNIH-ASBMR SABRE project. We assessed the following fractures: radiographic vertebral, non-vertebral, hip, all clinical, and all fractures. We used Cox proportional hazard regression to estimate treatment effect for clinical fracture outcomes, logistic regression for the radiographic vertebral fracture outcome, and linear regression to estimate treatment effect on 24-mo change in hip and spine BMD in each age subgroup. The analysis included 123 164 (99% female) participants; 43% being ≥70 yr. Treatment with anti-osteoporosis drugs significantly and similarly reduced fractures in both subgroups (eg, odds ratio [OR] = 0.47 and 0.51 for vertebral fractures in those below and above 70 yr, interaction P = .19; hazard ratio [HR] for all fractures: 0.72 vs 0.70, interaction P = .20). Results were similar when limited to bisphosphonate trials with the exception of hip fracture risk reduction which was somewhat greater in those <70 (HR = 0.44) vs ≥70 (HR = 0.79) yr (interaction P = .02). Allocation to anti-osteoporotic drugs resulted in significantly greater increases in hip and spine BMD at 24 mo in those ≥70 compared to those <70 yr. In summary, anti-osteoporotic medications similarly reduced the risk of fractures regardless of age, and the few small differences in fracture risk reduction by age were of uncertain clinical significance., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Background: Walking slows with aging often leading to mobility disability. Mitochondrial energetics has been found to be associated with gait speed over short distances. Additionally, walking is a complex activity but few clinical factors that may be associated with walk time have been studied., Methods: We examined 879 participants ≥70 years and measured the time to walk 400 m. We tested the hypothesis that decreased mitochondrial energetics by respirometry in muscle biopsies and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the thigh and is associated with longer time to walk 400 m. We also used cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess the energetic costs of walking: maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 peak) and energy cost-capacity (the ratio of VO 2 , at a slow speed to VO 2 peak). In addition, we tested the hypothesis that selected clinical factors would also be associated with 400-m walk time., Results: Lower Max OXPHOS was associated with longer walk time, and the association was explained by the energetic costs of walking, leg power, and weight. Additionally, a multivariate model revealed that longer walk time was also significantly associated with lower VO 2 peak, greater cost-capacity ratio, weaker leg power, heavier weight, hip and knee stiffness, peripheral neuropathy, greater perceived exertion while walking slowly, greater physical fatigability, less moderate-to-vigorous exercise, less sedentary time, and anemia. Significant associations between age, sex, muscle mass, and peripheral artery disease with 400-m walk time were explained by other clinical and physiologic factors., Conclusions: Lower mitochondrial energetics is associated with needing more time to walk 400 m. This supports the value of developing interventions to improve mitochondrial energetics. Additionally, doing more moderate-to-vigorous exercise, increasing leg power, reducing weight, treating hip and knee stiffness, and screening for and treating anemia may reduce the time required to walk 400 m and reduce the risk of mobility disability., (© 2024 The American Geriatrics Society.)

Social stress experienced in childhood is associated with adverse health later in life. Mitochondrial function has been implicated as a mechanism for how stressful life events "get under the skin" to influence physical well-being. Using data from the Study of Muscle, Mobility, and Aging ( n = 879, 59% women), linear models examined whether adverse childhood events (i.e., physical abuse) were associated with two measures of skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics in older adults: (i) maximal adenosine triphosphate production (ATP max ) and (ii) maximal state 3 respiration (Max OXPHOS). Forty-five percent of the sample reported experiencing one or more adverse childhood events. After adjustment, each additional event was associated with -0.08 SD (95% confidence interval = -0.13, -0.02) lower ATP max . No association was observed with Max OXPHOS. Adverse childhood events are associated with lower ATP production in later life. Findings indicate that mitochondrial function may be a mechanism for understanding how early social stress influences health in later life.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal and natural element found in soil and crops with increasing concentrations linked to phosphate fertilizers and sewage sludge applied to crop lands. A large fraction of older US men and woman have documented Cd exposure. Cd exposure has proven health concerns such as risk of lung cancer from inhalation and impaired renal function; however, growing evidence suggests it also influences bone and muscle health. Given that low levels of Cd could affect bone and muscle, we have designed prospective studies using the two largest and most detailed US studies of bone health in older men and women: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. We are investigating the association of urinary cadmium (U-Cd), as a surrogate for long-term Cd exposure, with bone and muscle health. Building off suggestive evidence from mechanistic and cross-sectional studies, this will be the first well-powered prospective study of incident fracture outcomes, bone loss, and muscle loss in relation to U-Cd, an established biomarker of long-term Cd exposure. The following is a proposed protocol for the intended study; if successful, the proposed studies could be influential in directing future US policy to decrease Cd exposure in the US population similar to recent policies adopted by the European Union to limit Cd in fertilizers., Competing Interests: The authors state that they have no known conflicts of interest to declare that could appear to influence or alter the work put forth in this study., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Rationale and Objectives: Spinal osteoporotic compression fractures (OCFs) can be an early biomarker for osteoporosis but are often subtle, incidental, and underreported. To ensure early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis, we aimed to build a deep learning vertebral body classifier for OCFs as a critical component of our future automated opportunistic screening tool., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively assembled a local dataset, including 1790 subjects and 15,050 vertebral bodies (thoracic and lumbar). Each vertebral body was annotated using an adaption of the modified-2 algorithm-based qualitative criteria. The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study dataset provided thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs of 5994 men from six clinical centers. Using both datasets, five deep learning algorithms were trained to classify each individual vertebral body of the spine radiographs. Classification performance was compared for these models using multiple metrics, including the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV)., Results: Our best model, built with ensemble averaging, achieved an AUC-ROC of 0.948 and 0.936 on the local dataset's test set and the MrOS dataset's test set, respectively. After setting the cutoff threshold to prioritize PPV, this model achieved a sensitivity of 54.5% and 47.8%, a specificity of 99.7% and 99.6%, and a PPV of 89.8% and 94.8%., Conclusion: Our model achieved an AUC-ROC>0.90 on both datasets. This testing shows some generalizability to real-world clinical datasets and a suitable performance for a future opportunistic osteoporosis screening tool., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Nathan Cross, Qifei Dong, Sandra Johnston, Jessica Perry, and David Haynor report financial support was provided by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Gang Luo reports financial support was provided by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Jeffrey Jarvik reports financial support was provided by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and reports a relationship with the General Electric-Association of University Radiologists Radiology Research Academic Fellowship (GERRAF) that includes travel reimbursement. Nathan Cross reports financial support was provided by the General Electric-Association of University Radiologists Radiology Research Academic Fellowship (GERRAF). Nathan M. Cross, Jeffrey Jarvik, David R. Haynor, Gang Luo, Sandra Johnston, Qifei Dong, Jonathan Renslo, Brian Chang, and Jessica Perry have patent #63/463823 pending to the University of Washington., (Copyright © 2023 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA) aims to understand the biological basis of many facets of human aging, with a focus on mobility decline, by creating a unique platform of data, tissues, and images., Methods: The multidisciplinary SOMMA team includes 2 clinical centers (University of Pittsburgh and Wake Forest University), a biorepository (Translational Research Institute at Advent Health), and the San Francisco Coordinating Center (California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute). Enrollees were age ≥70 years, able to walk ≥0.6 m/s (4 m); able to complete 400 m walk, free of life-threatening disease, and had no contraindications to magnetic resonance or tissue collection. Participants are followed with 6-month phone contacts and annual in-person exams. At baseline, SOMMA collected biospecimens (muscle and adipose tissue, blood, urine, fecal samples); a variety of questionnaires; physical and cognitive assessments; whole-body imaging (magnetic resonance and computed tomography); accelerometry; and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Primary outcomes include change in walking speed, change in fitness, and objective mobility disability (able to walk 400 m in 15 minutes and change in 400 m speed). Incident events, including hospitalizations, cancer diagnoses, fractures, and mortality are collected and centrally adjudicated by study physicians., Results: SOMMA exceeded its goals by enrolling 879 participants, despite being slowed by the COVID-19 pandemic: 59.2% women; mean age 76.3 ± 5.0 years (range 70-94); mean walking speed 1.04 ± 0.20 m/s; 15.8% identify as other than Non-Hispanic White. Over 97% had data for key measurements., Conclusions: SOMMA will provide the foundation for discoveries in the biology of human aging and mobility., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. 
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Background: Mitochondrial energetics are an important property of aging muscle, as generation of energy is pivotal to the execution of muscle contraction. However, its association with functional outcomes, including leg power and cardiorespiratory fitness, is largely understudied., Methods: In the Study of Muscle, Mobility, and Aging, we collected vastus lateralis biopsies from older adults (n = 879, 70-94 years, 59.2% women). Maximal State 3 respiration (Max OXPHOS) was assessed in permeabilized fiber bundles by high-resolution respirometry. Capacity for maximal adenosine triphosphate production (ATPmax) was measured in vivo by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Leg extension power was measured with a Keiser press system, and VO2 peak was determined using a standardized cardiopulmonary exercise test. Gender-stratified multivariate linear regression models were adjusted for age, race, technician/site, adiposity, and physical activity with beta coefficients expressed per 1-SD increment in the independent variable., Results: Max OXPHOS was associated with leg power for both women (β = 0.12 Watts/kg, p < .001) and men (β = 0.11 Watts/kg, p < .050). ATPmax was associated with leg power for men (β = 0.09 Watts/kg, p < .05) but was not significant for women (β = 0.03 Watts/kg, p = .11). Max OXPHOS and ATPmax were associated with VO2 peak in women and men (Max OXPHOS, β women = 1.03 mL/kg/min, β men = 1.32 mL/kg/min; ATPmax β women = 0.87 mL/kg/min, β men = 1.50 mL/kg/min; all p < .001)., Conclusions: Higher muscle mitochondrial energetics measures were associated with both better cardiorespiratory fitness and greater leg power in older adults. Muscle mitochondrial energetics explained a greater degree of variance in VO2 peak compared to leg power., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. 
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Objective: Most guidelines recommending weight loss for hip osteoarthritis are based on research on knee osteoarthritis. Prior studies found no association between weight loss and hip osteoarthritis, but no previous studies have targeted older adults. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether there is any clear benefit of weight loss for radiographic hip osteoarthritis in older adults because weight loss is associated with health risks in older adults., Methods: We used data from white female participants aged ≥65 years from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Our exposure of interest was weight change from baseline to follow-up at 8 years. Our outcomes were the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis (RHOA) and the progression of RHOA over 8 years. Generalized estimating equations (clustering of 2 hips per participant) were used to investigate the association between exposure and outcomes adjusted for major covariates., Results: There was a total of 11,018 hips from 5509 participants. There was no associated benefit of weight loss for either of our outcomes. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the development and progression of RHOA were 0.99 (0.92-1.07) and 0.97 (0.86-1.09) for each 5% weight loss, respectively. The results were consistent in sensitivity analyses where participants were limited to those who reported trying to lose weight and who also had a body mass index in the overweight or obese range., Conclusion: Our findings suggest no associated benefit of weight loss in older female adults in the structure of the hip joint as assessed by radiography., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The American Geriatrics Society.)

Rationale and Objectives: Osteoporosis affects 9% of individuals over 50 in the United States and 200 million women globally. Spinal osteoporotic compression fractures (OCFs), an osteoporosis biomarker, are often incidental and under-reported. Accurate automated opportunistic OCF screening can increase the diagnosis rate and ensure adequate treatment. We aimed to develop a deep learning classifier for OCFs, a critical component of our future automated opportunistic screening tool., Materials and Methods: The dataset from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study comprised 4461 subjects and 15,524 spine radiographs. This dataset was split by subject: 76.5% training, 8.5% validation, and 15% testing. From the radiographs, 100,409 vertebral bodies were extracted, each assigned one of two labels adapted from the Genant semiquantitative system: moderate to severe fracture vs. normal/trace/mild fracture. GoogLeNet, a deep learning model, was trained to classify the vertebral bodies. The classification threshold on the predicted probability of OCF outputted by GoogLeNet was set to prioritize the positive predictive value (PPV) while balancing it with the sensitivity. Vertebral bodies with the top 0.75% predicted probabilities were classified as moderate to severe fracture., Results: Our model yielded a sensitivity of 59.8%, a PPV of 91.2%, and an F 1 score of 0.72. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) and the precision-recall curve were 0.99 and 0.82, respectively., Conclusion: Our model classified vertebral bodies with an AUC-ROC of 0.99, providing a critical component for our future automated opportunistic screening tool. This could lead to earlier detection and treatment of OCFs., (Copyright © 2022 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased risk of fractures. However, it is unclear whether current osteoporosis treatments reduce fractures in individuals with diabetes. The aim of the study was to determine whether presence of T2D influences the efficacy of antiresorptive treatment for osteoporosis using the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH)-American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)-Study to Advance Bone Mineral Density (BMD) as a Regulatory Endpoint (SABRE) cohort, which includes individual patient data from randomized trials of osteoporosis therapies. In this study we included 96,385 subjects, 6.8% of whom had T2D, from nine bisphosphonate trials, two selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) trials, two trials of menopausal hormone therapy, one denosumab trial, and one odanacatib trial. We used Cox regression to obtain the treatment hazard ratio (HR) for incident nonvertebral, hip, and all fractures and logistic regression to obtain the treatment odds ratio (OR) for incident morphometric vertebral fractures, separately for T2D and non-DM. We used linear regression to estimate the effect of treatment on 2-year change in BMD (n = 49,099) and 3-month to 12-month change in bone turnover markers (n = 12,701) by diabetes status. In all analyses, we assessed the interaction between treatment and diabetes status. In pooled analyses of all 15 trials, we found that diabetes did not impact treatment efficacy, with similar reductions in vertebral, nonvertebral, all, and hip fractures, increases in total hip and femoral neck BMD, and reductions in serum C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX), urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen/creatinine (NTX/Cr) and procollagen type 1 N propeptide (P1NP) (all interactions p > 0.05). We found similar results for the pooled analysis of bisphosphonate trials. However, when we considered trials individually, we found a few interactions within individual studies between diabetes status and the effects of denosumab and odanacatib on fracture risk, change in BMD or bone turnover markers (BTMs). In sum, these results provide strong evidence that bisphosphonates and most licensed antiresorptive drugs are effective at reducing fracture risk and increasing BMD irrespective of diabetes status. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).)

Context: Whether repeated bone mineral density (BMD) screening improves fracture prediction in men is uncertain., Objective: We evaluated whether a second BMD 7 years after the initial BMD improves fracture prediction in older men., Methods: Among 3651 community-dwelling men (mean age 79.1 years) with total hip BMD at baseline and Year 7 (Y7), self-reported fractures after Y7 were confirmed by radiographic reports. Fracture prediction assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression and logistic regression with receiver operating characteristic curves for models based on initial BMD, BMD change, and the combination of initial BMD and BMD change (combination model)., Results: During an average follow-up of 8.2 years after Y7, 793 men experienced ≥ 1 clinical fractures, including 426 men with major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) and 193 men with hip fractures. Both initial BMD and BMD change were associated with risk of fracture outcomes independent of each other, but the association was stronger for initial BMD. For example, the multivariable hazard ratio of MOF in the combination model per 1 SD decrement in BMD was 1.76 (95% CI 1.57-1.98) for initial BMD and 1.19 (95% CI 1.08-1.32) for BMD change. Discrimination of fracture outcomes with initial BMD models was somewhat better than with BMD change models and similar to combination models (AUC value for MOF 0.68 [95% CI 0.66-0.71] for initial BMD model, 0.63 [95% CI 0.61-0.66] for BMD change model, and 0.69 [95% CI 0.66-0.71] for combination model)., Conclusion: Repeating BMD after 7 years did not meaningfully improve fracture prediction at the population level in community-dwelling older men., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society 2022.)

Background: Mortality research has identified biomarkers predictive of all-cause mortality risk. Most of these markers, such as body mass index, are predictive cross-sectionally, while for others the longitudinal change has been shown to be predictive, for instance greater-than-average muscle and weight loss in older adults. And while sometimes markers are derived from imaging modalities such as DXA, full scans are rarely used. This study builds on that knowledge and tests two hypotheses to improve all-cause mortality prediction. The first hypothesis is that features derived from raw total-body DXA imaging using deep learning are predictive of all-cause mortality with and without clinical risk factors, meanwhile, the second hypothesis states that sequential total-body DXA scans and recurrent neural network models outperform comparable models using only one observation with and without clinical risk factors., Methods: Multiple deep neural network architectures were designed to test theses hypotheses. The models were trained and evaluated on data from the 16-year-long Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study including over 15,000 scans from over 3000 older, multi-race male and female adults. This study further used explainable AI techniques to interpret the predictions and evaluate the contribution of different inputs., Results: The results demonstrate that longitudinal total-body DXA scans are predictive of all-cause mortality and improve performance of traditional mortality prediction models. On a held-out test set, the strongest model achieves an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.79., Conclusion: This study demonstrates the efficacy of deep learning for the analysis of DXA medical imaging in a cross-sectional and longitudinal setting. By analyzing the trained deep learning models, this work also sheds light on what constitutes healthy aging in a diverse cohort., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Background: despite fall history being a well-known risk factor for falls and fractures, the association between very recent falls and imminent fracture risk is not clearly elucidated., Objective: to study the very recent (<4 months) fall-related absolute risk of fractures in the following year., Methods: two large prospective cohort studies of women (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures [SOF]) and men (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study [MrOS]) aged 65 years or older were included. Data on falls were collected every 4 months, and the primary outcomes were any non-spine and hip fractures in the next 12 months., Results: a total of 9,704 women contributed 419,149, and 5,994 men contributed 223,885 four-monthly periods of observations during the 14.8-year SOF and 12.6-year MrOS follow-up. Falls within 4 months indicated a high risk of non-spine and hip fractures in the following year for both sexes; in women, a recent fall indicated an 8.1% absolute risk of a non-spine fracture within 1 year, a 2.5-fold higher risk than that in women without falls, a 2.5% absolute risk of hip fracture, and a 3.1-fold increased risk. Falls increased the risk of fractures regardless of whether a fracture occurred or not. Men had similar risk patterns, albeit with a lower absolute risk of fracture., Conclusions: in older people, a fall within 4 months indicates a high risk of fracture in the next year, regardless of fracture occurrence. A recent fall warrants urgent evaluation and consideration of treatments to reduce the imminent risk of fractures., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The surrogate threshold effect (STE) is defined as the minimum treatment effect on a surrogate that is reliably predictive of a treatment effect on the clinical outcome. It provides a framework for implementing a clinical trial with a surrogate endpoint. The aim of this study was to update our previous analysis by validating the STE for change in total hip (TH) BMD as a surrogate for fracture risk reduction; the novelty of this study was this validation. To do so, we used individual patient data from 61,415 participants in 16 RCTs that evaluated bisphosphonates (nine trials), selective estrogen receptor modulators (four trials), denosumab (one trial), odanacatib (one trial), and teriparatide (one trial) to estimate trial-specific treatment effects on TH BMD and all, vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures. We then conducted a random effects meta-regression of the log relative fracture risk reduction against 24-month change in TH BMD, and computed the STE as the intersection of the upper 95% prediction limit of this regression with the line of no fracture reduction. We validated the STE by checking whether the number of fractures in each trial provided 80% power and determining what proportion of trials with BMD changes ≥ STE reported significant reductions in fracture risk. We applied this analysis to (i) the trials on which we estimated the STE; and (ii) trials on which we did not estimate the STE. We found that the STEs for all, vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures were 1.83%, 1.42%, 3.18%, and 2.13%, respectively. Among trials used to estimate STE, 27 of 28 were adequately powered, showed BMD effects exceeding the STE, and showed significant reductions in fracture risk. Among the validation set of 11 trials, 10 met these criteria. Thus STE differs by fracture type and has been validated in trials not used to develop the approach. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).)

Background: We tested whether greater variation in red blood cell size, measured by red cell distribution width (RDW), may predict aging-related degenerative conditions and therefore, serve as a marker of biological aging., Methods: Three thousand six hundred and thirty-five community-dwelling older men were enrolled in the prospective Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. RDW was categorized into 4 groups (≤13.0%, 13.1%-14.0%, 14.1%-15.0%, and ≥15.1%). Functional limitations, frailty, strength, physical performance, and cognitive function were measured at baseline and 7.4 years later. Falls were recorded in the year after baseline; hospitalizations were obtained for 2 years after baseline. Mortality was assessed during a mean of 8.3 years of follow-up., Results: Participants with greater variability in red cell size were weaker, walked more slowly, and had a worse cognitive function. They were more likely to have functional limitations (35.2% in the highest RDW category vs 16.0% in the lowest, p < .001) and frailty (30.3% vs 11.3%, p < .001). Those with greater variability in red cell size were more likely to develop new functional limitations and to become frail. The risk of having 2 or more falls was also greater (highest 19.2% vs lowest 10.3%, p < .001). The risk of hospitalization was higher in those with the highest variability (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.8 [1.3-2.5]) compared with the lowest. Variability in red cell size was related to total and cause-specific mortality., Conclusion: Greater variability in red cell size is associated with diverse aging-related outcomes, suggesting that it may have potential value as a marker for biological aging., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Few analyses of antiresorptive (AR) treatment trials relate short-term changes in bone turnover markers (BTMs) to subsequent fracture reduction seeking to estimate the proportion of treatment effect explained (PTE) by BTMs. Pooling such information would be useful to assess new ARs or novel dosing regimens. In the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Bone Quality project, we analyzed individual-level data from up to 62,000 participants enrolled in 12 bisphosphonate (BP) and four selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) placebo-controlled fracture endpoint trials. Using BTM results for two bone formation markers (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [bone ALP] and pro-collagen I N-propeptide [PINP]) and one bone resorption marker (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX]) and incident fracture outcome data, we estimated the PTE using two different models. Separate analyses were performed for incident morphometric vertebral, nonvertebral, and hip fractures over 1 to 5 years of follow-up. For vertebral fracture, the results showed that changes in all three BTMs at 6 months explained a large proportion of the treatment effect of ARs (57 to >100%), but not for and non-vertebral or hip fracture. We conclude that short-term AR treatment-related changes in bone ALP, PINP, and CTX account for a large proportion of the treatment effect for vertebral fracture. Change in BTMs is a useful surrogate marker to study the anti-fracture efficacy of new AR compounds or novel dosing regiments with approved AR drugs. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Background: The validation of bone mineral density (BMD) as a surrogate outcome for fracture would allow the size of future randomised controlled osteoporosis registration trials to be reduced. We aimed to determine the association between treatment-related changes in BMD, assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and fracture outcomes, including the proportion of treatment effect explained by BMD changes., Methods: We did a pooled analysis of individual patient data from multiple randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials. We included data from multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials of osteoporosis medications that included women and men at increased osteoporotic fracture risk. Using individual patient data for each trial we calculated mean 24-month BMD percent change together with fracture reductions and did a meta-regression of the association between treatment-related differences in BMD changes (percentage difference, active minus placebo) and fracture risk reduction. We also used individual patient data to determine the proportion of anti-fracture treatment effect explained by BMD changes and the BMD change needed in future trials to ensure fracture reduction efficacy., Findings: Individual patient data from 91 779 participants of 23 randomised, placebo-controlled trials were included. The trials had 1-9 years of follow-up and included 12 trials of bisphosphonate, one of odanacatib, two of hormone therapy (one of conjugated equine oestrogen and one of conjugated equine oestrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate), three of PTH receptor agonists, one of denosumab, and four of selective oestrogen receptor modulator trials. The meta-regression revealed significant associations between treatment-related changes in hip, femoral neck, and spine BMD and reductions in vertebral (r 2 0·73, p<0·0001; 0·59, p=0·0005; 0·61, p=0·0003), hip (0·41, p=0·014; 0·41, p=0·0074; 0·34, p=0·023) and non-vertebral fractures (0·53, p=0·0021; 0·65, p<0·0001; 0·51, p=0·0019). Minimum 24-month percentage changes in total hip BMD providing almost certain fracture reductions in future trials ranged from 1·42% to 3·18%, depending on fracture site. Hip BMD changes explained substantial proportions (44-67%) of treatment-related fracture risk reduction., Interpretation: Treatment-related BMD changes are strongly associated with fracture reductions across randomised trials of osteoporosis therapies with differing mechanisms of action. These analyses support BMD as a surrogate outcome for fracture outcomes in future randomised trials of new osteoporosis therapies and provide an important demonstration of the value of public access to individual patient data from multiple trials., Funding: Foundation for National Institutes of Health., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Red cell distribution width (RDW), routinely assessed as a component of a complete blood count (CBC), quantifies the variation in the size of red blood cells. It increases with age, and increased RDW predicts many aging-related diseases and mortality. However, whether it also predicts hip fracture is unknown. We prospectively evaluated the association between RDW and hip fracture using data from the Osteoporotic Fracture in Men (MrOS) study. RDW was measured in 3635 men (aged 71 to 99 years) along with bone mineral density (BMD) in MrOS. RDW ranged from 11.3% to 32.9% (median 14.0%; interquartile range 13.5% to 14.8%) and was categorized into four groups (≤13.0%, 13.1% to 14.0%, 14.1% to 15.0%, ≥15.1%). Study participants with a hemoglobin level <13.0 g/dL were classified as having anemia. During an average 8.1 years, 164 men suffered hip fractures. The risks of hip fractures increased with increase of RDW category. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between anemia and RDW: An association between RDW and hip fractures was only observed in participants without anemia. In those without anemia, the relative hazard of hip fractures increased with increases in RDW category: Men in the highest RDW category had a 2.8 times higher risk of hip fractures than men in the lowest group (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 7.1). The risks of all-clinical fractures were also increased along with higher RDW values. Additionally, RDW was significantly associated with the risk of having a fall but not with femoral neck or total hip BMD. In conclusion, RDW and anemia defined by hemoglobin are widely available routine laboratory measurements that together could indicate increased risk of hip fracture, reflecting the neuromuscular effects of aging rather than lower hip BMD. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research., (© 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Uncertainty exists regarding the relation of body size and weight change with dementia risk. As populations continue to age and the global obesity epidemic shows no sign of waning, reliable quantification of such associations is important. We examined the relationship of body mass index, waist circumference, and annual percent weight change with risk of dementia and its subtypes by pooling data from 19 prospective cohort studies and four clinical trials using meta-analysis. Compared with body mass index-defined lower-normal weight (18.5-22.4 kg/m 2 ), the risk of all-cause dementia was higher among underweight individuals but lower among those with upper-normal (22.5-24.9 kg/m 2 ) levels. Obesity was associated with higher risk in vascular dementia. Similarly, relative to the lowest fifth of waist circumference, those in the highest fifth had nonsignificant higher vascular dementia risk. Weight loss was associated with higher all-cause dementia risk relative to weight maintenance. Weight gain was weakly associated with higher vascular dementia risk. The relationship between body size, weight change, and dementia is complex and exhibits non-linear associations depending on dementia subtype under scrutiny. Weight loss was associated with an elevated risk most likely due to reverse causality and/or pathophysiological changes in the brain, although the latter remains speculative., (© 2020 The Authors. Obesity Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of World Obesity Federation.)