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Le comportement électrochimique de deux composés issus de la biomasse, le furfural (FF) et le 5-hydroxyméthylfurfural (HMF) a été étudié sur plusieurs matériaux d’électrode (Au, Pt, Cu, C, Ag) dans les liquides ioniques (LIs) 1-butyl-1-méthylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)imide ([BMPyrr][NTf2]) et 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)imide ([BMIm][NTf2]) ainsi que dans le solvant eutectique profond chlorure de choline/glycérol 1:2 (ChCl-Gly).Les techniques électrochimiques (voltampérométrie cyclique, électrolyses potentiostatiques à temps long) et spectroscopiques (FTIR in-situ, RMN haute résolution ex-situ) mettent en évidence deux mécanismes de réduction du FF qui dépendent du milieu utilisé. En [BMPyrr][NTf2], une vague voltampérométrique de réduction entre -2,30 et -2,43 V vs. Fc+/Fc est associée à la formation de l’alcool furfurylique et de deux diastéréoisomères de l’hydrofuroïne. En [BMIm][NTf2], une vague entre -2,13 et -2,30 V est associée à la formation d’un seul produit, la 2,2’-furoïne. Dans le premier milieu, un mécanisme semblable à celui de la réduction électrochimique directe observée en milieu aqueux ou organique a été proposé. Dans le deuxième cas, le mécanisme fait intervenir le carbène imidazol2-ylidène provenant du cation BMIm+ qui catalyse la formation de la 2,2’-furoïne. Dans le solvant eutectique profond ChCl-Gly, la formation de l’alcool furfurylique a été mise en évidence et l’influence de la morphologie de l’électrode (massive ou nanoparticules) sur ce processus été discutée. Concernant l’oxydation du furfural, la réactivité apparait identique dans les deux milieux LIs via la formation à 1,90 V d’un adduit entre l’anion NTf2- et le composé d’intérêt. Le HMF présente un comportement en réduction similaire dans les deux LIs via la présence de signaux voltampérométriques d’adsorption du composé à l’électrode. La spectroscopie FTIR in-situ indique que les fonctions hydroxyméthyle et carbonyle sont toutes deux af, The electrochemical behaviour of two compounds that can be obtained from the biomass, furfural (FF) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), was studied on various electrode materials (Au, Pt, Cu, C, Ag) in the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([BMPyrr][NTf2]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([BMIm][NTf2]) as well as in the deep eutectic solvent choline chloride/glycerol 1:2 (ChCl-Gly). Depending of the medium, two reduction mechanisms of FF were evidenced by electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry, long-term potentiostatic electrolyses) and spectroscopic techniques (FTIR in-situ, high resolution NMR ex-situ). In [BMPyrr][NTf2], a reduction wave between -2,30 and -2,43 V vs. Fc+/Fc was assigned to the formation of furfuryl alcohol and two hydrofuroin diastereomers. In [BMIm][NTf2], a wave between -2,13 and -2,30 V was assigned to the formation of a single product, 2,2’-furoin. In the first IL, the mechanism that we proposed is similar to that generally reported in aqueous or organic media. In the second IL, the imidazole-2-ylidene carbene coming from the BMIm+ cation, catalyses the formation of the 2,2-furoin. In the deep eutectic solvent ChCl-Gly, the formation of furfuryl alcohol was evidenced and the influence of the electrode morphology (bulk or nanoparticles) was discussed. In the case of the furfural oxidation, the reactivity appears to be similar in the two ILs with the formation at 1,90 V of an adduct between the NTf2- anion and furfural. HMF displayed a similar behaviour in the two ILs, characterised by adsorption voltametric signals at the electrode surface. FTIR spectroscopy indicates that both hydroxymethyl and carbonyl functions are affected by the reaction. The same technique showed that both functions are also involved in the oxidation of the compound. In the last part of the work, three application possibilities of these fundamental results were investigated in [BMPyrr][NTf2, Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A molecular capsule based on a calix[6]arene core closed at the small rim by a three-point coordinated metal ion and at the large rim by a three-point covalent capping is described. It is derived from a trisimidazole funnel complex capped by a trenamide unit that prevents in/out exchange of guest molecules through the large rim. A detailed comparative study with three different calixarenes provides a unique opportunity for (i) comparing the binding ability of two different coordination sites in well three-dimensional (3D)-structured macrocyclic receptors and (ii) evaluating the impact of a covalent closing of one rim of a funnel receptor while the other rim is closed by weaker coordination bonds. Indeed, this study allowed for highlighting various interesting new features. It is first shown that the trenamide site can bind a metal ion such as Zn2+ by itself. This involves a 1:1 coordination of the metal ion to the three carbonyl groups of the amide functions, which undergo trans-to-cis isomerization and are partially embedded in the calix core. When the trisimidazole core is present, the Zn2+ ion preferentially binds at the small rim, thus closing the cavity. Guest ligand exchange must then occur through a decoordination/recoordination process of the metal ion. The modification and rigidification of the calixarene conformation induced by the large rim capping strengthen the metal ion coordination at the small rim. This also leads to a selective metallo-receptor that readily binds EtNH2 under conditions where PrNH2 is not recognized at all. The increased rigidity of the receptor, however, weakens the host-guest interactions, precluding important induced-fit behaviors that are at work in the parent, large rim opened, funnel complex., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In this study, the ligand exchange mechanism at a biomimetic ZnII centre, embedded in a pocket mimicking the possible constrains induced by a proteic structure, is explored. The residence time of different guest ligands (dimethylformamide, acetonitrile and ethanol) inside the cavity of a calix[6]arene-based tris(imidazole) tetrahedral zinc complex was probed using 1D EXchange SpectroscopY NMR experiments. A strong dependence of residence time on water content was observed with no exchange occurring under anhydrous conditions, even in the presence of a large excess of guest ligand. These results advocate for an associative exchange mechanism involving the transient exo-coordination of a water molecule, giving rise to 5-coordinate ZnII intermediates, and inversion of the pyramid at the ZnII centre. Theoretical modelling by DFT confirmed that the associative mechanism is at stake. These results are particularly relevant in the context of the understanding of kinetic stability/lability in Zn proteins and highlight the key role that a single water molecule can play in catalysing ligand exchange and controlling the lability of ZnII in proteins., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A new xanthone, mboudiexanthone (1), together with five known compounds, euxanthone (2), isogarcinol (3), garcinol (4), betulinic acid (5) and zeorin (6) were isolated from the leaves of Garcinia nobilis Engl. The structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR techniques and X-ray diffraction for 6. The in vitro antiproliferative properties of isolated compounds were evaluated against the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. All compounds showed an antiproliferative activity with an IC50 value down to ∼11 µM for isogarcinol., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Au cours des dernières décennies, la chimie a pris une part croissante dans notre société et dans notre quotidien. Cette omniprésence a guidé les scientifiques des quatre coins de la planète à sans cesse étudier et développer de nouvelles technologies plus efficaces et moins coûteuses en ressources et en temps afin de répondre aux besoins toujours croissant imposés par notre société. Parmi les diverses branches couvertes par la chimie, la chimie organique joue un rôle prépondérant du fait de sa présence dans de nombreux domaines industriels tels que la chimie pharmaceutique, l’agrochimie, la science des matériaux ou encore la chimie des polymères. Cette nécessité toujours croissante de molécules organiques encourage par conséquent les chimistes organiciens à développer de nouveaux procédés surpassant les limitations rencontrées avec les méthodes usuelles ou donnant accès à de nouveaux types de composés impossible à synthétiser auparavant.L’un des exemples les plus frappants est sans conteste l’avènement de la chimie du fluor en synthèse organique. En effet, l’utilisation de cet atome par les chimistes organiciens est passée d’anecdotique au début des années 60 à prépondérante à l’heure actuelle dans de nombreux domaines de recherche. L’impact le plus spectaculaire de la chimie du fluor sur la société moderne est observé dans l’industrie pharmaceutique où près d’un tiers des nouveaux médicaments sont composés d’au moins un atome de fluor. Par ailleurs, ces composés organofluorés jouent également un rôle crucial dans l’industrie agrochimique via le développement de nouveaux composés bioactifs, dans les sciences médicales par l’emploi de traceurs isotopiques fluorés ou encore dans la science des matériaux via l’étude de matières innovantes utilisant les propriétés physico-chimiques exceptionnelles de l’atome de fluor. Bien que de nombreuses réactions de fluoration aient été décrites au cours des dernières décennies, celles si souffrent de limitations tels que des condi, Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Selective molecular recognition is of primary importance for applications such as sensing and separation of chemicals. This work describes the host-guest and crystallisation properties of a penta-carbamated calix[6]arene designed as a molecular container with a H-donating recognition group directed towards the heart of the cavity. As demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies, this macrocyclic receptor can selectively recognise small H-bond acceptors through one or two hydrogen bonds, the guests nesting inside the polyaromatic cavity surrounded by eleven bulky tert-butyl groups., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

We describe a calix[6]arene-based wheel that binds, in non-polar media, a stilbazolium salt to yield a mixture of pseudorotaxane orientational isomers. The isomers abundance ratio evolves with time and can be reversibly tuned by playing on temperature. The spectroscopic properties, and notably the emission spectrum, of the bound guest depend on its orientation inside the non-palindromic wheel, suggesting such a system as a switch with spectroscopic readout., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The straightforward synthesis of a new hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene‐based ligand capped by a tren subunit was developed and the binding properties of the corresponding zinc complex were explored by NMR spectroscopy. Similarly to the closely related calix[6]tren‐based systems, the homooxacalixarene core ensures the mononuclearity of the zinc complex and the metal center displays a labile coordination site for exogenous guests. However, very different host–guest properties were observed: i) in CDCl3, the zinc complex strongly binds a water molecule and is reluctant to recognize other neutral guests, ii) in CD3CN, the exo‐coordination of anions prevails. Thus, in strong contrast to the calix[6]tren‐based systems, the coordination of neutral guests that thread through the small rim and fill the polyaromatic cavity was not observed. This unique behaviour is likely due to the fact that the 18‐membered ethereal macrocycle is too small to let a molecule threading through it. This work illustrates the key role played by the second coordination sphere in the binding properties of metal complexes., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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A water-soluble calix[6]arene-based azacryptand was synthesized. The corresponding tren [tris(2-aminoethyl)amine] cap grafted at the small rim coordinates strongly a copper(II) ion over a wide range of pH. The host-guest properties of the complex were explored by EPR spectroscopy. Due to second coordination sphere effects and the hydrophobic effect ascribed to the calixarene cavity, this funnel complex selectively binds neutral molecules (alcohols, nitriles, amines) versus anions in water near physiological pH. Among the coordinating guests, hydrophobic primary amines are preferentially recognized thanks to the combined effect of the better metal-ligand interaction and hydrogen bonding to the oxygen atoms present at the small rim. Hence, this Cu(II) calix[6]arene-based funnel complex behaves as a sensitive and selective EPR probe for primary amines, including biologically important molecules such as tyramine and tryptamine, in water, over a large pH window., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Afin de s’affranchir de contraintes liées à l’utilisation de milieux conventionnels, l’électroreduction du CO2 a été étudiée en milieux liquides ioniques. L’activité de l’interface électrode - électrolyte a été examinée par techniques électrochimiques et les produits de réactions formés après électrolyses sous contrôle potentiostatique, ont été analysés par techniques chromatographiques et spectroscopie RMN. L’ensemble des informations obtenu lors de ces analyses a permis de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes réactionnels de l’électroréduction du CO2 en milieux liquides ioniques. Au travers de ce travail, l’influence de la composition du liquide ionique sur l’électroréduction du CO2 conduite à une électrode d’or a pu être étudiée, en recourant à des liquides ioniques constitués de différents cations (imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, pipéridinium et tétraalkylammonium) et du même anion [NTf2]-. En milieu [BMIm][NTf2], la présence du proton acide H-2 du cation [BMIm]+ favorise la formation de CO, principal produit formé à l’électrode d’or polycristallin. Cependant, la réduction du cation [BMIm]+ apparaît comme une réaction compétitive, produisant non seulement du carbène, mais également des dimères hydrogénés et un monomère. La différence de sélectivité de ces produits observée à différents matériaux d’électrode a pu être interprétée sur base des capacités différentes des surfaces métalliques à adsorber l’hydrogène. En présence de ces produits générés électrochimiquement, le CO2 est indirectement converti produisant en partie un adduit. Dû fait de la faible chargée transféree durant électrolyse en milieu [N1,1,1,3][NTf2] et des grandes surtensions nécessaires à la réduction du CO2 en milieu [PMPip][NTf2], l’électroréduction du CO2 a été poursuivie en détail en milieu [BMPyrr][NTf2].En milieu [BMPyrr][NTf2], la réduction du cation n’apparaît plus comme une réaction compétitive, et CO peut être formé sélectivement avec d’excellentes efficacités faradique, To avoid limitations encountered in conventional media, the electroreduction of CO2 has been studied in ionic liquids. The activity of the ionic liquid - electrode interface was examined by electrochemical techniques and the reaction products were analysed after controlled-potential electrolysis, by chromatographic techniques and NMR spectroscopy. The information obtained by these analysis have contributed to a better understanding of the reaction pathways of the electroreduction of CO2 in ionic liquids media. In this work, the influence of the ionic liquid composition on the electroreduction of CO2 conducted at gold electrodes was studied by resorting to ionic liquids composed of different cations ( imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium and tetraalkylammonium) and the same anion [NTf2]−. In [BMIm][NTf2], the presence of acidic H-2 proton on the [BMIm]+ cation favours the formation of CO, main product formed at Au (poly). However, the reduction of the [BMIm]+ cation appears as a competitive reaction, producing not only carbene, but also hydrogenated dimers and a monomer. The selectivity of these electrogenerated products observed at various electrode materials, has been interpreted taking into account the distinct H-adsorption abilities of the metallic surfaces. In the presence of these electrogenerated products, CO2 is indirectly converted into an adduct. In ammonium-based ionic liquids, the electroreduction has been investigated in detail only in [BMPyrr][NTf2], since inhibition of the charge transfer and a high overpotential for the reduction of CO2 were observed in [N1,1,1,3][NTf2] and [PMPip][NTf2], respectively.By contrast, in [BMPyrr][NTf2], presenting no reduction reaction of the cation in competition with the CO2 electroreduction at Au (poly), the formation of CO can be selectively formed with excellent faradaic efficiency and without consumption of the RTILs protons. The selectivity for the formation of CO only decreases at more negative potentials, sin, Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’organique électronique, qui repose sur l’utilisation de molécules et macromolécules fi-conjuguées comme semi-conducteurs dans divers dispositifs électroniques, connaît un essor considérable depuis une vingtaine d’années. L’utilisation de molécules organiques octroie de nombreux avantages vis-à-vis du silicium actuellement largement utilisé comme semi-conducteur. Citons par exemple la facilité de mise en oeuvre et la flexibilité méca- nique. La synthèse de nouvelles structures moléculaires est un axe important pour la mise au point de semi-conducteurs organiques plus performants mais aussi pour fournir les systèmes physiques nécessaires à la compréhension des processus physico-chimiques inhérents au transport de charges. Le paramètre primordial pour déterminer la qualité des semi-conducteurs est la mobilité des charges (μ), soit l’efficacité avec laquelle les charges se déplacent au sein des matériaux pi-conjugués. Il n’est pas impossible, qu’un jour, les performances des semi-conducteurs organiques dépassent celles du silicium en raison de la grande diversité de structures moléculaires accessibles via la synthèse organique. Le contrôle de la dimensionnalité de la structure électronique dans les solides organiques moléculaires est crucial pour le développement des dispositifs électroniques organiques à hautes performances. La dimensionnalité correspond au nombre de dimensions de l’espace (1D, 2D, 3D) dans lesquelles les charges peuvent se déplacer, plus celle-ci sera faible, plus le transport de charges sera sensible aux défauts. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes basés sur l’étude menée par Schweicher et al. sur le 2,7-di-tert-butyl[1]benzothiéno[3,2- b]benzothiophène, présentant une dimensionnalité des propriétés du transport de charges proche de deux. Ce travail repose sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de semi-conducteurs moléculaires sur base du [1]benzothiéno[3,2-b]benzothiophène (BTBT) dans le but d’augmenter la dimensionnalité du transport de charges. Po, Doctorat en Sciences, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The quenching of the excited state of [Ru(TAP)3]2+ (TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) by guanosine-5′-monophosphate (GMP), N-acetyltyrosine (N-Ac-Tyr), and hydroquinone (H2Q) has been studied in aqueous solution over a wide range of pH values including, for the first time, strongly acidic media. This quenching by electron transfer was examined by steady-state 1H photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) as well as by more conventional techniques, among which are pulsed laser-induced transient absorption and emission experiments. A deeper knowledge of the photochemical behavior of [Ru(TAP)3]2+ has been gained thanks to the combined use of these two approaches, photo-CIDNP and electronic spectroscopies, highlighting their complementarity. In contrast to what was believed, it is found that the protonated excited state of [Ru(TAP)3]2+ may give rise to an electron transfer with N-Ac-Tyr and H2Q. Such a photoinduced electron transfer does not occur with protonated GMP, however. 1H photo-CIDNP experiments are expected to be particularly promising for characterization of the reductive quenching of excited-state ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes comprising several nonequivalent protonation sites.

The excited-state quenching of [Ru(TAP)2(HAT)]2+ (TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene, HAT= 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene) by hydroquinone (H2Q), N-acetyl-tyrosine (N-Ac-Tyr) or guanosine-5′-monophosphate (GMP) was investigated at various pH values. The quenching occurs via electron/proton transfer, as evidenced by transient absorption spectroscopy and confirmed by 1H photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP). Reductive quenching also occurs in strongly acidic solution despite a much shorter lifetime of the protonated excited-state complex. Photo-CIDNP revealed a different mechanism at low pH, involving protonation before electron transfer and yielding a distinct protonated monoreduced complex. The experimental photo-CIDNP patterns are consistent with density functional theory calculations. This work highlights the power of 1H photo-CIDNP for characterizing, at the atomic level, transient species involved in electron-transfer processes.

Two calix[6]arene-based molecular containers were synthesized in high yields. These containers can encapsulate small guests through a unique "rotating door" complexation process. The sequestration of greenhouse gases is clearly demonstrated. They can be stored in the solid state for long periods and released via dissolution of the inclusion complex., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Potential controlled electrolyses of [BMIm][NTf2] ionic liquid were performed at a gold cathode under nitrogen atmosphere. The structures of the major conversion products of the BMIm+ cation were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses and gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the volatile compounds. Recombination of the imidazol-2-yl radicals, generated at the electrode by single electron transfer, leads to neutral diastereomeric dimers in equal proportions, with a faradaic efficiency of 80 %, while disproportionation of these radicals and/or reaction with hydrogen atoms adsorbed at the electrode generates a neutral monomer with 20 % faradaic efficiency. Both pathways also yield the N-heterocyclic carbene imidazolin-2-ylidene, which is involved in fast proton exchange with the parent BMIm+ cation. The reductive decomposition products of the BMIm+ cation are no longer detected if the pre-electrolysed sample is reacted with CO2, which undergoes an indirect reduction and generates the carboxylate adduct., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published