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Objetivo. Sistematizar evidências sobre o efeito de intervenções mundiais para a redução do consumo e/ou venda de bebidas alcoólicas. Método. Mapa de evidências que, a partir de buscas em nove bases bibliográficas, incluiu 182 estudos de revisões sistemáticas com ou sem metanálises, revisões de intervenções e revisões de revisões. Os estudos avaliaram o efeito de intervenções - agrupadas em conjuntos abrangentes de ações: comunicação para mudança de comportamento; ambientes promotores da saúde e mudanças dos sistemas - sobre dois desfechos de interesse: redução de consumo e redução da compra e/ou venda de álcool. Resultados. Foram registradas 207 associações entre diferentes intervenções e desfechos, com destaque para intervenções de comunicação para mudança de comportamento (81,64%) e para o desfecho de redução de consumo (98,55%). A maioria das associações apresentou efeito positivo (40,58%), inconclusivo (28,99%) ou potencialmente positivo (26,57%). Das intervenções com resultado positivo ou potencialmente positivo, destacam-se o monopólio de vendas de bebidas alcoólicas pelo governo, controle de densidade de pontos de venda, cobrança de preço mínimo por unidade, advertências sanitárias em rótulo de bebidas alcoólicas e múltiplas intervenções integradas. Conclusão. Espera-se que o presente mapa auxilie formuladores de políticas públicas e profissionais de saúde na adaptação de experiências para seus contextos de atuação, estimulando ações intersetoriais para reduzir o consumo de álcool.

Abstract Background Compelling evidence supports the association between red and processed meat consumption and increased risk of colorectal cancer. Herein, we estimated the current (2018) and future (2030) federal direct healthcare costs of colorectal cancer in the Brazilian Unified Health System attributable to red and processed meat consumption. Considering reduced red and processed meat consumption, we also projected attributable costs of colorectal cancer in 2040. Methods We retrieved information on red and processed meat consumption from two nationally representative dietary surveys, the Household Budget Survey 2008–2009 and 2017–2018; relative risks for colorectal cancer from a meta-analysis; direct healthcare costs of inpatient and outpatient procedures in adults ≥ 30 years with colorectal cancer (C18-C20) from 2008–2019 by sex. Results Attributable costs of colorectal cancer were calculated via comparative risk assessment, assuming a 10-year lag. In 2018, US$ 20.6 million (8.4%) of direct healthcare costs of colorectal cancer were attributable to red and processed meat consumption. In 2030, attributable costs will increase to US$ 86.6 million (19.3%). Counterfactual scenarios of reducing red and processed meat consumption in 2030 suggested that US$ 2.2 to 11.9 million and US$ 13 to 74 million could be saved in 2040, respectively. Conclusion Red and processed meat consumption has an escalating economic impact on the Brazilian Unified Health System. Our findings support interventions and policies focused on primary prevention and cancer.

Abstract Background Excess body weight (EBW), herein defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2, is a well-known modifiable risk factor for cancer and a pivotal vector for growing healthcare costs. We estimated the future (2030) federal direct healthcare costs of cancer in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) attributable to EBW. We also projected direct healthcare costs of cancer that could be potentially saved in 2040, considering counterfactual (alternative) scenarios of population-wide reductions in the BMI to be achievedin 2030. Methods We developed a macrosimulation model by sex using self-reported BMI data in adults ≥ 20 years who relied exclusively on the public health system from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS) 2019; relative risks for 12 types of cancer from the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) meta-analysis; and nationwide registries of federal direct healthcare costs of inpatient and outpatient procedures in adults ≥30 years with cancer from 2008-2019. We calculated the attributable costs of cancer via comparative risk assessment, assuming a 10-year lag between exposure and outcome. We used the potential impact fraction (PIF) equation and the Monte Carlo simulation method to estimate the attributable costs and 95% uncertainty intervals, considering the theoretical-minimum-risk exposure and other counterfactual (alternative) scenarios of the EBW prevalence. We assessed the cancer costs attributable to EBW, multiplying PIF by the direct healthcare costs of cancer. Results In 2030, 2.4% or US$ 62.8 million in direct healthcare costs of cancer may be attributable to EBW. We projected potential savings of approximately US$ 10.3 to 26.6 million in 2040 by reducing the prevalence of EBW in 2030. Conclusions We estimated high future costs of cancer attributable to EBW in Brazil. Our findings may support interventions and policies focused on the primary prevention of EBW and cancer.

ObjectivesCancer is an increasing cause of death and disability in Brazil and a pivotal vector for growing health expenditures. Lower levels of leisure-time physical activity are associated with a higher risk of some cancers. We quantified the current and future cancer direct healthcare costs attributable to insufficient leisure-time physical activity in Brazil.MethodsWe performed a macrosimulation model using: (i) relative risks from meta-analyses; (ii) prevalence data of insufficient leisure-time physical activity in adults ≥ 20 years; (iii) national registries of healthcare costs of adults ≥ 30 years with cancer. We used simple linear regression to predict cancer costs as a function of time. We calculated the potential impact fraction (PIF) considering the theoretical-minimum-risk exposure and other counterfactual scenarios of physical activity prevalence.ResultsWe projected that the costs of breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancers may increase from US$ 630 million in 2018 to US$ 1.1 billion in 2030 and US$ 1.5 billion in 2040. The costs of cancer attributable to insufficient leisure-time physical activity may increase from US$ 43 million in 2018 to US$ 64 million in 2030. Increasing leisure-time physical activity could potentially save US$ 3 million to US$ 8.9 million in 2040 by reducing the prevalence of insufficient leisure-time physical activity in 2030.ConclusionOur results may be helpful to guide cancer prevention policies and programs in Brazil.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287224.].

A prevenção e o controle do câncer são prioridades globais e a prevenção primária tem grande potencial de diminuir tanto os casos novos quanto as mortes por câncer. Entre as ações de prevenção primária, a atividade física (AF) tem sido ressaltada por diferentes instituições como importante aliada para a prevenção e o controle da doença. Assim, o objetivo do presente artigo de opinião é destacar a importância de documentos orientadores para a promoção da AF no Sistema Único de Saúde e suas contribuições para o controle do câncer no Brasil. São abordados os seguintes documentos: Guia de atividade física para a população brasileira; Guia de atividade física para a população brasileira: recomendações para gestores e profissionais de saúde; Dieta, nutrição, atividade física e câncer: uma perspectiva global – um resumo do terceiro relatório de especialistas com uma perspectiva brasileira; Atividade Física e Câncer: recomendações para prevenção e controle. Conclui-se que esses documentos têm o potencial de ampliar conhecimentos e práticas de gestores e profissionais de saúde sobre a relação entre AF e prevenção e controle de câncer, subsidiando a atuação tanto na Atenção Primária à Saúde não apenas com enfoque na prevenção, mas também de pessoas a partir do diagnóstico, como na atenção especializada, e podem contribuir para a mudança do paradigma vigente e favorecer o incremento da atividade física durante e após o tratamento do câncer.

ObjectivesThe prevalence of excess body weight (EBW) has increased over the last decades in Brazil, where 55.4% of the adult population was overweight in 2019. EBW is a well-known risk factor for several types of cancer. We estimated the federal cost of EBW-related cancers in adults, considering the medical expenditures in the Brazilian Public Health System.MethodsWe calculated the costs related to 11 types of cancer considering the procedures performed in 2018 by all organizations that provide cancer care in the public health system. We obtained data from the Hospital and Ambulatory Information Systems of the Brazilian Public Health System. We calculated the fractions of cancer attributable to EBW using the relative risks from the literature and prevalence from a nationally representative survey. We converted the monetary values in Reais (R$) to international dollars (Int$), considering the purchasing power parity (PPP) of 2018.ResultsIn Brazil, the 2018 federal cost for all types of cancers combined was Int$ 1.73 billion, of which nearly Int$ 710 million was spent on EBW-related cancer care and Int$ 30 million was attributable to EBW. Outpatient and inpatient expenditures reached Int$ 20.41 million (of which 80% was for chemotherapy) and Int$ 10.06 million (of which 82% was for surgery), respectively. Approximately 80% of EBW-attributable costs were due to breast, endometrial and colorectal cancers.ConclusionA total of 1.76% of all federal cancer-related costs could be associated with EBW, representing a substantial economic burden for the public health system. We highlight the need for integrated policies for excess body weight control and cancer prevention.

O consumo de bebidas quentes no Brasil é bastante difundido, sendo representado principalmente pelo café e chá-mate. A relação entre o consumo de café e a incidência de câncer tem sido investigada há décadas. Diante das atualizações disponíveis sobre o tema, considera-se relevante destacar os apontamentos mais recentes sobre a relação entre o consumo dessas bebidas e o câncer.