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The article presents a series of updates on the declarative and payment obligations related to the social health insurance contribution (CASS) for income from independent activities earned by natural persons in 2024. To determine the obligation to pay health insurance, income from independent activities as defined under Art. 67 of the Fiscal Code, from one or more sources and/or categories of income, will no longer be combined with other categories of income specified in Art. 155 Para. (1) Let. c)-h) of the Fiscal Code. For the latter, the annual calculation base for the CASS is set at the level of 6, 12, and 24 national gross minimum wages in effect at the time of filing the single return. Beginning in 2024, for income from independent activities below six national gross minimum wages, Law No. 296/2023 mandates that the CASS be paid as if the income were six national gross minimum wages. However, the regulation includes certain exceptions, so, under specific conditions, natural persons will not be required to pay this increased CASS amount, basing their contribution only on the actual income earned. If an individual has earned a net income from independent activities defined under Art. 67 of the Fiscal Code, from one or more sources and/or categories of income, below the threshold of six national gross minimum wages in effect as of May 25, 2024, the taxpayer owes CASS on the actual net income earned, not on the calculation base of 19,800 Lei, provided they earned income as specified in Art. 174 Para. (9) Let. a) and b) of the Fiscal Code in the previous fiscal year. Starting with the income earned in 2024, the CASS becomes a deductible expense when calculating the income tax on income from independent activities. The single return for 2024 includes distinct fields for determining and declaring the estimated CASS owed by taxpayers earning income from independent activities as specified in Art. 155 Para. (1) Let. b) of the Fiscal Code, as well as for the cumulative income specified in Art. 155 Para. (1) Let. c)-h) of the Fiscal Code.

This article presents a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the taxation of income from independent activities carried out under sports activity contracts. Participants in sports activities can enter into sports activity contracts with sports organizations based on current legislation. Law No. 296/2023 establishes a new set of rules for determining the income tax, as well as for calculating and paying health insurance contributions (CASS) related to income from independent activities conducted under sports activity contracts. As a novelty, in 2024, to determine the required contribution to the public health system, income from independent activities carried out under sports activity contracts will be separated and will no longer be cumulated with other non-wage income provided for in Art. 155 Para. (1) Let. c)-h) of the Tax Code. Beginning January 1, 2024, CASS becomes a deductible expense when calculating the income tax on income obtained from independent activities carried out under sports activity contracts. Regarding the payment obligation for social insurance contributions (CAS), the gross income established by the contract will be included in the calculation of the ceiling of 12 or 24 minimum gross national wages, based on which it will be determined whether the income beneficiary is required to pay this obligation or not.

This article emphasizes a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the taxation of the income from independent activities for which the net income is determined on a real basis. Government Emergency Ordinance No. 115/2023 and Law No. 296/2023 introduce a number of changes to the rules for determining the annual net income from independent activities determined on a real basis, provided from the accounting data. Thus, starting with the fiscal year 2024, with regard to the health social insurance contributions, income from independent activities is separated and will no longer be aggregated with other non-salary income provided for in Art. 155 Par. (1) Let. c)-h) of the Fiscal Code. The health insurance contribution will be calculated based on the annual net income and becomes a deductible expense when calculating the income tax from independent activities, respectively from sports activity contracts. Also, starting with 2024, the possibility of recalculating the pension insurance contribution is eliminated in case that the taxpayer starts the activity during the year. In Chapter II of the single return, taxpayers estimate their tax obligations for the current year, and the final determination of the net income realized in 2024, which forms the basis of the final obligation regarding social contributions, will be done in Chapter I of the single return submitted next year by the legal payment deadline provided in the Fiscal Code.

The article addresses a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the definition of the related enterprises, which was introduced in the Fiscal Code through the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 31/2024, necessary for calculating the 500,000-euro threshold for applying the taxation regime on micro-enterprises’ income. Starting from January the 1st, 2024, in applying the provisions regarding this threshold, the limit on the realized income is verified by considering the income earned by the Romanian legal entity, combined with the income of the related companies. The incomes to be considered are those constituting the taxable base for micro-enterprises as provided in Article 53 of the Fiscal Code. The companies that were micro-enterprises in 2023 and can no longer apply this regime in 2024 due to the restrictions imposed on them, as amended by Government Emergency Ordinance No. 31/2024, must submit Form 700 by April 15, 2024. Emergency ordinance also amends the rules for exiting the taxation system for micro-enterprise income.

The article addresses a series of theoretical and practical issues regarding the method of taxation of incomes from independent activities obtained by exercising the professions of expert and licensed accountant within their own accounting offices. In Chapter II of the single statement, taxpayers have the obligation of estimating the annual net income for the current year, in order to determine the estimated annual tax and social contributions under certain conditions. The completion of the net income obtained in 2024, which is based on the final obligation in terms of social insurance contribution and health insurance contribution, will be made in Chapter I of the single statement submitted next year by the legal deadline for payment laid down in the Tax Code. The Law No. 293/2023 and the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 115/2023 bring a series of changes with regard to the rules for determining the annual net income from independent activities established in real system, based on accounting data.

The Order of the President of the National Agency for Fiscal Administration No. 6/2024 provides the model, content and instructions for filling in the single return (Form 212), by means of which the taxpayers natural persons who achieve extra-salary incomes finalize their financial status for 2023 and estimate the incomes and social contributions due starting with 2024. The form includes a series of updates compared to the previous year. Thus, the adjustments to the single return are made following the amendments brought to the Fiscal Code by the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022, Law No. 142/2022, Law No. 296/2023, Government Emergency Ordinance No. 115/2023 and Law No. 412/2023. The article includes a case study aiming to emphasize the way of filling in the form in case of a taxpayer who finalizes his financial statement for the previous year and presents the informative data with regard to the estimated tax obligations due starting with 2024.

The article hereby discusses the amendments brought by the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 115/2023 with regard to the taxation mechanism of incomes from the rental and leasing of goods obtained by natural persons, others than those in the lease and from the rental for touristic purposes of the rooms located in private property dwellings. Thus, starting with the incomes corresponding to 2024, a 20% lump sum is deducted from the calculation of income tax from the rental and leasing of goods. One can no longer decide on determining the net annual income in real system, based on the accounting data, regardless of the number of rental agreements. Likewise, new taxation rules are introduced in case the owner is a natural person, and the tenant is a legal person or another entity that has the obligation to keep accounting records. In this situation, the tax shall be withheld and retained, declared and paid monthly from the state budget by the tenant until the 25th, inclusively, in the month following the one in which it was retained, and the owner does not have the obligation of submitting the single return. It is sent just for stating the health contribution in case the net incomes from rentals accumulated with other extra-salary incomes provided at Art. 155 Par. (1) Letters c)-h) from the Fiscal Code exceed six national minimum gross salaries. We will not refer within the article hereby to the rental of rooms from private property dwellings for touristic purposes, these having specific taxation rules according to the provisions in force.

The Law No. 296/2023 regarding certain fiscal-budgetary measures for ensuring Romania’s financial sustainability on the long term brings a series of important modifications with regard to the taxation of activities in the IT field, which are applied partially from November 2023 and partially from January 2024. The article discusses a series of conceptual and practical issues regarding the taxation of these activities according to the provider’s status: employee within a company, certified natural person or micro-enterprise. Thus, starting with the 1st of November 2023, in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 296/2023, the employees carrying out this type of activities based on an employment contract within a company, at the place where there is the main employment, are tax-exempt for the gross monthly incomes from salaries and assimilated to salaries of up to 10,000 Lei included, and the part exceeding this amount does not benefit from facilities. From the 1st of January 2024 we witness the modification of the taxation method both for the certified natural persons providing services in the IT sector and for the persons who own a micro-enterprise with an object of activity specific to the information technology field. Likewise, the certified natural persons providing services in the IT field can use only the real taxation system, based on the accounting data, starting with the income for 2024. The practical examples highlight the taxation methods of these activities according to the status of the provider.

Law No. 296/2023 on certain fiscal-budgetary measures for ensuring Romania’s financial sustainability on the long term brings a series of modifications regarding the social health insurance contribution. Thus, starting with the incomes corresponding to November 2023, the exemption from the payment of the social health insurance contribution for the employees who carry out activities in the construction field, the agricultural sector and the food industry is eliminated. The new tax provisions also stipulate that, starting with the incomes corresponding to the month of January 2024, the meal tickets and the holiday vouchers granted by employers are included in the basis for calculation of the health contribution. In 2024, as regards the payment obligation of the social health insurance contribution, the incomes from independent activities provided at Art. 155 Par. (1) Letter b) in the Fiscal Code are separate and shall no longer be cumulated with other non-salary incomes provided at Art. 155 Par. (1) Letters c)-h). The social health insurance contribution becomes a deductible expense when calculating the taxation of income from independent activities, and from the sports activity contracts, respectively.

The article hereby brings up a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the declarative and payment obligations concerning the taxation of income made from intellectual property rights in the situation where the beneficiaries are dependent taxable persons. The income tax is calculated and retained by the income payer and is paid to the state budget until the 25th inclusive of the month following the one in which it was retained. It is calculated by applying the 10% rate on the net income. Besides the income tax, taxpayers also have obligations with regard to social contributions in certain conditions provided by the Fiscal Code.

The article hereby brings into focus a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the taxation of incomes made of intellectual property rights in case the beneficiaries are independent taxable persons. They have the possibility to decide on setting the income according to the rules of the flat rate system or according to the actual taxation one. Alongside the income tax, taxpayers still have obligations with regard to social contributions under certain conditions provided by the Fiscal code. During the year 2023, they will make the assessment in view of setting up possible payment obligations of the social insurance contribution and the social health insurance contribution. Finalizing the income made by them in the year 2023, which is at the basis of setting the final obligations as regards social contributions, shall be made in the following year (2024), by filling in chapter I in the single return.

The article hereby brings into focus a series of theoretical and practical issues regarding the declarative and payment obligations concerning the taxation of income from the lease of agricultural products from personal patrimony, falling into the category of income from rental and leasing activities for the purposes of Art. 83 in the Tax Code. The tax related to this income falls on the leaseholder. He has declarative obligations in relation to the income, filling in and submitting form 112 until the 25th inclusively of the month following the one in which the lease income was paid. As regards the mandatory social contributions, the income from the lease is included in the basis of the social health insurance contribution, but not in that of the social insurance contribution. At the same time with the entry into force of the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022, we are witnessing new changes regarding the health contribution payable for this type of income. Thus, starting with the income for 2023, the payment obligation of the health insurance contribution occurs starting with the six minimum salaries ceiling, and the annual basis is represented by six, 12 or 24 minimum gross salaries in force at the submittal deadline of the single tax statement. The article also presents a series of situations provided in the Tax Code regarding the payment obligation of the health insurance contribution in the case of this income.

Once the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022 occurred, the Tax Code underwent a series of important changes, among them the microenterprises income taxation regime being also aimed. In order to emphasize the changes occurred since 1 January 2023, this article aims to present a series of theoretical and practical situations that may take place during the tax year regarding the exit from the microenterprises income taxation system.

Starting this year, the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022 brings a series of modifications to the tax regime applicable to the tax-payers who obtain income from independent activities within an authorized natural person. One of them consists in the obligation to pass from the taxation based on the income standards to the one in real system in case the gross income outruns the equivalent in Lei of the 25,000 Euro amount. Thus, if in the current year this limit is exceeded, which is four times smaller than the one provided by the Fiscal Code before the entering into force of the mentioned ordinance, the real system is chosen starting with next year. We are also observing modifications with regard to the calculation basis of the pension and health contributions. Starting with the income related to the year 2023, the payment of the health contribution is mandatory from the six minimum salaries limit, and the annual calculation basis of the contribution to the pension system is represented by the income chosen by the taxpayer, which cannot be less than 12 or 24 minimum gross salaries by country in force on the submission deadline of the single return. The single return filled in and submitted until the 25th of May 2023 by the natural persons carrying out an activity within an authorized natural person shall be based both on the rules before the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022, for finalizing the situation for the previous year, and on the rules of the new tax regime, in view of estimating the situation for this year, for which the fiscal obligations shall be paid in 2024.

The article debates a series of conceptual and practical issues regarding the taxation of incomes achieved by exercising the profession of notary public. The taxpayers achieving independent incomes from this profession are taxed in real system, based on the accounting data, and must set by self-taxation the declarative and payment obligations within the single tax statement submitted within the legal time period provided in the Tax Code. Public notaries are insured in their own pension system. They are considered taxpayers if they are in office, are members of the National Union of Notaries Public from Romania and pay their contributions by submitting an individual insurance statement in view of communicating the monthly income, according to which the monthly calculation basis of the individual contribution shall be set.

This article discusses the amendments made by Government Ordinance No. 16/2022 as regards the mechanism of taxation of income from the disposal of the use of assets, other than those from the lease or from rental for tourist purposes of the rooms located in privately owned dwellings. Thus, starting with the revenue for 2023, the 10% income tax rate is applied to the gross income, representing the taxable income, the flat rate expenses/the deduction of 40% used when setting the annual taxable income being eliminated. Another update refers to the reduction of the limit from which the health contribution is paid for the income obtained from the disposal of the use of assets to six national minimum gross wages, compared to 12 wages, as it was before this year. It is also mandatory to register the lease contracts with the competent fiscal authority reporting to ANAF no later than 30 days after the conclusion/occurrence of its amendment, obligation which had been waived in 2018. Their registration procedure is carried out in accordance with Order of the President of the National Agency for Fiscal Administration No. 2031/2022. In the case of the ongoing lease contracts on the 1st of January 2023, their registration with the competent fiscal authority and the changes occurred shall be made within 90 days from the date on which the obligation of their registration has occurred. The obligations of taxpayers who obtain income from the disposal of the use of assets from the execution of maximum five lease contracts are set by self-taxation within the single return.

The order of the President of the National Agency for Fiscal Administration No. 2541/2022 provides the model, content and instructions for filling in the single statement regarding the income tax and the social contributions owned by natural persons (form 212), by means of which the natural persons taxpayers who achieve extra-salary income complete their financial statement for the year 2022 and estimate the income and social contributions owned for the year 2023. The single statement corresponding to the year 2023 presents a series of changes compared to the previous year, in the context of several amendments to the Fiscal Code by the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022, Law No. 370/2022 and the Emergency Government Ordinance No. 130/2021, but also of the most recent pandemic allowance for natural persons, provided by the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 2/2022. The article includes a case study aiming to emphasize the way of filling in this form in the case of taxpayers completing the financial statement for the year 2022 and presents the data with regard to stating the estimated income tax and the social contributions due for the year 2023.

The Government Ordinance No. 16/2022 has some novelties with regard to the tax treatment of dividends. Thus, starting with the 1st of January 2023, the dividend tax rate increases from 5% to 8% for the dividends paid to legal persons and to resident/non-resident natural persons, as well as to privately administered pension funds and to the optional pension funds. As an element of novelty, the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022 brings a series of clarifications regarding the conditions that must be fulfilled in view of applying the exemption of dividend payments made by a Romanian legal person to another one, with regard to the form of organisation and the application of the profit tax or of another tax which replaces it, without the possibility of an option or exemption. Besides the increase of the tax rate, the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022 also brings changes with regard to the health contribution rules for the dividend incomes. Thus, starting with the incomes corresponding to 2023, the payment obligation of the health contribution for the dividends collected by the natural persons appears from the six minimum salaries ceiling, compared to the 12 salaries ceiling in the previous year. While the dividend tax is applied according to the year of their distribution, the health insurance contribution is applied by taking into account their actual collection date. If the dividends are distributed during 2022, but are paid in 2023, the taxation rate is kept at 5%, but the health insurance contribution falls within the rules from the year of their collection. The distribution of dividends can be made annually, after the approval of the annual financial statements corresponding to the ended financial year, or quarterly, throughout the year, after the approval of the interim financial statements. Law No. 370/2022 clarifies the fact that, in case the company decided to distribute dividends based on the interim financial statements prepared during 2022, the 5% taxation rate is kept, without recalculating the tax on the respective dividends after their regularisation based on the annual financial statements corresponding to the financial year 2022, approved according to the legal regulations.

The article presents a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the application of the value added tax regime related to the trading of lands and buildings in accordance to the provisions of the Fiscal Code. The classification of a land in the available for building or with another destination category at the moment of its sale by the owner results from the urbanism certificate. If the land is not available for building, its delivery shall take place in exemption without the right of deduction regime, and if it is available for building, its sale shall be performed under normal tax regime. The delivery of constructions/ parts of constructions and of the lands on which they are built, as well as of any other lands, is VAT exempted. By way of exception, the exemption does not apply for the delivery of new buildings, parts of new buildings or lands available for building.The reduced 5% VAT rate is valid only for certain categories of buildings and by complying with strict conditions. In accordance with the provisions of the Fiscal Code, the reduced rate of 5% is applied to the taxation basis for the delivery of buildings as part of the social policy, including of the land on which they are built. As it was established by the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022, from the 1st of January 2023 we shall have only one rule regarding the application of the reduced tax rate to the deliveries of buildings to natural persons as part of the social policy. Thus, the procurement of a single building with a 5% VAT shall be allowed, individually or jointly with another natural person/other natural persons, if it has a value of maximum 600,000 Lei, VAT excluded. Considering the new provisions brought by GO No. 16/2022 regarding the application of the reduced VAT rate of 5%, the rules regarding the special register were also adapted.

he goal of this paper is to better comprehend the importance of ethical behavior related to gender and religion in the Romanian accounting profession. In this regard we started by reviewing the scientific papers approaching the ethics topic of research. Then we conducted an empirical study that analyses students’ behavior when dealing with ethics in accounting field, having as main objective the assessment of the students’ perceptions regarding the importance of the ethical behavior, as potential or current employees in the field of accounting. The empirical research was carried out between May 2022 and June 2022, and the research method used was the survey, the instrument used being the questionnaire. This has been fulfilled by 100 master students in the accounting field from the Faculties of Economics, within the University of Oradea as well as the University of Arad. This paper is going to validate the different importance given to ethical behavior, by accounting professionals in Romania depending on gender. The research questions that this study aims to answer are: Does the accountants’ gender influence the ethical behavior of the accounting profession? And Does the accountants’ religious background influence their sense of ethics? Results obtained document a different level of given significance to ethical behavior depending on gender, but not on religious background. A significant part of those surveyed considers that under pressure or salary motivation from the management of the entity, they could decide to change an accounting policy that could affect the true image of the company.

Starting this year, we are witnessing a significant modified tax regime for corporate tax paying microenterprises/companies that want to obtain tax credit for the sponsorships made. For the sponsorships granted starting from 2022 there is no longer the possibility of reporting the amounts undeducted from the enterprises’ income tax/corporate tax. By exception, Law No. 322/2021 provides transitional provisions, in so far as the carryovers are still possible until 2028 inclusively for the sponsorships granted until the end of 2021. If the companies provide sponsorships, and their amount is lower than the available tax credit, the remaining difference may be redirected in maximum six months from the legal term for submitting the annual corporate tax statement/the microenterprises income tax statement corresponding to the fourth quarter. The option to redirect the remaining difference can be made by the taxpayer by filling in and submitting Form 177, and this redirection is also made for sponsorships. With some exceptions provided by the Order of the Chairman of the National Agency of Fiscal Administration No. 1679/2022, the beneficiaries of the amount redirected from the tax must be enrolled on its payment date in the Register of entities/units of worship for which tax deductions are granted.

Along with the occurrence of the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022, the Tax Code has undergone a series of important changes, among these the mandatory social contributions corresponding to the non-salary incomes earned by the natural persons taxpayers being also aimed. Thus, starting with the income corresponding to the year 2023, the payment of the health insurance contribution shall be mandatory starting with the six minimum wages threshold, as compared to the current threshold, which is set at 12 wages, and the annual calculation basis of the social security contribution shall be represented by the income chosen by the tax payer, that cannot be less than the level of 12 or 24 gross national minimum wages in force at the single tax statement submission deadline.

The article shows an accounting and tax approach to the domestic and foreign travel expenses, in accordance with the current provisions of the Fiscal Code and with the regulations in the accounting field. Law No. 72/2022 for cancelling fiscal obligations and for amending normative acts brings a series of novelties with regard to the tax regime of the daily allowance paid during the travel/secondment. Starting with May 2022, the amounts that may be granted to the employees as non-taxable daily allowances which are not subject to social contributions shall have to be calculated according to two different ceilings, as opposed to a single one, provided until the entering into force of Law No. 72/2022. Thus, besides the level provided in the Government Decision No. 714/2018, for the daily allowances in the public system, the employers should also have in view, for the employees, depending on the situation of each person sent in the business trip/secondment, a limit of three gross salaries corresponding to his/her respective workplace, and for the directors, a limit of three remunerations provided in the legal report. Law No. 72/2022 standardizes the tax treatment of the daily allowances, placing all three types of travel allowances, secondment, delegation and mobility, on the same fiscal level.

The taxation regime of the micro-enterprises incomes is amended starting with the 1st of January 2023, according to the Government Ordinance No. 16/2022 for amending and supplementing the Law No. 227/2015 on the Fiscal Code, the abrogation of normative acts and other financial-fiscal measures. The micro-enterprises income tax becomes optional. We are witnessing the redefining of the microenterprises and the exceptions regarding the entities that can apply this regime and the amendment of the rules for exiting the micro-enterprises income tax application. Changes include the reduction of the achieved incomes ceiling to 500,000 Euro, the elimination of the 3% tax rate, the obligation that the company should have at least one employee, the limitation of the number of micro-enterprises owned by the same shareholder/associate. The ordinance clearly states the tax decrease order of the fiscal facilities. Likewise, the companies applying the specific tax in 2022 are provided with the possibility to select the payment of the micro-enterprises income tax starting next year.

The article highlights the accounting and fiscal regime regarding the adjustment of the value-added tax in the case of capital goods and the purchases of goods and services, other than capital goods. The legal basis regarding VAT adjustment is represented by the provisions of the Fiscal Code and its enforcement rules. The tax adjustment constitutes the exercise of the deduction right in case the taxable person earns the right of deduction in compliance with the legal provisions in force (positive adjustment) or the total or partial cancellation of the initially exercised deduction in case the taxable person loses the right of deduction pursuant to the law (negative adjustment).

Individual taxpayers who obtain revenues individually or in association by performing beauty/fitness treatments activities are obliged to be authorised in accordance with the effective legal provisions and to fulfil their filling and payment obligations. For tax purposes, the revenues obtained from these activities fall into the category of those related to independent activities. After registering to the Trade Register and obtaining the operational authorisation, taxpayers have the obligation of filling the single tax statement estimating in Chapter II their expected obtained revenues and in some cases the social contributions. In the same chapter, they exercise their option for determining the annual net revenues either according to the income tax bracket system or the earnings basis, according to the accounting data. Tax obligations for 2022 are established in the year following the income taxation, by completing and submitting Chapter I of the single tax statement for 2023. For amounts received by cash or card payments, taxpayers will have to issue a receipt, therefore to own an electronic cash register. Providing beauty/fitness treatment activities is subject to VAT.

The provision of services by teachers in private, as tutors, fiscally fits in the category of income from independent activities, and the taxpayers who carry out these activities must authorize themselves in accordance with the legal provisions in force and to fulfil their declaratory and payment obligations. The tax that teachers who offer tutoring in private must pay to the state budget is determined by reference to the annual net income, either in real system, based on the accounting data, or according to income rules. In certain situations, there is an obligation to pay social contributions. For the amounts collected in cash or by card, the tutoring teachers are obliged to issue fiscal receipts, therefore to have a cash register with an electronic journal. Persons intending to achieve or who have already achieved individual income from the provision of services representing tutoring fall within the scope of VAT exemption.

In accordance with the legal regulations in force, the tax payers natural persons may exercise the option to direct up to 3.5% of the tax related to the incomes achieved in the year 2021 for supporting non-profit entities that are established and operate according to the law and the places of worship, as well as for granting private scholarships. This support can be carried out by filling in form 230 and/or the single return regarding the income tax and the social contributions due by the natural persons. The beneficiaries of these amounts must be listed in the Register of entities/places of worship for which tax deductions are granted.

In view of carrying out an economic activity, two or more natural persons may set up an association without legal personality. The article has a series of conceptual and practical aspects regarding the declarative and payment obligations that the members of such an entity have. The natural persons achieving incomes within an association without legal personality are obliged to declare them, to pay the income tax and the CAS and CASS to the state budget, under certain conditions. According to the setting up agreement, each associate member has a share within the association, so that it shall owe to the state budget, proportional to its participation, the obtained income tax and social contributions in certain situations. The case studies included describe the way of setting up the declarative and payment obligations corresponding to the activity carried out by the members of a family business, as well as by farmers setting up an association without legal personality, in view of cultivating the lands they possess.

The article hereby has a series of theoretical and practical issues regarding the health insurance contribution due by natural persons earning incomes from independent activities. In certain situations, natural persons earning such incomes may be liable for the payment of the health insurance contribution. During 2022, taxpayers make their assessment in view of setting a possible payment obligation of this contribution, and the completion of the earned income, underlying the setting of the final obligation in terms of the health insurance contribution, shall be achieved the following year, by filling in Chapter I in the single tax statement. The annual base for the calculation of the health insurance contribution is the equivalent of 12 national minimum gross salaries in force at the deadline for submitting the single tax statement. The health insurance contribution is set by applying the 10% rate to the annual base for the calculation.

The order of the president of the National Agency for Fiscal Administration No. 2127/2021 provides the model, content and instructions for filling in the single tax statement and the social contributions due by natural persons (form 212), by means of which the natural persons earning non-salary incomes finalize their financial situation for 2021 and estimate the incomes and the due social contributions starting with 2022. The form has been updated compared to the previous year, including a series of changes made to the Fiscal Code by the Law No. 296/2020, the Government Ordinance No. 8/2021 and the Emergency Government Ordinance No. 111/2021. The article also comprises a case study which renders the way of filling in the single statement in the case of tax payers finalizing their financial situation for 2021 and presents the data regarding the estimated income tax and the social contributions due for this year.

This article presents a series of theoretical and practical matters regarding the input and output method in/from the VAT upon collection system. The input in this system of a taxable person whose place of business is in Romania can be performed anytime during the financial year, from a tax period to another tax period, and not only in January or on the registration date for tax purposes. The output from the system can be performed by submitting the notification at the tax body until the 20th, inclusively, of the month following the tax period in which the taxable person has exceeded the ceiling provided in Article 282 Paragraph (3) of the Fiscal Code. The notification is sent to the tax body from the 1st to the 20th of each month, if the output is optional. This can be done by the online submittal of the form 097 or 700. The VAT upon collection system cannot be optionally waived in the first year in which the application was opted for.

The article discusses a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the taxation of revenues from independent activities obtained from exercising the expert accountant profession. These taxpayers have the obligation to estimate the annual net revenue for the current year in order to determine the estimated annual tax and the social contributions in certain circumstances. They will have to submit the single tax return to the competent tax authority within the legal timeframe stated by the Fiscal Code. Next year taxpayers submit the single tax return until 25th of May and declare the actual revenues obtained in the current year in Chapter I, with the purpose of establishing the tax for the current year.

The single tax statement may be corrected anytime by the tax-payers on their own initiative, wherever the information does not correspond with what was stated in the previously submitted form. In the situation were the natural person wishes to send a rectifying statement, he/she shall use the same form, ticking the adequate box in order to mark the fact that it is about a rectification. In this statement only one chapter or both chapters may be corrected, at al headings, as necessary. The tax-payers may rectify the estimated income tax until the 31st of December of the tax year. There is also the possibility of submitting a rectifying statement for the previous years (2018-2020), if the tax-payer finds that the information does not correspond with those in the previously submitted statements.

The tax base and the related value added tax is fully determined on the delivery of goods and/or the performance of services. The present article discusses a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the cases where the tax basis for the VAT can be reduced in accordance with the provisions of Article 287 from the Fiscal Code and the related Methodological appliance pronouncements.

The article discusses a series of conceptual and practical aspects regarding the taxation of the income obtained through practice of the lawyer profession. Taxpayers who obtained independent income from this profession have to establish through self-assessment the filling and payment obligations in the single tax return filled within the legal timeframe stated in the Fiscal Code. The lawyers registered with the Bar, licensed to practice the profession, have the obligation to contribute to their own pension and other social security rights system. The contribution obligation of the members of the National Social Security Fund for Lawyers becomes effective for each calendar month starting from the moment the basis for the calculation of the monthly contribution is established, this institution being responsible for the administration of the contribution receivables of the Bar members.

This article presents a series of theoretical and practical concepts regarding the social security contribution owed by natural persons that obtain revenues from independent activities (production, retail, rendering of services, liberal professions). Throughout the year 2021, tax payers carry out the evaluation in order to establish a potential payment obligation of this contribution, and the completion of the revenues earned, which is the base of establishing the final obligation regarding CAS, will be carried out in the next year, by filling Chapter I of the single tax return. The annual base for the calculation of the social security contribution cannot be lower than the level of 12 gross national minimum wages effective at the date when the single tax return is filled.

The article discusses a series of conceptual and practical aspects regarding the taxation of the income obtained from advisory activity in the field of information technology. Individuals who perform independent advisory activities in the field of information technology prefer the CAEN code 6202, which comprises the planning and designing of the computer systems that include hardware, software and communication technologies. The advisory services can also include the activity of training the users. Practical examples highlight the way to determine the filling and payment obligations of the taxpayers who perform such an activity as certified natural persons.

The article discusses a series of conceptual and practical aspects related to the taxation of incomes obtained by natural persons from lease contracts in the year 2011. Under the provisions of Law No. 296/2020 amending and complementing Law No. 227/2015 on the Fiscal Code a new mechanism of determining and declaring annual income obtained from leasing out rooms situated in personal dwellings for touristic purposes has been approved. These incomes are determined based on the tax system’s annual income tax rules, without the possibility of opting for the system of determining the real income based on accounting data. As a novelty, from 2021 onwards, taxpayers who earn income from the transfer of the use of property under a lease contract, where the lease is the equivalent in lei of a currency, determine the gross annual income on the basis of the monthly lease valued at the average annual exchange rate of the foreign exchange market, communicated by the NBR, in the year in which the respective income was obtained.

Tax payers who are individuals and wish to forward up to 3.5% of the related tax on the income obtained in 2020 in order to support the non-profit organizations founded and operated under the law and the cult organizations, and also to provide private scholarships can do so by filling the 230 and 212 forms until May 25th, 2021. The non-profit and cult organizations benefit from those amounts only if they are enlisted in the Register of cult units/organizations for which tax deductions are provided.

This article presents a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the taxation of revenues obtained through independent activities conducted under contracts of sport activities. According to the effective legislation, the participants in sport activities can conclude sport activities contracts with sport facilities. The revenues obtained by them is taxed through collection at source and is included in the calculation of the cap used as reference to establish if the beneficiary pays social contributions or not. In order to provide a better understanding of the subject, all these aspects are rendered in this article alongside a case study.

The Order of the President of the National Agency for Fiscal Administration No. 14/2021 provides the model, content and the instructions for filling out the single return for personal income tax and social security liabilities of natural persons, through which tax payers that are natural persons and obtain income from sources other than their job engross their financial situation for the year 2020 and estimate their income and related taxes for 2021. This year, form 212 introduces a series of new requirements. Thus, two distinctive sections are introduced in order to establish and state the tax liabilities of tax payers for the allowances obtained from the government, as provided for by the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 30/2020 and the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 132/2020. Furthermore, a distinctive field regarding the acquisition cost of electronic cash register tills has been introduced in section I.4 of Chapter I, for the purposes of implementing the requirements of Law No. 153/2020 regarding the deductibility of the acquisition cost of such devices from the annual income tax. At the same time, the content of Chapter II relating to the incomes obtained from renting out premises for touristic purposes has been deleted, and the instructions for filling out the form have been updated.

This article presents a series of aspects related to the statement 311, regarding the collected value added tax owed by those tax payers whose registration number for VAT purposes has been cancelled in accordance with art. 316 para. (11) (a)-(e), (g) or (h) from Law No. 227/2015 regarding the Fiscal Code, as subsequently amended and supplemented.

Addressing the COVID-19 pandemic has been a challenge for all companies, regardless of their size or location. In this paper, the authors propose the following research objectives: identifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on accounting firms in Arad County, respectively on their clients, evaluating the way companies managed the impact of the pandemic on their activity, as well as the relationship that these companies have with the Romanian authorities and CECCAR. In order to achieve these objectives, the authors used a descriptive, cross-sectional research, applying a questionnaire addressed to accounting companies in Arad County.

The present article discusses a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the fiscal treatment of the acquisition of electronic cash registers in the case of entities paying income taxes (including micro-entities and registered freelancers) and taxes specific to certain activities. Starting August 2020, according to the provisions of the Law No. 153/2020, entities paying income taxes (including microenterprises and registered freelancers) have the possibility to reduce the taxes owed by the acquisition cost of the electronic cash registers, including the cost of those purchased and put into service in 2018 and 2019. This measure regarding the electronic cash registers purchased and put into service starting January 1st, 2020 is also applicable to entities paying taxes specific to certain activities.

The present article discusses a series of theoretical and practical issues related to the accounting and tax treatment regarding real estate rentals in accordance with the current legislation in this field. Therefore, we will present the case where the owner is an individual and also the tax regime regarding the VAT and the warranty-related aspects concerning the rental contracts and the incentives provided for this type of contracts for the case where the owner and the renter are legal entities.

The main purpose of this article is to study the perception of undergraduate and graduate students compared to the perception of employers regarding the professional and transversal competences required for gaining access to the labor market in the accounting field. For this purpose, we have conducted a descriptive, transversal market research which focused on a target group of 140 undergraduate/ graduate students studying Accounting and 220 employers. The conclusion of the research was that, in order to achieve a successful career in accounting, undergraduate/ graduate students should posses a set of strong transversal competences to complement the professional competences acquired and tested throughout the undergraduate and graduate university programs. So that professional accountants can act as creators, mediators, keepers and reporters of sustainable value for the purpose of supporting the organization, the competences they partially acquired during the qualification and training activities will need to be constantly developed and improved throughout their entire career. Therefore, most of the individuals involved in our research believe that acquiring the membership of CECCAR by the Accountancy graduates can lead to a constant improvement of the competences required on the labor market and also to a successful career.

This article discusses a series of conceptual and practical issues regarding taxation mechanism of revenues from independent activities based on the income tax bracket. For tax payers who obtain revenues from independent activities apart from liberal professions, and perform activities contained in the classified list from the Regional Directorates General of Public Finance, the net annual income is determined on the basis of annual income tax bracket from the place of work. These tax payers have a number of filling and payment obligations. They set out the annual tax and social contributions paid through the single return for income tax and social contributions by natural persons.

The accounting profession is currently dealing with great challenges as a result of the evolution of digital technology. Companies and organisations are changing their business models following the digital disturbance, and accountants must be prepared to offer advice to their clients. In the present article we aim to test the perception of professional accountants from Arad County over this phenomenon using a descriptive, cross-cutting type of research by applying a survey.

The present article discusses a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the fiscal mechanism for taxation of income obtained by natural persons tax payers through a maximum number of five foreign currency rental contracts.