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The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)AUXIN-REGULATED PROMOTER LOOP(APOLO) recognizes a subset of target loci across theArabidopsis thalianagenome by forming RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loop) and modulating local three-dimensional chromatin conformation. Here we show thatAPOLOis involved in regulating the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) by dynamically modulating the expression of key factors. In response to far-red (FR) light, the expression ofAPOLOanticorrelates with its targetBRANCHED1(BRC1), a master regulator of shoot branching inArabidopsis thaliana.APOLOderegulation results inBRC1transcriptional repression and an increase in the number of branches.APOLOtranscriptional accumulation fine-tunes the formation of a repressive chromatin loop encompassing theBRC1promoter, which normally occurs only in leaves as well as in a late response to FR treatment in axillary buds. In addition, our data reveal thatAPOLOparticipates in leaf hyponasty, in agreement with its previously reported role in the control of auxin homeostasis through direct modulation ofYUCCA2(auxin synthesis),PIDandWAG2(auxin efflux). We found that direct application ofAPOLORNA to leaves results in a rapid increase in auxin accumulation that is associated with changes in the response of the plants to FR light. Collectively, our data support the view that lncRNAs coordinate the shade avoidance syndrome inArabidopsis thalianaand shed light on the potential of lncRNAs as bioactive exogenous molecules. Deploying exogenous RNAs that modulate plant-environment interactions are important new tools for sustainable agriculture.

The extraordinary maturation in high‐throughput sequencing technologies has revealed the existence of a complex network of transcripts in eukaryotic organisms, including thousands of long noncoding (lnc) RNAs with little or no protein‐coding capacity. Subsequent discoveries have shown that lncRNAs participate in a wide range of molecular processes, controlling gene expression and protein activity though direct interactions with proteins, DNA, or other RNA molecules. While significant advances have been achieved in the understanding of lncRNA biology in the animal kingdom, the functional characterization of plant lncRNAs is still in its infancy and remains a major challenge. In this review, we report emerging functional and mechanistic paradigms of plant lncRNAs and partner molecules and discuss how cutting‐edge technologies may help to identify and classify yet uncharacterized transcripts into functional groups. Fil: Lucero, Leandro Exequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Ferrero, Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Fonouni-farde, Camille Audrey. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Ariel, Federico Damian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina

Two class I TCP transcription factors are required for an efficient elongation of hypocotyls in response to auxin and for the correct expression of a subset of auxin-inducible genes In this work, we analyzed the response to auxin of plants with altered function of the class I TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF (TCP) transcription factors TCP14 and TCP15. Several SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR) genes showed decreased expression in mutant plants defective in these TCPs after an increase in ambient temperature to 29 °C, a condition that causes an increase in endogenous auxin levels. Overexpression of SAUR63 caused a more pronounced elongation response in the mutant than in the wild-type at 29 °C, suggesting that the decreased expression of SAUR genes is partly responsible for the defective elongation at warm temperature. Notably, several SAUR genes and the auxin response gene IAA19 also showed reduced expression in the mutant after auxin treatment, while the expression of other SAUR genes and of IAA29 was not affected or was even higher. Expression of the auxin reporter DR5::GUS was also higher in a tcp15 mutant than in a wild-type background after auxin treatment. However, the elongation of hypocotyls in response to auxin was impaired in the mutant. Remarkably, a significant proportion of auxin inducible genes and of targets of the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 are regulated by TCP15 and often contain putative TCP recognition motifs in their promoters. Furthermore, we demonstrated that several among them are recognized by TCP15 in vivo. Our results indicate that TCP14 and TCP15 are required for an efficient elongation response to auxin, most likely by regulating a subset of auxin inducible genes related to cell expansion.

SUMMARYRNA-DNA hybrid (R-loop)-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), including the Arabidopsis lncRNAAUXIN-REGULATED PROMOTER LOOP(APOLO), are emerging as important regulators of three-dimensional chromatin conformation and gene transcriptional activity. Here, we showed that in addition to the PRC1-component LIKE-HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1),APOLOinteracts with the methylcytosine-binding protein VARIANT IN METHYLATION 1 (VIM1), a conserved homolog of the mammalian DNA methylation regulator UBIQUITIN-LIKE CONTAINING PHD AND RING FINGER DOMAINS 1 (UHRF1). TheAPOLO-VIM1-LHP1 complex directly regulates the transcription of the auxin biosynthesis geneYUCCA2by dynamically determining DNA methylation and H3K27me3 deposition over its promoter during the plant thermomorphogenic response. Strikingly, we demonstrated that the lncRNAUHRF1 Protein Associated Transcript(UPAT), a direct interactor of UHRF1 in humans, can be recognized by VIM1 and LHP1 in plant cells, despite the lack of sequence homology betweenUPATandAPOLO. In addition, we showed that increased levels ofAPOLOorUPAThamper VIM1 and LHP1 binding toYUCCA2promoter. Collectively, our results uncover a new mechanism in which a plant lncRNA coordinates Polycomb action and DNA methylation, and reveal that evolutionary unrelated lncRNAs may exert similar functions across kingdoms.

The aim of this paper is the presentation of reflections on the main issues that arose in the reorganization of the Second Cycle of Drama, Art and Music (University of Bologna), which is conducted by teachers of musicological and ethnomusicological disciplines together with students, in order to examine the need to employ different approaches to multidisciplinary teaching in graduate studies. Graduate studies have recorded a significant number of foreign students in recent years, mostly from the Far East, and especially from China, which represents a challenge for multidisciplinary teaching of musicology and ethnomusicology due to the differences between the language cultures. The authors recognize two levels of problems in the implementation of study programs and the organization of teaching: 1) the need to make a specific music lexicon suitable even for non-specialized students without lowering the level of didactic proposals for music curriculum students; 2) the strategy of relations with international students, mostly from the Far East, who generally possess excellent technical musical skills (resulting from the previous schooling at music academies or conservatories), who encounter several language problems, which are often related to the idea of studying and learning human sciences in general (in the case of students of the Far Eastern origin, the culture of learning and the perception of the methodology of teaching humanities differs significantly from the European approach to the same issue). The paper is based on sociological and ethnographic research on foreign students’ learning techniques and reflects on the analysis of collected notes of Chinese students as particular examples of the addressed problems in the perception and adoption of the musicological and ethnomusicological content taught in drama, art and music studies.

Root hairs (RH) growth is highly influenced by endogenous as well as by external environmental signals that coordinately regulate its final cell size. RHs actively expand the root surface responsible for nutrient uptake and water absorption. We have recently determined that RH growth was unexpectedly boosted when Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings are cultivated at low temperatures. It was proposed that RH growth plasticity in response to cold was linked to a reduced nutrient availability in the media. Here, we explored the molecular basis of this strong RH growth response by using the Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) approach on Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions. We identified the poorly characterized PEROXIDASE 62 (PRX62) as a key protein triggering this conditional growth under a moderate low-temperature stress. In addition, we identified the related protein PRX69 as an important factor in this developmental process. The prx62 prx69 double mutant and the PRX62 and PRX69 over-expressing lines showed contrasting RH phenotypes, peroxidase activities and cyt/apoReactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels. Strikingly, a cell wall protein extensin (EXT) reporter revealed the effect of peroxidase activity on the EXT cell wall association at 10C in the RH apical zone. EXT cell wall insolubilization was enhanced at 10C, which was completely abolished under the PRX inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) treatment. Finally, we demonstrated that the Root Hair defective 6 like 4 (RSL4) transcription factor directly controls the expression of PRX69 under low-temperature. Collectively, our results indicate that both PRX62 and PRX69 are key apoplastic PRXs that modulate ROS-homeostasis and cell wall EXT-insolubilization linked to RH elongation at low-temperature. Fil: Martinez Pacheco, Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Ranocha, Philippe. Université de Toulouse; Francia Fil: Kasulin, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Fusari, Corina Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos; Argentina Fil: Servi, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentina Fil: Ferrero, Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Berdion Gabarain, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Peralta, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Borassi, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Marzol, Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez Garcia, Diana Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Rondon Guerrero, Yossmayer del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Carignani Sardoy, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Botto, Javier Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina Fil: Meneses, Claudio. Universidad Andrés Bello; Chile Fil: Ariel, Federico Damian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Petrillo, Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Argentina Fil: Dunand, Christophe. Université de Toulouse; Francia Fil: Estevez, Jose Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Andrés Bello; Chile

In autogamous plants like Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), stamen filament elongation must be finely regulated to ensure that anthers reach the pistil at the correct developmental stage. In this work, we studied the roles of Arabidopsis TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF15 (TCP15), and related class-I TCP transcription factors in stamen filament elongation. Plants with decreased expression of class-I TCPs and plants that express a fusion of TCP15 to a repressor domain (pTCP15::TCP15-EAR) had shorter stamens, indicating that class-I TCPs stimulate filament growth. These plants also showed reduced expression of several SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR)63 subfamily genes, which contain TCP target motifs in their promoters. Mutational analysis indicated that the TCP target motif in the SAUR63 promoter is required for expression of SAUR63 in stamen filaments. Moreover, TCP15 directly binds to the SAUR63 promoter region that contains the TCP target motif in vivo, highlighting the role of the TCPs in this process. Class-I TCPs are also required for the induction of SAUR63 subfamily genes by gibberellins (GAs). In addition, overexpression of SAUR63 restores filament growth in pTCP15::TCP15-EAR plants, whereas overexpression of TCP15 rescues the short stamen phenotype of GA-deficient plants. The results indicate that TCP15 and related class-I TCPs modulate GA-dependent stamen filament elongation by direct activation of SAUR63 subfamily genes through conserved target sites in their promoters. This work provides insight into GA-dependent stamen filament elongation. Fil: Gastaldi, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Lucero, Leandro Exequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Ferrero, Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Ariel, Federico Damian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Gonzalez, Daniel Hector. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina

We have developed an anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using Q Sepharose XL (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) as adsorbent to analyze samples containing adenovirus. This method has several major advantages over the HPLC method previously described for quantitating particles, namely (1) a >10-fold improvement in the detection limit of adenovirus in crude preparations; (2) absence of interferences originating from nucleic acids and proteins which usually contaminate crude samples; (3) unprecedented sharpness and symmetry of adenovirus peak, rendering the identification of the viral peak unambiguous, even in extremely crude and dilute preparations; and (4) no enzymatic treatment required even for crude samples. This assay was used to quantitate particles in samples taken at the transfection and amplification stages of production of various recombinant adenovirus, and in cultures of wild-type adenovirus of different serotypes. A modification of this analytical method was also developed for the purification of infectious adenovirus particles, including fiber-modified and third-generation recombinant viruses, giving highly purified preparations from low-titer crude lysates with an excellent overall recovery (50-74%).