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We thank support from the project "Adaptation to sustainable energy transition in Europe: Environmental, socio-economic and cultural aspects (ADAPTAS)'' as part of the funding for this research. (Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and State Research Agency of Spain, and European Regional Development Fund, No. CSO2017-86975-R)., Energy use is the major source of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this paper is to examine total domestic and foreign energy use across industries in Brazil over the period 1995–2015. We found that total energy use experienced an annual average growth rate close to 3%. In 2015 only three industries accounted for 37% of total energy use in Brazil: Transport, Food & Beverages, and Electricity, Gas, and Water. In these industries the share of the energy used and produced domestically was higher than the average (85.6%, 84.5% and 94.5% of the total, respectively). In contrast, other industries were increasingly reliant on foreign energy. Thus, the share of domestic use of energy produced abroad was higher than 20% in Textiles and Wearing Apparel, Electrical and Machinery, Transport Equipment and Construction. This fact extends the problem of energy-related emissions mitigation from the national to the global level., European Commission CSO2017-86975-R, Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and State Research Agency of Spain CSO2017-86975-R

We thank the project "Adaptation to sustainable energy transition in Europe: Environmental, socioeconomic and cultural aspects (ADAPTAS)" (Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and State Research Agency of Spain, and European Regional Development Fund, No. CSO2017- 86975-R)., In order to adequately assess energy policies and set clear objectives, a key preliminary step is to know the energy use patterns of the different countries. This paper estimates the evolution of the total energy use over the period 1995–2015 in four European Union (EU) countries, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, and Spain, representative of two different energy patterns, the “Southern” one and the “Eastern” one. For doing so, we employ a Multi-Regional Input Output (MRIO) model. In difference with previous studies, in addition to differentiate between domestic and foreign use we distinguish whether this energy is produced domestically or abroad. The results obtained show a certain convergence in energy intensity across the four countries examined because of the radical transformations experienced by the Czech Republic and Hungary. Nonetheless, energy intensities are still substantially higher in Eastern than in Southern countries which confirms that the first group of countries have still a long road to go, especially regarding the incentives that their industries have to use energy efficiently. Taking our decomposition of total energy use, the reductions in total energy use were mainly caused by a high decrease in the importance of the domestic use of energy produced domestically. At the same time, a growing importance of the role played by the energy produced abroad was observed. These trends confirm the great importance of global value chains and the steady internalization of energy use. This methodology could be further applied to other countries., project "Adaptation to sustainable energy transition in Europe: Environmental, socioeconomic and cultural aspects (ADAPTAS)" (European Regional Development Fund) CSO2017- 86975-R

Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA. The Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and State Research Agency of Spain, and European Regional Development Fund, No. CS02017-86975-R, which finances the project "Adaptation to sustainable energy transition in Europe: Environmental, socio-economic and cultural aspects (ADAPTAS)" that financed the obtaining of the data for elaboration of this paper., Climate change is a major global concern closely related to the strategies aimed at reducing energy consumption and increasing energy efficiency. Over the last decades, the interest in the development of renewable energy (RE) has grown exponentially. In the case of the European Union (EU), the Renewable Energy Directive sets rules to achieve a 32% of total energy consumption to be covered through RE by 2030. In order to achieve this goal, it is important to know what are the main driving factors of RE consumption (REC). This study aims to analyze the impact of economic and social factors on the share of REC in total energy consumption in the EU over the period 2001–2015. For doing so, we estimate a Panel Corrected Standard Error (PCSE) model. The results obtained show that economic factors have a negative effect on REC. In contrast, social factors like education exert a positive effect. This suggests that it is necessary to adopt a holistic approach that includes not only economic but also social aspects in order to foster REC., Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and State Research Agency of Spain, European Commission CS02017-86975-R, Universidad de Granada/CBUA

The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) devices for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in pediatric patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy with high doses of methotrexate (MTX). Eighty patients were randomly divided into two groups: LLLT and LEDT. Both protocols were applied with the same energy and radiant exposure. The protocols started in the beginning of high doses MTX and finished when the patients were discharged from the hospital or there was oral mucositis resolution. The oral mucositis was assessed during each session in accordance to the World Health Organization (WHO) score. The patients’ self-assessed pain was scored on a visual analog scale (VAS). The incidence of oral mucositis was similar to LLLT and LEDT, 10% and 12.5%, respectively. Both groups required the same number of days to reach score of zero for mucositis and pain (p > 0. 05), and there was no significant difference in mean VAS between the groups. These findings suggest that LEDT has similar effects to LLLT to avoid and treat oral mucositis. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry with #U1111-1221-5943

Purpose In this study we aimed to compare the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) and dexamethasone (DXM) on pain, swelling, and the quality-of-life (QOL) of patients submitted to buccal fat pad removal. Patients and Methods A total of 20 patients with pseudoherniation of buccal fat pad were included in the present study. The patients were divided randomly into 2 groups: the PBM group (660 nm, 100 mW, 6 seconds, 2 J/cm2) and the DXM group (4 mg every 8 hours for 3 days after the procedure). Pain levels were evaluated using a visual analog scale at days 2 and 4 after surgery, whereas the edema was evaluated by measuring the distance between 6 reference points: tragus, pogonion of the soft tissue, lateral eye commissure, the gonial angle, nose wing, and mouth commissure at days 2, 4, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90. The QOL was evaluated using the Oral Health Impact Profile 14 questionnaire at days 2 and 4 after surgery. Results There were no differences between the PBM and DXM groups in pain or edema. In terms of the QOL, the PBM group was significantly more comfortable when chewing than the DXM group (P Conclusion The use of PBM at a power of 100 mW and 2 J/cm2 per point had similar effects to oral DXM for the control of pain and edema, as well as in the QOL, except for masticatory function, which was significantly better in the PBM group.

Las enrgías renovables (EERR) es la gran esperanza mundial para contener el cambio climático, pero se observa una gran dificultad en el proceso de transición. Por ello, la Unión Europea (UE) estableció que para 2030 el porcentaje de EERR debería cubrir un 32% del consumo total de energía. En ese contexcto España busca adecuarse para atender a los retos energéticos. Ese estudio analizó el marco regulatorio de las fuentes de EERR en España y sus implicaciones para el desarrollo de esas fuentes. El estudio trata de un análisis de revisión del marco regulatorio de las EERR en España y análisis descriptiva de datos secundarios sobre ese tipo de energía, entre los años de 1997 hasta el período actual. Como resultados se observó que las políticas europeas de EERR de la primera década del siglo XXI también han mostrado sus limitaciones. Se ha hecho evidente que el marco político y económico de su implantación es inestable y fluctuante. Más recientemente, con el nuevo Real Decreto 244/2019, que establece que toda energía consumida de origen renovable estará exenta de cargos y peajes, juega luz al crecimiento de las renovables y posibilidad real de cumplir los objetivos de la UE para 2030.

Among the many social structures that cause inequality, one of the most jarring is on the use of loopholes to both launder money and evade taxation. Such resources fuel the \"offshore finance\" industry, a multi-billion dollar sector catering to many of those needs. These run under the logic of \"Dark Networks\" avoiding detection and oversight as much as possible. While there are legitimate uses for offshore services, such as protecting assets from unlawful seizures, they are also a well documented pipeline for money stemming from ilegal activities. These constructs display a high amount of adaptiveness and resilience and the few studies done had to use incomplete information, mostly from local sources of criminal proceedings. This work is to analyzes the network of offshore accounts leaked under the Panama Papers report by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. This registers the activities of the Mossack Fonseca law firm in Panama, one of the largest in the world on the Offshore field. It spans over 50 years and provide us with one of the most complete overview thus far of how these activities are connected, the topology of such network and what it displays in resilience against attempts to target this scheme Dentre as muitas estruturas sociais que causam desigualdades, uma das mais estarrecedoras é o uso de brechas para lavagem de dinheiro e evasão fiscal. Estes recursos sustentam a rede de finanças Offshore, uma industria multi-bilionária que oferece serviços para muitas dessas metas. Estas funcionam na lógicas das Redes Sombrias, evitando detecção e supervisão sempre que possível. Ainda que existam razões legitimas para o uso de serviços offshore, como a proteção de bens contra apropriação indébita, eles são um canal bem documentado para as receitas advindas de atividades ilegais . Este trabalho analisa a rede de contas offshore vazada sob a égide dos Panama Papers pelo Consorcio Internacional de Jornalistas Investigativos, que registrou a atividade da firma de advocacia Mossack Fonseca, sediada no Panama e uma das maiores do setor de Offshore. Com mais de 50 anos de registros, é ate o momento nosso panorama mais completo do padrão de conexão destas atividades, da topologia desta rede e do que ela demonstra de resiliência contra tentativas de desmontar esse esquema

Trabalho enviado em 25 de janeiro de 2015. Aceito em 16 de fevereiro de 2016 DOI: 10.12957/rdc.2016.20151 Resumo Este texto discorre sobre o desenvolvimento socioeconomico dos lugares a partir da implantacao de instituicoes de ensino superior. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo central deste estudo e analisar a insercao da Faculdade Maria Milza na dinâmica territorial e promocao de desenvolvimento nos municipios baianos de Cruz das Almas e Governador Mangabeira. A FAMAM encontra-se localizada nos municipios baianos de Governador Mangabeira, onde esta instalada a sede, e em Cruz das Almas, onde funciona o programa de mestrado e atividades de extensao. O periodo de estudo foi de abril de 2004, quando a FAMAM foi criada, ate dezembro de 2014. O metodo de procedimento foi o estudo de caso com analise de dados quantitativos e abordagem qualitativa, tendo a aplicacao de formularios e entrevistas, junto aos agentes envolvidos na Instituicao. Os resultados demonstraram que com poucos anos de criacao a FAMAM ja conseguiu alcancar resultados expressivos, como 15 cursos de graduacao e um programa de mestrado, foram notados ainda, impulsos significativos no crescimento do setor imobiliario e de servicos. Nesse sentido, conclui-se esta pesquisa, afirmando que a FAMAM tem influencia na dinâmica territorial dos municipios onde possui instalacoes, passando a ser um elemento capaz de contribuir com a promocao do desenvolvimento local. Palavras-chave: Ensino Superior. Territorio. Territorialidade. Desenvolvimento Local. Endogenia. Abstract This text focuses on the social and economic development promoted by the implantation of higher education institutions. The main objective of this study is to analyze the presence of Maria Milza College (Faculdade Maria Milza - FAMAM) in terms of territorial dynamics and development in two municipalities of the state of Bahia, Brazil, namely Cruz das Almas and Governador Mangabeira. FAMAM headquarters are located in the former, while the latter houses the masters program and extension activities. This case study comprises a period of ten years, starting in 2004, when the college was founded, and ending in 2014. Data were collected by means of forms and interviews with the institution’s agents. Analysis of data was performed within a qualitative and quantitative approach. The results show that despite its short existence, the institution’s growth is significant offering 15 undergraduate courses and a masters program. FAMAM’s presence also contributed to the local real estate and services expansion. Thus, we might conclude that FAMAM exerts influence on the territorial dynamics and development of the municipalities where its facilities are located. Keywords: Higher Education. Territory. Territoriality. Local Development. Endogeny

El desarrollo sostenible es un tema cada vez más discutido en el mundo. La preocupación ambiental traducida en el cambio climático es uno de los motivos por los cuales dicha cuestión está adquiriendo cada vez mayor relevancia. Delante de esa preocupación, la transición energética surge como la principal responsable para solucionar, o al menos frenar esa situación, considerando que el sector energético es el mayor responsable de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). De esta manera, considerando la relación entre medio ambiente, economía y sociedad, la propuesta del desarrollo sostenible parece ser más que necesaria para lograr una relación de equilibrio entre estos principales agentes, satisfaciendo las necesidades actuales sin comprometer a la de las generaciones futuras. En esta línea, los principales órganos mundiales han implementado medidas que convergen hacia esta búsqueda, y aunque se haya notado un avance, el mundo está muy lejos de alcanzar la situación ideal. En el que respecta a la energía y la transición energética, el acuerdo de París es el principal acuerdo a nivel global legalmente vinculante sobre el cambio climático, en el que los países se comprometen a reducir sus emisiones de GEI, basándose principalmente en estimular el uso responsable y de fuentes renovables de energía. Pero ese proceso de transición hacia las energías limpias ha resultado ser difícil, igual que la cantidad de energía utilizada, que sigue creciendo cada vez más. Es por todo esto, que en esta tesis se pretende analizar el uso energético total y los factores económicos y sociales que lo explican. Primero, estimando el uso total de energía en los sistemas productivos a través de la aplicación de un modelo input-output; y segundo, evaluando los factores determinantes del consumo de energía renovable considerando aspectos económicos y sociales, por medio de la aplicación de un modelo de panel de datos. Para llevar a cabo el objetivo antes mencionado, esta tesis se divide en dos partes. La primera parte titulada “Marcos conceptual, normativo y metodológico en torno al desarrollo sostenible y la energía” está formada por tres capítulos de contenido teóricoconceptual y la propuesta metodológica central. En el Capítulo 1 “Desarrollo sostenible y el papel de la energía” se presenta la evolución sobre la formación del concepto de desarrollo sostenible, desde la diferenciación entre crecimiento económico y desarrollo, pasando por conceptos intermedios anteriores al mismo, como ecosocioeconomía y ecodesarrollo hasta llegar a su definición, expuesto por primera vez en el Informe de Brundtland (1987). Además, se explican varios conceptos asociados a la energía a lo largo de la historia. En el Capítulo 2 “Marco normativo del sistema energético en la Unión Europea y Brasil” se presenta una contextualización del sistema energético mundial y su regulación, para entonces, presentar la posición de la Unión Europea y Brasil, los territorios utilizados como objeto de estudio en los trabajos de la tesis. El Capítulo 3 “Marco metodológico”, como el propio título indica, presenta la propuesta metodológica central de la tesis, que está basada en el modelo input-output de demanda propuesto por Leontief (1936). Por ello, se presentan la formación del método y sus antecedentes, hasta llegar a los avances del modelo multirregional input-output (MRIO), aplicado en los trabajos de la tesis. La segunda parte “Evidencias y análisis empíricos”, reúne los tres trabajos desarrollados para logar los objetivos propuestos en tres capítulos diferentes. El Capítulo 4 “Domestic versus foreign energy use: An analysis for four European countries”, es un estudio que analiza y compara el uso energético total de cuatro países europeos (España, Hungría, Italia y República Checa), que poseen contextualización y estructuración distintas del sector energético. Para ello, se considera la estructura productiva de estos países y las relaciones intersectoriales por medio del modelo MRIO, que permite distinguir el uso de energía doméstica y extranjera en los cuatro países estudiados, analizar sus modelos de uso energético y también su intensidad energética. El Capítulo 5 “Domestic versus foreign origin of total energy use: An analysis for Brazil”, por su parte, recoge un estudio de caso sobre Brasil, donde se analiza el patrón de uso energético del país considerando el entorno mundial a través del modelo MRIO. Así, se presentan tanto el origen y usos, directo e indirecto, de energía doméstica y extranjera, como los sectores más intensivos en energía en el país. El Capítulo 6 “Determinantes del consumo de energía renovables en la Unión Europea: Un análisis entre UE-15 y los 13 nuevos países”, para complementar los estudios anteriores, hace un análisis de los factores determinantes del consumo de energía renovable, considerando factores económicos y sociales, para verificar cuales son los principales contribuyentes (o no) de la transición energética dentro de los países de la Unión Europea. Finalmente, la tesis expone las principales conclusiones obtenidas mediante los distintos análisis realizados, a modo de responder las preguntas planteadas y alcanzar los objetivos propuestos., Tesis Univ. Granada.