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Science-related crowdfunding enables public engagement with science. However, we know little about citizens engaging with science this way: Who are the people engaging with and donating to science through crowdfunding – and how do they decide how much to give? This study analyses behavioural and survey data from the Swiss crowdfunding platform wemakeit ( N = 576). Results illustrate that a small, non-representative segment of the public engages with science through crowdfunding. Compared to the general public in Switzerland, these backers have an above-average education and income. Science-related crowdfunding mainly reaches citizens with an existing interest in science, personal ties to project initiators or the scientific community. The size of backers’ donations correlates with perceived personal appeals in campaigns or connections to initiators rather than projects’ scientific merit. While science-related crowdfunding thus opens up new avenues for public outreach by the scientific community, its potential for broader public engagement with science seems limited.

Supplementary Information - PDF file 145K, Supplementary Material and Methods; Supplementary Figure Legend S1 (Proliferation of tumor-specific CD4 T cells by matured DC pulsed with autologous tumor lysate.); Supplementary Figure Legend S2 (In breast tumors TEM and CD11c+ are distinct cell subsets.); Supplementary Tables S1 (Clinical and pathological features of tumors and patients (n=40)); Supplementary Tables S2 (CD11c+ DC and TEM from breast tumors were exposed to autologous CFSE-labeled T cells and their proliferation assessed five days later by flow cytometry.); Supplementary References

Supplementary figures - PDF file 1536K, Figure S1. Proliferation of tumor-specific CD4 T cells by matured DC pulsed with autologous tumor lysate; Figure S2. In breast tumors TEM and CD11c+ are distinct cell subsets

Jessica Filippi a publié un ouvrage décisif sur la justice restaurative tiré de sa thèse soigneusement mise à jour entre 2016 et 2021. Le sujet de la thèse et l’objet de l’ouvrage apparaissent particulièrement attractifs puisque l’auteure entend aborder de façon exhaustive et précise l’histoire et le contenu juridique actuel du droit pénal des mineurs et de leurs prises en charge, à partir d’une présentation des différentes théories de la justice pénale qui se sont succédé et d’une comparaiso...

This work presents the experimental investigation of heat fluxes through the walls of a reduced-scale rocket motor using hydrogen and oxygen as propellants. The engine is water cooled so that it ca...

Since the beginning of the space race, high-frequency instabilities have been one of the major issues of liquid rocket engines development and qualification. In order to investigate the acoustic response of cryogenic flames to high-frequency acoustic fields, experimental campaigns have been carried out on the MASCOTTE test bench, during which the chamber was supplied with five Lox/Methane coaxial injectors and was equipped with the Very High Amplitude Modulator (VHAM) to generate acoustic excitation. This paper presents LES simulations of one subcritical operating point of the MASCOTTE-VHAM test campaign performed in the frame of ONERA/CNES joint research program on high-frequency instabilities. The response of the chamber to several acoustic modulations was studied. The simulations show that the flames response is maximized for a modulation corresponding to the 1T1L chamber eigenmode. In this case, the liquid core length is drastically reduced, the atomization and the combustion are enhanced., Depuis le début de la course à l'espace, les instabilités à haute fréquence sont l'un des enjeux majeurs du développement et de la qualification des moteurs de fusées à propergol liquide. Afin d'étudier la réponse acoustique des flammes cryogéniques aux champs acoustiques haute fréquence, des campagnes expérimentales ont été menées sur le banc d'essai MASCOTTE. Pour cette campagne, la chambre était équipée de cinq injecteurs coaxiaux Lox/Méthane et d’un dispositif permettant de générer une excitation acoustique de très haute amplitude (VHAM). Cet article présente les simulations LES d'un point de fonctionnement subcritique de la campagne d'essais MASCOTTE-VHAM réalisées dans le cadre du programme de recherche conjoint ONERA/CNES sur les instabilités haute fréquence. La réponse de la chambre à plusieurs modulations acoustiques a été étudiée. Les simulations montrent que la réponse des flammes est maximisée pour une modulation correspondant au mode propre de la chambre, le mode 1T1L. Dans ce cas, la longueur du cœur liquide est considérablement réduite, l'atomisation et la combustion sont renforcées.

This chapter seeks to examine the role of the synthetic biology community in strengthening biosafety and biosecurity and safeguarding synthetic biology against accidental and deliberate misuse. It argues that biosafety and biosecurity education, awareness-raising, and outreach are essential for fostering effective bottom-up (self-governance) approaches for biosafety and biosecurity risk management. The chapter provides an overview of the structure of the synthetic biology community underscoring its complexity in terms of professional interdisciplinarity, stakeholder diversity, and fluidity, i.e. professional and non-professional actors moving from one context to another over time. It then examines the prevalent perceptions and framing of biosafety and biosecurity risks within the synthetic biology community, in order to identify options for enhancing stakeholder engagement and leveraging the diversity of expertise within the synthetic biology community for promoting responsible research and innovation practices. The conclusion outlines a summary of the key findings in this chapter.

Identifying all the pollen species present on earth, and more particularly in a territory, is a major concern for palynologists. This is an arduous task that can be automated using artificial intelligence. Many studies have tried to solve this problem by using machine learning and deep learning. In this paper, we present three pollen recognition approaches: Classification with no examples, recognition with a sufficient number of examples, recognition with un-sufficient number of examples. For each of them, we propose respectively to use Visual Bag of Word and expectation-maximization clustering algorithms, Classification using Local Binary patterns and the Gabor Filter Feature, Local Binary Patterns and Prototypical Networks. We find 77,38% recognition for 10 pollen species rate for the first one, 90.80 % for training with a sufficient number of examples and 80 species, and 20 different pollen species and finally 84,30% for the third approach with one example for training and 20 species.

International audience; The set of equations governing reacting two-phase flows in liquid-propellant rocket engines is simplified and linearized around a steady base flow. In the particular case of a liquid/gas coaxial injector, models for the atomization, evaporation and combustion source terms are derived from a simplified physical description of both the oxidizer liquid core and spray. The resulting equations are projected onto a modal basis, leading to a quasi-linear dynamic description of the evolution of the system. In this paper, detailed model reduction focuses on the evaporation of polydisperse sprays and on the propagation of acoustic waves within the gas.

International audience; Atomization of liquid jets is a key feature of many propulsion systems, such as jet engines, internal combustion engines or liquid-propellant rocket engines (LRE). As it controls the characteristics of the spray, atomization has a great influence on the complex interaction between phenomena such as evaporation, tur- bulence, acoustics and combustion. In this context, Computational Fluid Dynamics is a promising way to bring better understanding of dynamic phenomena involving atomization, such as e.g. high-frequency combustion instabilities in LRE. However the unsteady simulation of primary atomization in reactive com- pressible two-phase flows is very challenging, due to the variety of the spatial and temporal scales, as well as to the high density, velocity and temperature gradients which require robust and efficient numerical meth- ods. To address this issue, a numerical strategy is proposed in this paper, which is able to describe the whole chain of mechanisms from the liquid injection to its atomization and combustion. Primary atomization is modeled by a coupling between a homogeneous diffuse interface model and a kinetic-based Eulerian model for the spray. This strategy is successfully applied to the unsteady simulation of an operating point of the Onera’s Mascotte test bench, representative of one coaxial injector of LRE operating under subcritical conditions. The dynamics of the liquid core is retrieved and the flame shape is in good agreement with experimental results. These results demonstrate the ability of the strategy to deal with the harsh conditions of cryogenic combustion, and provide a promising framework for future studies of combustion instabilities in LRE.; L'atomisation primaire des jets liquides intervient dans beaucoup de systèmes propulsifs, tels que les moteurs à réaction, les moteurs à combustion interne ou les moteurs-fusées à ergols liquides. Puisqu'elle contrôle les caractéristiques du spray, l'atomisation a une influence prépondérante sur l'interaction complexe entre des phénomènes tels que l'évaporation, la turbulence, l'acoustique et la combustion. La CFD est une voie prometteuse pour améliorer la compréhension de phénomènes instationnaires impliquant l'atomisation, telles les instabilités de combustion haute-fréquence dans les moteurs-fusées à ergols liquides. Cependant, la simulation instationnaire de l'atomisation primaire dans les écoulements diphasiques, compressibles et réactifs représente un défi à relever. D'une part en raison de la grande variété d'échelles spatiales et temporelles impliquées, et d'autre part en raison des importants gradients de densité, vitesse et température, qui nécessitent des méthodes numériques robustes et efficaces. Pour traiter cette problématique, ce papier propose une stratégie numérique pour la LES des écoulements diphasiques, compressibles et réactifs résultant de l'atomisation des jets liquides. Cette stratégie permet de décrire toute la chaine de mécanismes, depuis l'injection liquide jusqu'à l'atomisation du spray et la combustion. L'atomisation primaire est modélisée par un couplage entre un modèle à interface diffuse homogène et un modèle cinétique eulérien, respectivement dédiés aux phases séparées et à la phase dispersée. Cette stratégie est appliquée avec succès à la simulation instationnaire d'un point de fonctionnement du banc d'essai Mascotte de l'ONERA, représentatif d'un injecteur coaxial de moteur-fusée à ergols liquides fonctionnant en régime subcritique. Les résultats démontrent la capacité de la stratégie à traiter les conditions sévères inhérentes à la combustion cryotechnique. La dynamique du coeur liquide est décrite et la forme de la flamme est en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Ces caractéristiques fournissent un cadre prometteur pour les études futures sur les instabilités de combustion dans les écoulements diphasiques.

Les etudes statistiques permettent de poser concretement la question du genre dans la justice des mineurs. Les donnees portant sur les mises en cause, le traitement judiciaire, la repartition par nationalites des mineurs detenus, illustrent l’existence d’un traitement differentiel des filles et des garcons, que vient completer un regard porte sur l’impact particulierement frappant de la polyvictimisation sur la delinquance des filles de moins de dix-huit ans.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high recurrence rate after curative treatment. The aim of the present study was to report our experience with adjuvant use of 131I-lipiodol after curative treatment of HCC in terms of recurrence and survival in a large cohort of patients with a long follow-up. All patients treated with 131I-lipiodol after curative treatment of HCC in two French centers from 1991 to 2009 were included in a retrospective cohort study. One hundred and six patients were included. The median (range) follow-up was 6 years (0.3–22). Forty-three patients (41%) had cirrhosis. Recurrence-free survival rates at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 years were 73, 57, 40, 30, and 14%, respectively. Cirrhosis was an independent predictive factor of recurrence [RR = 1.18, 95% CI (1.11–3.02), p = 0.019]. Overall, survival rates at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 years were 90, 83, 59, 37, and 23%, respectively. Prognostic factors were recurrence [RR = 2.73, 95% CI (1.35–5.54); p = 0.005], age over 60 years (RR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.02–3.61]; p = 0.044), and tumor number over 3 [RR = 3.31, 95% CI (1.25–8.77); p = 0.016]. Our results suggest that the effect of 131I-lipiodol after curative treatment of HCC could be related to a beneficial impact on risk factors of early tumor recurrence. This could be evaluated in further studies using modern radioembolization methods.

International audience; ONERA and CNES are collaborating to prepare the next engine generation for reusable launchers thatwill use liquid oxygen (LOX) and methane (CH4) as propellants. The present experimental study wascarried out on the MASCOTTE test bench located at ONERA, Palaiseau center. The main goal was tocharacterize the LOX jet, under reacting conditions, with simultaneous droplet-size measurements andhigh-speed chemiluminescence and shadowgraphy visualizations for two propellant couples:LOX/CH4 and LOX/H2, under similar operating conditions. High-speed visualizations were used toassign the locations of drop-size measurements obtained in the cryogenic jet flames, to explain theresults and to analyse the peculiarities of combustions with both propellants.

International audience; A test series aimed at investigating wall temperatures and heat fluxes in a subscale rocket engine combustion chamber operated with oxygen and methane was achieved at the Mascotte test facility. A total of nearly one hundred and fifty stabilized operating points were reached, enabling to cover a wide operating domain, ranging from subcritical to supercritical chamber pressures (2 to 7 MPa) and mixture ratios from 1 to 3.5, firstly in gas/gas and then in liquid/gas injection conditions. The influences of geometrical parameters like the injectors diameters governing the momentum flux ratio and the distance between the injectors and the wall were also investigated. Some unexpected behaviors were observed for the liquid/gas cases at subcritical pressures, which are still under investigation and deserve further testing.

International audience; This work presents the experimental investigation of heat fluxes through the walls of a reduced-scale rocket motor using hydrogen and oxygen as propellants. The engine is water-cooled so that it can be run in steady state for up to 120 s. More than 100 thermocouples are used to retrieve wall temperature and derive heat fluxes. It is shown how the chamber pressure affects the overall heat-flux level, while the mixture ratio greatly influences its distribution. Direct visualisation of the flame provides an indication that the heat-flux distribution is correlated to the location of heat release given by OH* visualization.

The purpose of this study was to identify subgroups with different risks of progression and their appropriate management among the heterogeneous group of 112 patients diagnosed with splanchnic aneurysm.Using radiology databases and medical records of our institution (Hospital Édouard-Hérriot, Lyon, France), we undertook a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with splanchnic artery aneurysms from 1995 to 2011. Cases were analyzed by aneurysm location, etiology and a distinction was also made between true and false aneurysms.False aneurysms were more likely than true aneurysms to be diagnosed as symptomatic and/or ruptured (TA: 50/66 patients asymptomatic vs. FA: 16/46 asymptomatic, P0.05) with a rupture rate of 59% (27/46) which was unrelated to the size of aneurysms. Percutaneous treatment was carried in the majority of patients with a final success rate of 91%. Peripancreatic true aneurysms were associated in 75% of cases with celiac occlusive disease and diagnosed mostly in symptomatic patients (7/9: 78%) with a rupture rate of 44% unrelated to their size. Radiologic treatment has faced problems due to failure of catheterization and incomplete embolization, although there have been cases in which delayed occlusion was achieved. Common true aneurysms were incidental findings in 87% (57/66) of patients with 3 ruptured aneurysms which were larger than 2 cm. Observation in that group was safe: significant growth was seen only in one patient and the embolization required was successful. Splanchnic false aneurysms and peripancreatic true aneurysms carried a high and an unpredictable risk of rupture that warranted prompt endovascular treatment as soon as possible.Stratification by localization and by the true or false appearance of the aneurysm was an effective (means of identifying) way to identify subgroups with different risks of progression. False aneurysms and peripancreatic true aneurysms carried a high and unpredictable risk of rupture. The splanchnic aneurysms should have been treated in the case of patients of childbearing age, size ≥ 20 mm, and in the case of liver transplantation. Other splanchnic aneurysms should either have been observed, if smaller than 2 cm. In the absence of rigorous published comparisons, surgical and endovascular methods should have been considered equally suitable in the elective treatment of these patients.

International audience; The present contribution falls in the scope of high-frequency combustion instabilities occurring in liquid rocket engines. Under subcritical operating conditions, numerical simulations have to render the effects of acoustic waves on the atomisation of liquid jets since these may impact the stability of the engine. Therefore , the present contribution aims at evaluating the ability of a particular numerical strategy adapted to the simulation of two-phase flows to render these interaction mechanisms. The selected strategy is based on the coupling between a diffuse interface method for the simulation of large liquid structures, and a kinetic-based Eulerian model for the description of droplets. The numerical simulation of an air-assisted liquid jet submitted to a transverse acoustic modulation is performed. The flattening of the liquid core under acoustic constraints is retrieved and induces an intensification of its stripping. In addition, thanks to appropriate coupling source terms, the modification of the spray shape as well as periodic oscillations of droplets are retrieved. The numerical strategy is thus proved to be adapted to deal with atomised liquid jets under transverse acoustic modulation and can be used for future numerical studies of high-frequency combustion instabilities.

Objective Some patients (10 % – 32 %) with a positive guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) do not undergo the recommended colonoscopy. The aim of this study was to compare video capsule endoscopy (VCE) and computed tomography colonography (CTC) in terms of participation rate and detection outcomes when offered to patients with a positive gFOBT who did not undergo the recommended colonoscopy. Methods An invitation letter offering CTC or VCE was sent to selected patients after randomization. Acceptance of the proposed (or alternative) procedure and procedure results were recorded. Sample size was evaluated according to the hypothesis of a 13 % increase of participation with VCE. Results A total of 756 patients were targeted. Following the invitation letter, 5.0 % (19/378) of patients underwent the proposed VCE and 7.4 % (28/378) underwent CTC, ( P = 0.18). Following the letter, 9.8 % (37/378) of patients in the VCE group underwent a diagnostic procedure (19 VCE, 1 CTC, 17 colonoscopy) vs. 10.8 % in the CTC group (41/378: 28 CTC, 13 colonoscopy; P = 0.55). There were more potentially neoplastic lesions diagnosed in the VCE group than in the CTC group (12/20 [60.0 %] vs. 8/28 [28.6 %]; P = 0.04). Thus, 15/20 noninvasive procedures in the VCE group (19 VCE, 1 CTC; 75.0 %) vs. 10/28 in the CTC group (35.7 %; P = 0.01) resulted in a recommendation of further colonoscopy, but only 10/25 patients actually underwent this proposed colonoscopy. Conclusion Patients with a positive gFOBT result who do not undergo the recommended colonoscopy are difficult to recruit to the screening program and simply proposing an additional, less-invasive procedure, such as VCE or CTC, is not an effective strategy. ClinicalTrials.govNCT02558881TRIAL REGISTRATION: Randomized, controlled trial NCT02558881 at clinicaltrials.gov.

Stereoselective biocatalysis by crotonase superfamily enzymes is exemplified by use of engineered 5-carboxymethylproline synthases (CMPSs) for preparation of functionalized 5-carboxymethylproline (5-CMP) derivatives methylated at two positions (i.e. C2/C6, C3/C6 and C5/C6), including products with a quaternary centre, from appropriately-substituted-amino acid aldehydes and C-2 epimeric methylmalonyl-CoA. The enzymatically-produced disubstituted 5-CMPs were converted by carbapenam synthetase into methylated bicyclic Β-lactams, which manifest improved hydrolytic stability compared to the unsubstituted carbapenams. The results highlight the use of modi-fied carbapenem biosynthesis enzymes for production of new carbapenams with improved properties.