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We present an analysis of 126 new radial velocity measurements from the MAROON-X spectrograph to investigate the TOI-1266 system, which hosts two transiting sub-Neptunes at 10.8 and 18.8 days. We measure masses of $M_{b}=4.01~\pm~0.55~M_{\oplus}$ for TOI-1266 b and $M_{c}=2.00~\pm~0.72~M_{\oplus}$ for TOI-1266 c. Our mass measurements agree with existing HARPS-N observations which we combined using a weighted average yielding masses for TOI-1266 b, and c of $M_{b}=4.10~\pm~0.43~M_{\oplus}$, $M_{c}=2.4~\pm~0.54~M_{\oplus}$ respectively. The combined dataset enabled a $\approx30\%$ improvement in mass precision. With bulk densities of $\rho_{b}$ = 1.25 $\pm$ 0.36 g cm$^{-3}$ and $\rho_{c}$ = 1.36 $\pm$ 0.31 g cm$^{-3}$, the planets are among the lowest density sub-Neptunes orbiting an M dwarf. They are both consistent with rocky cores surrounded by hydrogen helium envelopes. TOI-1266 c may also be consistent with a water-rich composition, but we disfavor that interpretation from an Occam's razor perspective., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures

The Charting Cluster Construction with VUDS and ORELSE (C3VO) survey is an ongoing imaging and spectroscopic campaign aiming to map out the growth of structure up to $z\sim5$ and was born from the combination of the VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey (VUDS) and the Observations of Redshift Evolution in Large-Scale Environments (ORELSE) survey. As we previously accomplished with the ORELSE survey, we apply our technique known as Voronoi tessellation Monte-Carlo (VMC) mapping to search for serendipitous galaxy overdensities at $2 14$. In the C3VO fields, we were able to recover many of the previously known structures in the literature as well as find hundreds of new overdensity candidates, once again demonstrating the powerful capabilities of VMC mapping when applied to wide-field optical and infrared galaxy evolution surveys at ever higher redshifts., Comment: 36 pages, 16 figures, 5 tables, submitted to ApJ

We report the sky-projected spin-orbit angle $\lambda$ for HD 191939 b, the innermost planet in a 6 planet system, using Keck/KPF to detect the Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect. Planet b is a sub-Neptune with radius 3.4 $\pm$ 0.8 R$_{\oplus}$ and mass 10.0 $\pm$ 0.7 M$_{\oplus}$ with an RM amplitude $<$1 ms$^{-1}$. We find the planet is consistent with a well-aligned orbit, measuring $\lambda= \, $ 3.7 $\pm$ 5.0 degrees. Additionally, we place new constraints on the mass and period of the distant super-Jupiter, planet f, finding it to be 2.88 $\pm$ 0.26 $M_J$ on a 2898 $\pm$ 152 day orbit. With these new orbital parameters, we perform a dynamical analysis of the system and constrain the mutual inclination of the non-transiting planet e to be smaller than 12 degrees relative to the plane shared by the inner three transiting planets. Additionally, the further planet f is inclined off this shared plane, the greater the amplitude of precession for the entire inner system, making it increasingly unlikely to measure an aligned orbit for planet b. Through this analysis, we show that this system's wide variety of planets are all well-aligned with the star and nearly co-planar, suggesting that the system formed dynamically cold and flat out of a well-aligned proto-planetary disk, similar to our own solar system., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

We conduct a study on the relationship between galaxy environments and their active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity at high redshifts ($2.010^{12.8}M_\odot$) overdense ($\sigma_\delta>5.0$) peak, normalized with respect to the size of the peak. These findings indicate that the prevalence of AGN activity is highly dependent on the environment in which a host galaxy resides, even at early times in the formation history of the Universe., Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, submitted to A&A, comments welcome

We present a new analysis of Kepler-21, the brightest (V = 8.5) Kepler system with a known transiting exoplanet, Kepler-21 b. Kepler-21 b is a radius valley planet ($R = 1.6\pm 0.2 R_{\oplus}$) with an Earth-like composition (8.38$\pm$1.62 g/cc), though its mass and radius fall in the regime of possible "water worlds." We utilize new Keck/HIRES and WIYN/NEID radial velocity (RV) data in conjunction with Kepler and TESS photometry to perform a detailed study of activity mitigation between photometry and RVs. We additionally refine the system parameters, and we utilize Gaia astrometry to place constraints on a long-term RV trend. Our activity analysis affirms the quality of Kepler photometry for removing correlated noise from RVs, despite its temporal distance, though we reveal some cases where TESS may be superior. Using refined orbital parameters and updated composition curves, we rule out a ``water world" scenario for Kepler-21 b, and we identify a long period super-Jupiter planetary candidate, Kepler-21 (c).

Characterizing outer companions to hot Jupiters plays a crucial role in deciphering their origins. We present the discovery of a long-period giant planet, HD 118203 c ($m_{c}=11.79^{+0.69}_{-0.63}\ \mathrm{M_{J}}$, $a_{c}=6.28^{+0.10}_{-0.11}$ AU) exterior to a close-in eccentric hot Jupiter HD 118203 b ($P_{b}=6.135\ \mathrm{days}$, $m_{b}=2.14\pm{0.12}\ \mathrm{M_{J}}$, $r_{b}=1.14\pm{0.029}\ \mathrm{R_{J}}$, $e_{b}=0.31\pm{0.007}$) based on twenty-year radial velocities. Using Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) observations from the Keck Planet Finder (KPF), we measured a low sky-projected spin-orbit angle $\lambda_{b}=-11^{\circ}.7^{+7.6}_{-10.0}$ for HD 118203 b and detected stellar oscillations in the host star, confirming its evolved status. Combining the RM observation with the stellar inclination measurement, we constrained the true spin-orbit angle of HD 118203 b as $\Psi_{b}<33^{\circ}.5\ (2\sigma)$, indicating the orbit normal of the hot Jupiter nearly aligned with the stellar spin axis. Furthermore, by combining radial velocities and Hipparcos-Gaia astrometric acceleration, we constrained the line-of-sight mutual inclination between the hot Jupiter and the outer planet to be $9^{\circ}.8^{+16.2}_{-9.3}$ at $2\sigma$ level. HD 118203 is one of first hot Jupiter systems where both the true spin-orbit angle of the hot Jupiter and the mutual inclination between inner and outer planets have been determined. Our results are consistent with a system-wide alignment, with low mutual inclinations between the outer giant planet, the inner hot Jupiter, and the host star. This alignment, along with the moderate eccentricity of HD 118203 c, implies that the system may have undergone coplanar high-eccentricity tidal migration. Under this framework, our dynamical analysis suggests an initial semi-major axis of 0.3 to 3.2 AU for the proto-hot Jupiter., Comment: 30 pages, 12 figures, accepted by AJ

The degree of alignment between a star's spin axis and the orbital plane of its planets (the stellar obliquity) is related to interesting and poorly understood processes that occur during planet formation and evolution. Hot Jupiters orbiting hot stars ($\gtrsim$6250 K) display a wide range of obliquities, while similar planets orbiting cool stars are preferentially aligned. Tidal dissipation is expected to be more rapid in stars with thick convective envelopes, potentially explaining this trend. Evolved stars provide an opportunity to test the damping hypothesis, particularly stars that were hot on the main sequence and have since cooled and developed deep convective envelopes. We present the first systematic study of the obliquities of hot Jupiters orbiting subgiants that recently developed convective envelopes using Rossiter-McLaughlin observations. Our sample includes two newly discovered systems in the Giants Transiting Giants Survey (TOI-6029 b, TOI-4379 b). We find that the orbits of hot Jupiters orbiting subgiants that have cooled below $\sim$6250 K are aligned or nearly aligned with the spin-axis of their host stars, indicating rapid tidal realignment after the emergence of a stellar convective envelope. We place an upper limit for the timescale of realignment for hot Jupiters orbiting subgiants at $\sim$500 Myr. Comparison with a simplified tidal evolution model shows that obliquity damping needs to be $\sim$4 orders of magnitude more efficient than orbital period decay to damp the obliquity without destroying the planet, which is consistent with recent predictions for tidal dissipation from inertial waves excited by hot Jupiters on misaligned orbits., Comment: 22 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables

TOI-6255~b (GJ 4256) is an Earth-sized planet (1.079$\pm0.065$ $R_\oplus$) with an orbital period of only 5.7 hours. With the newly commissioned Keck Planet Finder (KPF) and CARMENES spectrographs, we determined the planet's mass to be 1.44$\pm$0.14 $M_{\oplus}$. The planet is just outside the Roche limit, with $P_{\rm orb}/P_{\rm Roche}$ = 1.13 $\pm0.10$. The strong tidal force likely deforms the planet into a triaxial ellipsoid with a long axis that is $\sim$10\% longer than the short axis. Assuming a reduced stellar tidal quality factor $Q_\star^\prime \approx10^7$, we predict that tidal orbital decay will cause TOI-6255 to reach the Roche limit in roughly 400 Myr. Such tidal disruptions may produce the possible signatures of planet engulfment that have been on stars with anomalously high refractory elemental abundances compared to its conatal binary companion. TOI-6255 b is also a favorable target for searching for star-planet magnetic interactions, which might cause interior melting and hasten orbital decay. TOI-6255 b is a top target (Emission Spectroscopy Metric of about 24) for phase curve observations with the James Webb Space Telescope., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables, accepted to AAS Journals. The first RV mass measurement from the Keck Planet Finder

In this study, we introduce a new problem raised by social media and photojournalism, named Image Address Localization (IAL), which aims to predict the readable textual address where an image was taken. Existing two-stage approaches involve predicting geographical coordinates and converting them into human-readable addresses, which can lead to ambiguity and be resource-intensive. In contrast, we propose an end-to-end framework named AddressCLIP to solve the problem with more semantics, consisting of two key ingredients: i) image-text alignment to align images with addresses and scene captions by contrastive learning, and ii) image-geography matching to constrain image features with the spatial distance in terms of manifold learning. Additionally, we have built three datasets from Pittsburgh and San Francisco on different scales specifically for the IAL problem. Experiments demonstrate that our approach achieves compelling performance on the proposed datasets and outperforms representative transfer learning methods for vision-language models. Furthermore, extensive ablations and visualizations exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed method. The datasets and source code are available at https://github.com/xsx1001/AddressCLIP., Comment: Accepted at ECCV 2024

We present optical spectroscopy of 710 solar neighborhood stars collected over twenty years to catalog chromospheric activity and search for stellar activity cycles. The California Legacy Survey stars are amenable to exoplanet detection using precise radial velocities, and we present their Ca II H and K time series as a proxy for stellar and chromospheric activity. Using the HIRES spectrometer at Keck Observatory, we measured stellar flux in the cores of the Ca II H and K lines to determine S-values on the Mt. Wilson scale and the log(R'HK) metric, which is comparable across a wide range of spectral types. From the 710 stars, with 52,372 observations, 285 stars are sufficiently sampled to search for stellar activity cycles with periods of 2-25 years, and 138 stars show stellar cycles of varying length and amplitude. S-values can be used to mitigate stellar activity in the detection and characterization of exoplanets. We use them to probe stellar dynamos and to place the Sun's magnetic activity into context among solar neighborhood stars. Using precise stellar parameters and time-averaged activity measurements, we find tightly constrained cycle periods as a function of stellar temperature between log(R'HK) of -4.7 and -4.9, a range of activity in which nearly every star has a periodic cycle. These observations present the largest sample of spectroscopically determined stellar activity cycles to date., Comment: 40 pages, 26 figures, submitted to ApJS

We present an analysis of the number density of galaxies as a function of stellar mass (i.e., the stellar mass function, SMF) in the COSMOS field at z~3.3, making a comparison between the SMF in overdense environments and the SMF in the coeval field. In particular, this region contains the Elent\'ari proto-supercluster, a system of 6 extended overdensities spanning ~70 cMpc on a side. A clear difference is seen in the high-mass slope of these SMFs, with overdense regions showing an increase in the ratio of high-mass galaxies to low-mass galaxies relative to the field, indicating a more rapid build-up of stellar mass in overdense environments. This result qualitatively agrees with analyses of clusters at z~1, though the differences between protocluster and field SMFs at z~3.3 are smaller. While this is consistent with overdensities enhancing the evolution of their member galaxies, potentially through increased merger rates, whether this enhancement begins in protocluster environments or even earlier in group environments is still unclear. Though the measured fractions of quiescent galaxies between the field and overdense environments do not vary significantly, implying that this stellar mass enhancement is ongoing and any starbursts triggered by merger activity have not yet quenched, we note that spectroscopic observations are biased towards star-forming populations, particularly for low-mass galaxies. If mergers are indeed responsible, high resolution imaging of Elent\'ari and similar structures at these early epochs should then reveal increased merger rates relative to the field. Larger samples of well-characterized overdensities are necessary to draw broader conclusions in these areas., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, plus references and appendices. Submitted to ApJ, posted after responding to referee comments. Further comments welcome

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered hundreds of new worlds, with TESS planet candidates now outnumbering the total number of confirmed planets from $\textit{Kepler}$. Owing to differences in survey design, TESS continues to provide planets that are better suited for subsequent follow-up studies, including mass measurement through radial velocity (RV) observations, compared to Kepler targets. In this work, we present the TESS-Keck Survey's (TKS) Mass Catalog: a uniform analysis of all TKS RV survey data which has resulted in mass constraints for 126 planets and candidate signals. This includes 58 mass measurements that have reached $\geq5\sigma$ precision. We confirm or validate 32 new planets from the TESS mission either by significant mass measurement (15) or statistical validation (17), and we find no evidence of likely false positives among our entire sample. This work also serves as a data release for all previously unpublished TKS survey data, including 9,204 RV measurements and associated activity indicators over our three year survey. We took the opportunity to assess the performance of our survey, and found that we achieved many of our goals including measuring the mass of 38 small ($<4R_{\oplus}$) planets, nearly achieving the TESS mission's basic science requirement. In addition, we evaluated the performance of the Automated Planet Finder (APF) as survey support and observed meaningful constraints on system parameters due to its more uniform phase coverage. Finally, we compared our measured masses to those predicted by commonly used mass-radius relations and investigated evidence of systematic bias., Comment: 51 pages (22 of text), 24 figures

This paper tackles the challenges of implementing few-shot learning on embedded systems, specifically FPGA SoCs, a vital approach for adapting to diverse classification tasks, especially when the costs of data acquisition or labeling prove to be prohibitively high. Our contributions encompass the development of an end-to-end open-source pipeline for a few-shot learning platform for object classification on a FPGA SoCs. The pipeline is built on top of the Tensil open-source framework, facilitating the design, training, evaluation, and deployment of DNN backbones tailored for few-shot learning. Additionally, we showcase our work's potential by building and deploying a low-power, low-latency demonstrator trained on the MiniImageNet dataset with a dataflow architecture. The proposed system has a latency of 30 ms while consuming 6.2 W on the PYNQ-Z1 board.

We report on the discovery and validation of a transiting long-period mini-Neptune orbiting a bright (V = 9.0 mag) G dwarf (TOI 4633; R = 1.05 RSun, M = 1.10 MSun). The planet was identified in data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite by citizen scientists taking part in the Planet Hunters TESS project. Modeling of the transit events yields an orbital period of 271.9445 +/- 0.0040 days and radius of 3.2 +/- 0.20 REarth. The Earth-like orbital period and an incident flux of 1.56 +/- 0.2 places it in the optimistic habitable zone around the star. Doppler spectroscopy of the system allowed us to place an upper mass limit on the transiting planet and revealed a non-transiting planet candidate in the system with a period of 34.15 +/- 0.15 days. Furthermore, the combination of archival data dating back to 1905 with new high angular resolution imaging revealed a stellar companion orbiting the primary star with an orbital period of around 230 years and an eccentricity of about 0.9. The long period of the transiting planet, combined with the high eccentricity and close approach of the companion star makes this a valuable system for testing the formation and stability of planets in binary systems., Comment: 24 pages, 16 figures, 4 tables

In lead halide perovskites (APbX3), the effect of the A-site cation on optical and electronic properties has initially been thought to be marginal. Yet, evidence of beneficial effects on solar cell performance and light emission is accumulating. Here, we report that the A-cation in soft APbBr3 colloidal quantum dots (QDs) controls the phonon-induced localization of the exciton wavefunction. Insights from ab initio molecular dynamics and single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrate that anharmonic lattice vibrations and the resulting polymorphism act as an additional confinement potential. Avoiding the trade-off between single-photon purity and optical stability faced by downsizing conventional QDs into the strong confinement regime, dynamical phonon-induced confinement in large organic-inorganic perovskite QDs enables bright (10^6 photons/s), stable (> 1h), and pure (> 95%) single-photon emission in a widely tuneable spectral range (495-745 nm). Strong electron-phonon interaction in soft perovskite QDs provides an unconventional route toward the development of scalable room-temperature quantum light sources.

We introduce a novel neural volumetric pose feature, termed PoseMap, designed to enhance camera localization by encapsulating the information between images and the associated camera poses. Our framework leverages an Absolute Pose Regression (APR) architecture, together with an augmented NeRF module. This integration not only facilitates the generation of novel views to enrich the training dataset but also enables the learning of effective pose features. Additionally, we extend our architecture for self-supervised online alignment, allowing our method to be used and fine-tuned for unlabelled images within a unified framework. Experiments demonstrate that our method achieves 14.28% and 20.51% performance gain on average in indoor and outdoor benchmark scenes, outperforming existing APR methods with state-of-the-art accuracy., Comment: Accepted at ECCV 2024. Project page: https://gujiaqivadin.github.io/posemap/

Precise Doppler studies of extrasolar planets require fine-grained control of observational cadence, i.e. the timing of and spacing between observations. We present a novel framework for scheduling a set of Doppler campaigns with different cadence requirements at the W. M. Keck Observatory (WMKO). For a set of observing programs and allocated nights on an instrument, our software optimizes the timing and ordering of ~1000 observations within a given observing semester. We achieve a near-optimal solution in real-time using a hierarchical Integer Linear Programming (ILP) framework. Our scheduling formulation optimizes over the roughly 10^3000 possible orderings. A top level optimization finds the most regular sequence of allocated nights by which to observe each host star in the request catalog based on a frequency specified in the request. A second optimization scheme minimizes the slews and downtime of the instrument. We have assessed our algorithms performance with simulated data and with the real suite of Doppler observations of the California Planet Search in 2023., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures

In order to understand the relationship between planet multiplicity, mass, and composition, we present newly measured masses of five planets in two planetary systems: Kepler-323 and Kepler-104. We used the HIRES instrument at the W.M. Keck Observatory to collect 79 new radial velocity measurements (RVs) for Kepler-323, which we combined with 48 literature RVs from TNG/HARPS-N. We also conducted a reanalysis of the Kepler-104 system, using 44 previously published RV measurements. Kepler-323 b and c have masses of $2.0^{+1.2}_{-1.1}$ M$_\oplus$ and 6.5$\pm1.6$ M$_\oplus$, respectively, whereas the three Kepler-104 planets are more massive (10.0$\pm2.8$ M$_\oplus$, $7.1^{+3.8}_{-3.5}$ M$_\oplus$, and $5.5^{+4.6}_{-3.5}$ M$_\oplus$ for planets b, c, and d, respectively). The Kepler-104 planets have densities consistent with rocky cores overlaid with gaseous envelopes ($4.1^{+1.2}_{-1.1}$ g/cc, $2.9^{+1.7}_{-1.5}$ g/cc, and $1.6^{+1.5}_{-1.1}$ g/cc respectively), whereas the Kepler-323 planets are consistent with having rocky compositions ($4.5^{+2.8}_{-2.4}$ g/cc and $9.9^{+2.7}_{-2.5}$ g/cc). The Kepler-104 system has among the lowest values for gap complexity ($\mathcal{C}$ = 0.004) and mass partitioning ($\mathcal{Q}$ = 0.03); whereas, the Kepler-323 planets have a mass partitioning similar to that of the Inner Solar System ($\mathcal{Q}$ = 0.28 and $\mathcal{Q}$ = 0.24, respectively). For both exoplanet systems, the uncertainty in the mass partitioning is affected equally by (1) individual mass errors of the planets and (2) the possible existence of undetected low-mass planets, meaning that both improved mass characterization and improved sensitivity to low-mass planets in these systems would better elucidate the mass distribution among the planets., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomical Journal

The extreme environments of ultra-short-period planets (USPs) make excellent laboratories to study how exoplanets obtain, lose, retain, and/or regain gaseous atmospheres. We present the confirmation and characterization of the USP TOI-1347 b, a $1.8 \pm 0.1$ R$_\oplus$ planet on a 0.85 day orbit that was detected with photometry from the TESS mission. We measured radial velocities of the TOI-1347 system using Keck/HIRES and HARPS-N and found the USP to be unusually massive at $11.1 \pm 1.2$ M$_\oplus$. The measured mass and radius of TOI-1347 b imply an Earth-like bulk composition. A thin H/He envelope (>0.01% by mass) can be ruled out at high confidence. The system is between 1 and 1.8 Gyr old; therefore, intensive photoevaporation should have concluded. We detected a tentative phase curve variation (3$\sigma$) and a secondary eclipse (2$\sigma$) in TESS photometry, which if confirmed could indicate the presence of a high-mean-molecular-weight atmosphere. We recommend additional optical and infrared observations to confirm the presence of an atmosphere and investigate its composition., Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

We present a dedicated transit and radial velocity survey of planets orbiting subgiant stars observed by the TESS Mission. Using $\sim$$16$ nights on Keck/HIRES, we confirm and characterize $12$ new transiting planets -- $\rm TOI-329\,b$, $\rm HD\,39688\,b$ ($\rm TOI-480$), $\rm TOI-603\,b$, $\rm TOI-1199\,b$, $\rm TOI-1294\,b$, $\rm TOI-1439\,b$, $\rm TOI-1605\,b$, $\rm TOI-1828\,b$, $\rm HD\,148193\,b$ ($\rm TOI-1836$), $\rm TOI-1885\,b$, $\rm HD\,83342\,b$ ($\rm TOI-1898$), $\rm TOI-2019\,b$ -- and provide updated properties for 9 previously confirmed TESS subgiant systems ($\rm TOI-197$, $\rm TOI-954$, $\rm TOI-1181$, $\rm TOI-1296$, $\rm TOI-1298$, $\rm TOI-1601$, $\rm TOI-1736$, $\rm TOI-1842$, $\rm TOI-2145$). We also report the discovery of an outer, non-transiting planet, $\rm TOI-1294\,c$ ($P=160.1\pm2.5$ days, $M_{\mathrm{p}}=148.3^{+18.2}_{-16.4} \,M_{\oplus}$), and three additional stars with long-term RV trends. We find that at least $19\pm8\%$ of subgiants in our sample of $21$ stars have outer companions, comparable to main-sequence stars. We perform a homogeneous analysis of the stars and planets in the sample, with median uncertainties of $3\%$, $8\%$ and $15\%$ for planet radii, masses and ages, doubling the number of known planets orbiting subgiant stars with bulk densities measured to better than $10\%$. We observe a dearth of giant planets around evolved stars with short orbital periods, consistent with tidal dissipation theories that predict the rapid inspiral of planets as their host stars leave the main sequence. We note the possible evidence for two distinct classes of hot Jupiter populations, indicating multiple formation channels to explain the observed distributions around evolved stars. Finally, continued RV monitoring of planets in this sample will provide a more comprehensive understanding of demographics for evolved planetary systems., Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures, 9 tables

We present and confirm TOI-1751 b, a transiting sub-Neptune orbiting a slightly evolved, solar-type, metal-poor star ($T_{eff} = 5996 \pm 110$ K, $log(g) = 4.2 \pm 0.1$, V = 9.3 mag, [Fe/H] = $-0.40 \pm 0.06$ dex) every 37.47 d. We use TESS photometry to measure a planet radius of $2.77_{-0.07}^{+0.15}~\rm{R_\oplus}$. We also use both Keck/HIRES and APF/Levy radial velocities (RV) to derive a planet mass of $14.5_{-3.14}^{+3.15} ~\rm{M_\oplus}$, and thus a planet density of $3.6 \pm 0.9 \, {\rm g}\,{\rm cm}^{-3}$. There is also a long-period ($\sim400~\rm{d}$) signal that is observed in only the Keck/HIRES data. We conclude that this long-period signal is not planetary in nature, and is likely due to the window function of the Keck/HIRES observations. This highlights the role of complementary observations from multiple observatories to identify and exclude aliases in RV data. Finally, we investigate potential compositions of this planet, including rocky and water-rich solutions, as well as theoretical irradiated ocean models. TOI-1751 b is a warm sub-Neptune, with an equilibrium temperature of $\sim 820$ K. As TOI-1751 is a metal-poor star, TOI-1751 b may have formed in a water-enriched formation environment. We thus favor a volatile-rich interior composition for this planet., Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in AJ

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) continues to dramatically increase the number of known transiting exoplanets, and is optimal for monitoring bright stars amenable to radial velocity (RV) and atmospheric follow-up observations. TOI-1386 is a solar-type (G5V) star that was detected via TESS photometry to exhibit transit signatures in three sectors with a period of 25.84 days. We conducted follow-up RV observations using Keck/HIRES as part of the TESS-Keck Survey (TKS), collecting 64 RV measurements of TOI-1386 with the HIRES spectrograph over 2.5 years. Our combined fit of the TOI-1386 photometry and RV data confirm the planetary nature of the detected TESS signal, and provide a mass and radius for planet b of $0.148\pm0.019$ $M_J$ and $0.540\pm0.017$ $R_J$, respectively, marking TOI-1386 b as a warm sub-Saturn planet. Our RV data further reveal an additional outer companion, TOI-1386 c, with an estimated orbital period of 227.6 days and a minimum mass of $0.309\pm0.038$ $M_J$. The dynamical modeling of the system shows that the measured system architecture is long-term stable, although there may be substantial eccentricity oscillations of the inner planet due to the dynamical influence of the outer planet., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal. 15 pages, 7 figures

Discovering and characterizing exoplanets at the outer edge of the transit method's sensitivity has proven challenging owing to geometric biases and the practical difficulties associated with acquiring long observational baselines. Nonetheless, a sample of giant exoplanets on orbits longer than 100 days has been identified by transit hunting missions. We present long-term Doppler spectroscopy for 11 such systems with observation baselines spanning a few years to a decade. We model these radial velocity observations jointly with transit photometry to provide initial characterizations of these objects and the systems in which they exist. Specifically, we make new precise mass measurements for four long-period giant exoplanets (Kepler-111 c, Kepler-553 c, Kepler-849 b, and PH-2 b), we place new upper limits on mass for four others (Kepler-421 b, KOI-1431.01, Kepler-1513 b, and Kepler-952 b), and we show that several "confirmed" planets are in fact not planetary at all. We present these findings to complement similar efforts focused on closer-in short-period giant planets, and with the hope of inspiring future dedicated studies of cool giant exoplanets., Comment: 35 pages, 24 figures, 11 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ Supplement

Simulations predict that the galaxy populations inhabiting protoclusters may contribute considerably to the total amount of stellar mass growth of galaxies in the early universe. In this study, we test these predictions observationally, focusing on the Taralay protocluster (formerly PCl J1001+0220) at $z \sim 4.57$ in the COSMOS field. Leveraging data from the Charting Cluster Construction with VUDS and ORELSE (C3VO) survey, we spectroscopically confirmed 44 galaxies within the adopted redshift range of the protocluster ($4.48 < z < 4.64$) and incorporate an additional 18 such galaxies from ancillary spectroscopic surveys. Using a density mapping technique, we estimate the total mass of Taralay to be $\sim 1.7 \times 10^{15}$ M$_\odot$, sufficient to form a massive cluster by the present day. By comparing the star formation rate density (SFRD) within the protocluster (SFRD$_\text{pc}$) to that of the coeval field (SFRD$_\text{field}$), we find that SFRD$_\text{pc}$ surpasses the SFRD$_\text{field}$ by $\Delta$log(SFRD/$M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-3}$) = $1.08 \pm 0.32$ (or $\sim$ 12$\times$). The observed contribution fraction of protoclusters to the cosmic SFRD adopting Taralay as a proxy for typical protoclusters is $33.5\%^{+8.0\%}_{-4.3\%}$, a value $\sim$2$\sigma$ in excess of the predictions from simulations. Taralay contains three peaks that are $5\sigma$ above the average density at these redshifts. Their SFRD is $\sim$0.5 dex higher than the value derived for the overall protocluster. We show that 68% of all star formation in the protocluster takes place within these peaks, and that the innermost regions of the peaks encase $\sim 50\%$ of the total star formation in the protocluster. This study strongly suggests that protoclusters drive stellar mass growth in the early universe and that this growth may proceed in an inside-out manner., Comment: 26 pages, 14 figures, 10 tables

We present a radial velocity (RV) analysis of TOI-1136, a bright TESS system with six confirmed transiting planets, and a seventh single-transiting planet candidate. All planets in the system are amenable to transmission spectroscopy, making TOI-1136 one of the best targets for intra-system comparison of exoplanet atmospheres. TOI-1136 is young ($\sim$ 700 Myr), and the system exhibits transit timing variations (TTVs). The youth of the system contributes to high stellar variability on the order of 50 m s$^{-1}$, much larger than the likely RV amplitude of any of the transiting exoplanets. Utilizing 359 HIRES and APF RVs collected as a part of the TESS-Keck Survey (TKS), and 51 HARPS-N RVs, we experiment with a joint TTV-RV fit. With seven possible transiting planets, TTVs, more than 400 RVs, and a stellar activity model, we posit that we may be presenting the most complex mass recovery of an exoplanet system in the literature to date. By combining TTVs and RVs, we minimized GP overfitting and retrieved new masses for this system: (m$_{b-g}$ = 3.50$^{+0.8}_{-0.7}$, 6.32$^{+1.1}_{-1.3}$, 8.35$^{+1.8}_{-1.6}$, 6.07$^{+1.09}_{-1.01}$, 9.7$^{+3.9}_{-3.7}$, 5.6$^{+4.1}_{-3.2}$ M$_{\oplus}$). We are unable to significantly detect the mass of the seventh planet candidate in the RVs, but we are able to loosely constrain a possible orbital period near 80 days. Future TESS observations might confirm the existence of a seventh planet in the system, better constrain the masses and orbital properties of the known exoplanets, and generally shine light on this scientifically interesting system., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal

We present six spectroscopically confirmed massive protostructures, spanning a redshift range of $2.59000$\thinspace cMpc$^3$) of more than $2.5\sigma_{\delta}$ above the field density levels at these redshifts, have a total mass $M_{tot}\ge10^{14.8}M_\odot$ and one or more highly overdense (overdensity$\thinspace>5\sigma_{\delta}$) peaks. One of the most complex protostructures discovered is a massive ($M_{tot}=10^{15.1}M_\odot$) system at $z\sim3.47$ that contains six peaks and 55 spectroscopic members. We also discover protostructures at $z\sim3.30$ and $z\sim3.70$ that appear to at least partially overlap on sky with the protostructure at $z\sim3.47$, suggesting a possible connection. We additionally report on the discovery of three massive protostructures at $z=2.67$, 2.80, and 4.14 and discuss their properties. Finally, we discuss the relationship between star formation rate and environment in the richest of these protostructures, finding an enhancement of star formation activity in the densest regions. The diversity of the protostructures reported here provide an opportunity to study the complex effects of dense environments on galaxy evolution over a large redshift range in the early universe., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

Communications to and from a spacecraft undertaking launch-landing interstellar travel at near light speed faces significant challenges. Photon-based communication is significantly impacted by large photon propagation delay and relativistic time dilation. The timing of communications by photon transfer, as measured specifically by local clocks at origin and destination and aboard spacecraft, is analyzed and illustrated for concrete mission scenarios. These include a spacecraft experiencing indefinite constant self-acceleration, and a launch-landing mission, in which a spacecraft experiences constant acceleration for the first half of its cruise phase and a like deceleration for the second half. The origin and destination are assumed to be at rest within a common inertial frame with a wide range of fixed distances separating them. Several typical communication modes are considered, including one-way messaging, two-way message query with an expected response, and the one-way streaming of long program material such as a podcast or video. The local-clock relative timing experienced by the communicating entities including clock images (relation of transmit and receive clocks in one-way communication), the query-response latency (the elapsed time between a query message and reception of a message in response), and the time warping of a streaming program (nonlinear stretching or shrinking of the time axis) are included. In particular, large query-response latency, except for a short interval following launch or before landing, is a severe limit on remote control and social interaction. When photons must travel in the same direction as the spacecraft, communication blackouts strongly limit the periods of time during which communication is possible, and restrict the opportunities for both one-way and two-way communication.

We investigate a variety of short warning time, terminal mitigation scenarios via fragmentation for a hypothetical impact of asteroid 2023 NT1, a Near-Earth Object (NEO) that was discovered on July 15, 2023, two days after its closest approach to Earth on July 13. The asteroid passed by Earth within ~0.25 lunar distances with a closest approach distance of ~10$^{5}$ km and speed of 11.27 km/s. Its size remains largely uncertain, with an estimated diameter range of 26 - 58 m and probable diameter estimate (weighted by the NEO size frequency distribution) of 34 m (JPL Sentry, September 12, 2023). The asteroid approached Earth from the direction of the Sun, as did both the Chelyabinsk asteroid in 2013 and comet NEOWISE in 2021. As a result, 2023 NT1 remained undetected until after its closest approach. If it had been on a collision course, it would have had an impact energy of ~1.5 Mt (assuming a spherical asteroid with the probable diameter estimate of 34 m, 2.6 g/cm$^{3}$ uniform density, and impact speed of 15.59 km/s). 2023 NT1 represents a threat that could have caused significant local damage (~3x Chelyabinsk airburst energy). We utilize the PI ("Pulverize It") method for planetary defense to model potential mitigation scenarios of an object like 2023 NT1 through simulations of hypervelocity asteroid disruption and atmospheric ground effects for the case of a terminal defense mode. Simulations suggest that PI is an effective multimodal approach for planetary defense that can operate in extremely short interdiction modes (with intercepts as short as hours prior to impact), in addition to long interdiction time scales with months to years of warning. Our simulations support the proposition that threats like 2023 NT1 can be effectively mitigated with intercepts of one day (or less) prior to impact, yielding minimal to no ground damage, using modest resources and existing technologies.

We report the discovery of a close-in ($P_{\mathrm{orb}} = 3.349\:\mathrm{days}$) warm Neptune with clear transit timing variations (TTVs) orbiting the nearby ($d=47.3\:\mathrm{pc}$) active M4 star, TOI-2015. We characterize the planet's properties using TESS photometry, precise near-infrared radial velocities (RV) with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HP) Spectrograph, ground-based photometry, and high-contrast imaging. A joint photometry and RV fit yields a radius $R_p~=~3.37_{-0.20}^{+0.15} \:\mathrm{R_\oplus}$, mass $m_p~=~16.4_{-4.1}^{+4.1}\:\mathrm{M_\oplus}$, and density $\rho_p~=~2.32_{-0.37}^{+0.38} \:\mathrm{g cm^{-3}}$ for TOI-2015b, suggesting a likely volatile-rich planet. The young, active host star has a rotation period of $P_{\mathrm{rot}}~=~8.7 \pm~0.9~\mathrm{days}$ and associated rotation-based age estimate of $1.1~\pm~0.1\:\mathrm{Gyr}$. Though no other transiting planets are seen in the TESS data, the system shows clear TTVs of super period $P_{\mathrm{sup}}~\approx~430\:\mathrm{days}$ and amplitude $\sim$$100\:\mathrm{minutes}$. After considering multiple likely period ratio models, we show an outer planet candidate near a 2:1 resonance can explain the observed TTVs while offering a dynamically stable solution. However, other possible two-planet solutions -- including 3:2 and 4:3 resonance -- cannot be conclusively excluded without further observations. Assuming a 2:1 resonance in the joint TTV-RV modeling suggests a mass of $m_b~=~13.3_{-4.5}^{+4.7}\:\mathrm{M_\oplus}$ for TOI-2015b and $m_c~=~6.8_{-2.3}^{+3.5}\:\mathrm{M_\oplus}$ for the outer candidate. Additional transit and RV observations will be beneficial to explicitly identify the resonance and further characterize the properties of the system., Comment: 29 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

We report the discovery, mass, and radius determination of TOI-1801 b, a temperate mini-Neptune around a young M dwarf. TOI-1801 b was observed in TESS sectors 22 and 49, and the alert that this was a TESS planet candidate with a period of 21.3 days went out in April 2020. However, ground-based follow-up observations, including seeing-limited photometry in and outside transit together with precise radial velocity (RV) measurements with CARMENES and HIRES revealed that the true period of the planet is 10.6 days. These observations also allowed us to retrieve a mass of 5.74 $\pm$ 1.46 $M_\oplus$, which together with a radius of 2.08 $\pm$ 0.12 $R_\oplus$, means that TOI-1801 b is most probably composed of water and rock, with an upper limit of 2\% by mass of H$_{2}$ in its atmosphere. The stellar rotation period of 16 days is readily detectable in our RV time series and in the ground-based photometry. We derived a likely age of 600--800 Myr for the parent star TOI-1801, which means that TOI-1801 b is the least massive young mini-Neptune with precise mass and radius determinations. Our results suggest that if TOI-1801 b had a larger atmosphere in the past, it must have been removed by some evolutionary mechanism on timescales shorter than 1 Gyr., Comment: Accepted in A&A. 29 pages, 21 figures

An intriguing pattern among exoplanets is the lack of detected planets between approximately $1.5$ R$_\oplus$ and $2.0$ R$_\oplus$. One proposed explanation for this "radius gap" is the photoevaporation of planetary atmospheres, a theory that can be tested by studying individual planetary systems. Kepler-105 is an ideal system for such testing due to the ordering and sizes of its planets. Kepler-105 is a sun-like star that hosts two planets straddling the radius gap in a rare architecture with the larger planet closer to the host star ($R_b = 2.53\pm0.07$ R$_\oplus$, $P_b = 5.41$ days, $R_c = 1.44\pm0.04$ R$_\oplus$, $P_c = 7.13$ days). If photoevaporation sculpted the atmospheres of these planets, then Kepler-105b would need to be much more massive than Kepler-105c to retain its atmosphere, given its closer proximity to the host star. To test this hypothesis, we simultaneously analyzed radial velocities (RVs) and transit timing variations (TTVs) of the Kepler-105 system, measuring disparate masses of $M_b = 10.8\pm2.3$ M$_\oplus$ ($ \rho_b = 0.97\pm0.22$ g cm$^{-3}$) and $M_c = 5.6\pm1.2$ M$_\oplus $ ($\rho_c = 2.64\pm0.61$ g cm$^{-3}$). Based on these masses, the difference in gas envelope content of the Kepler-105 planets could be entirely due to photoevaporation (in 76\% of scenarios), although other mechanisms like core-powered mass loss could have played a role for some planet albedos., Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

JWST has ushered in an era of unprecedented ability to characterize exoplanetary atmospheres. While there are over 5,000 confirmed planets, more than 4,000 TESS planet candidates are still unconfirmed and many of the best planets for atmospheric characterization may remain to be identified. We present a sample of TESS planets and planet candidates that we identify as "best-in-class" for transmission and emission spectroscopy with JWST. These targets are sorted into bins across equilibrium temperature $T_{\mathrm{eq}}$ and planetary radius $R{_\mathrm{p}}$ and are ranked by transmission and emission spectroscopy metric (TSM and ESM, respectively) within each bin. In forming our target sample, we perform cuts for expected signal size and stellar brightness, to remove sub-optimal targets for JWST. Of the 194 targets in the resulting sample, 103 are unconfirmed TESS planet candidates, also known as TESS Objects of Interest (TOIs). We perform vetting and statistical validation analyses on these 103 targets to determine which are likely planets and which are likely false positives, incorporating ground-based follow-up from the TESS Follow-up Observation Program (TFOP) to aid the vetting and validation process. We statistically validate 23 TOIs, marginally validate 33 TOIs to varying levels of confidence, deem 29 TOIs likely false positives, and leave the dispositions for 4 TOIs as inconclusive. 14 of the 103 TOIs were confirmed independently over the course of our analysis. We provide our final best-in-class sample as a community resource for future JWST proposals and observations. We intend for this work to motivate formal confirmation and mass measurements of each validated planet and encourage more detailed analysis of individual targets by the community., Comment: Submitted to AJ. Machine-readable versions of Tables 2 and 3 are included. 40 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables

Motivated by spectroscopic confirmation of three overdense regions in the COSMOS field at $z\sim3.35$, we analyze the uniquely deep multi-wavelength photometry and extensive spectroscopy available in the field to identify any further related structure. We construct a three dimensional density map using the Voronoi tesselation Monte Carlo method and find additional regions of significant overdensity. Here we present and examine a set of six overdense structures at $3.205\sigma$ overdensity separated by up to 70 cMpc, suggestive of a proto-supercluster similar to the Hyperion system at $z\sim2.45$. Upcoming photometric surveys with JWST such as COSMOS-Web, and further spectroscopic follow-up will enable more extensive analysis of the evolutionary effects that such an environment may have on its component galaxies at these early times., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 7 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables

With JWST's successful deployment and unexpectedly high fuel reserves, measuring the masses of sub-Neptunes transiting bright, nearby stars will soon become the bottleneck for characterizing the atmospheres of small exoplanets via transmission spectroscopy. Using a carefully curated target list and more than two years' worth of APF-Levy and Keck-HIRES Doppler monitoring, the TESS-Keck Survey is working toward alleviating this pressure. Here we present mass measurements for 11 transiting planets in eight systems that are particularly suited to atmospheric follow-up with JWST. We also report the discovery and confirmation of a temperate super-Jovian-mass planet on a moderately eccentric orbit. The sample of eight host stars, which includes one subgiant, spans early-K to late-F spectral types ($T_\mathrm{eff} =$ 5200--6200 K). We homogeneously derive planet parameters using a joint photometry and radial velocity modeling framework, discuss the planets' possible bulk compositions, and comment on their prospects for atmospheric characterization., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal on 2023-Jun-22. 60 pages, 17 Tables, 28 Figures

When main-sequence stars expand into red giants, they are expected to engulf close-in planets. Until now, the absence of planets with short orbital periods around post-expansion, core-helium-burning red giants has been interpreted as evidence that short-period planets around Sun-like stars do not survive the giant expansion phase of their host stars. Here we present the discovery that the giant planet 8 Ursae Minoris b orbits a core-helium-burning red giant. At a distance of only 0.5 au from its host star, the planet would have been engulfed by its host star, which is predicted by standard single-star evolution to have previously expanded to a radius of 0.7 au. Given the brief lifetime of helium-burning giants, the nearly circular orbit of the planet is challenging to reconcile with scenarios in which the planet survives by having a distant orbit initially. Instead, the planet may have avoided engulfment through a stellar merger that either altered the evolution of the host star or produced 8 Ursae Minoris b as a second-generation planet. This system shows that core-helium-burning red giants can harbour close planets and provides evidence for the role of non-canonical stellar evolution in the extended survival of late-stage exoplanetary systems., Comment: Published in Nature on 28 June 2023. In press

The design of a downlink communication system for returning scientific data from an interstellar flyby probe is reviewed in this tutorial white paper. It its assumed that the probe is ballistic, and data is downloaded during a period following encounter with the target star and its exoplanet(s). Performance indices of interest to scientific investigators include the total launch-to-completion data latency and the total volume of data reliably recovered. Issues considered include the interaction between the speed and mass of the probe and the duration of downlink transmission. Optical communication using pulse-position modulation (PPM) with error-correction coding (ECC) is assumed. A very large receiver collection area on or near Earth is composed of individual incoherently-combined diffraction-limited apertures. Other important issues in the design including transmit and receive pointing accuracy and beam size and receiver field of view are reviewed. Numerical examples assume a mission to Proxima Centauri (the nearest star to our Sun) initially launched by directed-energy propulsion from the vicinity of Earth.

We present tensor-to-scalar ratio forecasts for GreenPol, a hypothetical ground-based B-mode experiment aiming to survey the cleanest regions of the Northern Galactic Hemisphere at five frequencies between 10 and 44 GHz. Its primary science goal would be to measure large-scale CMB polarization fluctuations at multipoles $\ell \lesssim 500$, and thereby constrain the primordial tensor-to-scalar ratio. The observations for the suggested experiment would take place at the Summit Station (72deg N, 38deg W) on Greenland, at an altitude of 3216 m above sea level. In this paper we simulate various experimental setups, and derive limits on the tensor-to-scalar ratio after CMB component separation using a Bayesian component separation implementation called Commander. When combining the proposed experiment with Planck HFI observations for constraining polarized thermal dust emission, we find a projected limit of r<0.02 at 95 % confidence for the baseline configuration. This limit is very robust with respect to a range of important experimental parameters, including sky coverage, detector weighting, foreground priors etc. Overall, GreenPol would have the possibility to provide deep CMB polarization measurements of the Northern Galactic Hemisphere at low frequencies., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures. Published in A&A

We report the discovery and Doppler mass measurement of a 7.4-day 2.3-$R_\oplus$ mini-Neptune around a metal-poor K dwarf BD+29 2654 (TOI-2018). Based on a high-resolution Keck/HIRES spectrum, the Gaia parallax, and multi-wavelength photometry from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared, we found that the host star has $T_{\text{eff}}=4174^{+34}_{-42}$ K, $\log{g}=4.62^{+0.02}_{-0.03}$, $[\text{Fe/H}]=-0.58\pm0.18$, $M_{\ast}=0.57\pm0.02~M_{\odot}$, and $R_{\ast}=0.62\pm0.01~R_{\odot}$. Precise Doppler measurements with Keck/HIRES revealed a planetary mass of $M_{\text{p}}=9.2\pm2.1~M_{\oplus}$ for TOI-2018 b. TOI-2018 b has a mass and radius that are consistent with an Earth-like core with a $\sim1\%$-by-mass hydrogen/helium envelope, or an ice-rock mixture. The mass of TOI-2018 b is close to the threshold for run-away accretion and hence giant planet formation. Such a threshold is predicted to be around 10$M_\oplus$ or lower for a low-metallicity (low-opacity) environment. If TOI-2018 b is a planetary core that failed to undergo run-away accretion, it may underline the reason why giant planets are rare around low-metallicity host stars (one possibility is their shorter disk lifetimes). With a K-band magnitude of 7.1, TOI-2018 b may be a suitable target for transmission spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope. The system is also amenable to metastable Helium observation; the detection of a Helium exosphere would help distinguish between a H/He enveloped planet and a water world., Comment: 10 figures, 5 tables, accepted to AAS Journals

Mass, radius, and age measurements of young (<100 Myr) planets have the power to shape our understanding of planet formation. However, young stars tend to be extremely variable in both photometry and radial velocity, which makes constraining these properties challenging. The V1298 Tau system of four ~0.5 Rjup planets transiting a pre-main sequence star presents an important, if stress-inducing, opportunity to directly observe and measure the properties of infant planets. Su\'arez-Mascare\~no et al. (2021) published radial-velocity-derived masses for two of the V1298 Tau planets using a state-of-the-art Gaussian Process regression framework. The planetary densities computed from these masses were surprisingly high, implying extremely rapid contraction after formation in tension with most existing planet formation theories. In an effort to further constrain the masses of the V1298 Tau planets, we obtained 36 RVs using Keck/HIRES, and analyzed them in concert with published RVs and photometry. Through performing a suite of cross validation tests, we found evidence that the preferred model of SM21 suffers from overfitting, defined as the inability to predict unseen data, rendering the masses unreliable. We detail several potential causes of this overfitting, many of which may be important for other RV analyses of other active stars, and recommend that additional time and resources be allocated to understanding and mitigating activity in active young stars such as V1298 Tau., Comment: 26 pages, 12 figures; published in AJ