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Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Apenidiella antarctica from permafrost, Cladosporium fildesense from an unidentified marine sponge. Argentina, Geastrum wrightii on humus in mixed forest. Australia, Golovinomyces glandulariae on Glandularia aristigera, Neoanungitea eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis, Teratosphaeria corymbiicola on leaves of Corymbia ficifolia, Xylaria eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus radiata. Brazil, Bovista psammophila on soil, Fusarium awaxy on rotten stalks of Zea mays, Geastrum lanuginosum on leaf litter covered soil, Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae (incl. Hermetothecium gen. nov.) on Mikania micrantha, Penicillium reconvexovelosoi in soil, Stagonosporopsis vannaccii from pod of Glycine max. British Virgin Isles, Lactifluus guanensis on soil. Canada, Sorocybe oblongispora on resin of Picea rubens. Chile, Colletotrichum roseum on leaves of Lapageria rosea. China, Setophoma caverna from carbonatite in Karst cave. Colombia, Lareunionomyces eucalypticola on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis. Costa Rica, Psathyrella pivae on wood. Cyprus, Clavulina iris on calcareous substrate. France, Chromosera ambigua and Clavulina iris var. occidentalis on soil. French West Indies, Helminthosphaeria hispidissima on dead wood. Guatemala, Talaromyces guatemalensis in soil. Malaysia, Neotracylla pini (incl. Tracyllales ord. nov. and Neotracylla gen. nov.) and Vermiculariopsiella pini on needles of Pinus tecunumanii. New Zealand, Neoconiothyrium viticola on stems of Vitis vinifera, Parafenestella pittospori on Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pilidium novae-zelandiae on Phoenix sp. Pakistan, Russula quercus-floribundae on forest floor. Portugal, Trichoderma aestuarinum from saline water. Russia, Pluteus liliputianus on fallen branch of deciduous tree, Pluteus spurius on decaying deciduous wood or soil. South Africa, Alloconiothyrium encephalarti, Phyllosticta encephalarticola and Neothyrostroma encephalarti (incl. Neothyrostroma gen. nov.) on leaves of Encephalartos sp., Chalara eucalypticola on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Clypeosphaeria oleae on leaves of Olea capensis, Cylindrocladiella postalofficium on leaf litter of Sideroxylon inerme, Cylindromonium eugeniicola (incl. Cylindromonium gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Eugenia capensis, Cyphellophora goniomatis on leaves of Gonioma kamassi, Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis (incl. Nothodactylaria gen. nov. and Nothodactylariaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata, Falcocladium eucalypti and Gyrothrix eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Gyrothrix oleae on leaves of Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa, Harzia metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros sp., Hippopotamyces phragmitis (incl. Hippopotamyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Phragmites australis, Lectera philenopterae on Philenoptera violacea, Leptosillia mayteni on leaves of Maytenus heterophylla, Lithohypha aloicola and Neoplatysporoides aloes on leaves of Aloe sp., Millesimomyces rhoicissi (incl. Millesimomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Rhoicissus digitata, Neodevriesia strelitziicola on leaf litter of Strelitzia nicolai, Neokirramyces syzygii (incl. Neokirramyces gen. nov.) on leaf spots of Syzygium sp., Nothoramichloridium perseae (incl. Nothoramichloridium gen. nov. and Anungitiomycetaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Persea americana, Paramycosphaerella watsoniae on leaf spots of Watsonia sp., Penicillium cuddlyae from dog food, Podocarpomyces knysnanus (incl. Podocarpomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Podocarpus falcatus, Pseudocercospora heteropyxidicola on leaf spots of Heteropyxis natalensis, Pseudopenidiella podocarpi, Scolecobasidium podocarpi and Ceramothyrium podocarpicola on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Scolecobasidium blechni on leaves of Blechnum capense, Stomiopeltis syzygii on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, Strelitziomyces knysnanus (incl. Strelitziomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Strelitzia alba, Talaromyces clemensii from rotting wood in goldmine, Verrucocladosporium visseri on Carpobrotus edulis. Spain, Boletopsis mediterraneensis on soil, Calycina cortegadensisi on a living twig of Castanea sativa, Emmonsiellopsis tuberculata in fluvial sediments, Mollisia cortegadensis on dead attached twig of Quercus robur, Psathyrella ovispora on soil, Pseudobeltrania lauri on leaf litter of Laurus azorica, Terfezia dunensis in soil, Tuber lucentum in soil, Venturia submersa on submerged plant debris. Thailand, Cordyceps jakajanicola on cicada nymph, Cordyceps kuiburiensis on spider, Distoseptispora caricis on leaves of Carex sp., Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis on cicada nymph. USA, Cytosporella juncicola and Davidiellomyces juncicola on culms of Juncus effusus, Monochaetia massachusettsianum from air sample, Neohelicomyces melaleucae and Periconia neobrittanica on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata, Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Pseudogymnoascus lindneri from sediment in a mine, Pseudogymnoascus turneri from sediment in a railroad tunnel, Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum on soil, Zygosporium pseudomasonii on leaf of Serenoa repens. Vietnam, Boletus candidissimus and Veloporphyrellus vulpinus on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

During the course of a study on the functional biodiversity of the mycobiota inhabiting rainforests in Thailand, a fungal strain was isolated from a plant sample and shown to represent an undescribed species, as inferred from a combination of morphological and molecular phylogenetic methods. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on four DNA loci, revealed a phylogenetic tree with the newly generated sequences clustering in a separate branch, together with members of the Sulcatisporaceae (Pleosporales, Ascomycota). The Thai specimen morphologically resembled Neobambusicolastrelitziae in having pycnidial conidiomata with phialidic conidiogenous cells that produce both fusoid-ellipsoid macroconidia and subcylindrical microconidia. However, the new fungus, for which the name Pseudobambusicolathailandica is proposed, differs from N.strelitziae in having conidiomata with well-defined necks, the presence of globose to subglobose thick-walled cells adjacent to conidiomata and the production of chlamydospores in culture. When cultures of P.thailandica, growing on water agar, were confronted with Caenorhabditiselegans nematodes, worms approaching the fungal mycelia were killed. This observation gave rise to a study of its secondary metabolites and six novel and two known compounds were isolated from submerged cultures of P.thailandica. The structures of metabolites 1–6, for which the trivial names thailanones A–F are proposed, were elucidated using a combination of spectral methods, including extensive 1 and 2D NMR analysis and high resolution mass spectrometry. Compounds 4 and 8 showed strong nematicidal and weak antifungal activity, whereas all other tested compounds showed moderate to weak nematicidal activity but no significant effects in the serial dilution assay against various fungi and bacteria. Compounds 1 and 8 also inhibited growth of the pathogenic basidiomycete Phellinustremulae in a plate diffusion assay.

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN. Publisher’s Note A first version of this text was prepared by the first eight authors and the last one, given here. The other listed co-authors in the article PDF support the content, and their actual contributions varied from only support to additions that substantially improved the content. The full details of all co-authors, with their affiliations, are included in Supplementary Table 1 after p.175 of the article for reasons of clarity and space. Slavomír Adamčík Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Teuvo Ahti Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland M. Catherine Aime Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A. A. Martyn Ainsworth Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom László Albert Hungarian Mycological Society, 1087 Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Budapest, Hungary Edgardo Albertó Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina Alberto Altés García Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Dmitry Ageev SIGNATEC Ltd., 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk Scientific Center), Inzhenernaya str., 22, Russia Reinhard Agerer Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany Begona Aguirre-Hudson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom Joe Ammirati University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, U.S.A. Harry Andersson Eichhahnweg 29a, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany Claudio Angelini Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Apartado 21-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Vladimír Antonín Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic Takayuki Aoki Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan André Aptroot ABL Herbarium, G.v.d.Veenstraat 107, 3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands Didier Argaud 40 rue du Justemont, 57290 Fameck, France Blanca Imelda Arguello Sosa Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico Arne Aronsen Torødveien 54, 3135 Torød, Norway Ulf Arup Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Bita Asgari Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Boris Assyov Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Violeta Atienza Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain Ditte Bandini Panoramastr 47, 69257 Wiesenbach, Germany João Luís Baptista-Ferreira Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal Hans-Otto Baral Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Tim Baroni The State University of New York, 340 Bowers Hall, P.O. Box 2000, Cortland, New York 13045, U.S.A. Robert Weingart Barreto Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Henry Beker (1) Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom; (2) Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Ann Bell 45 Gurney Road, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Jean-Michel Bellanger CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France Francesco Bellù Naturmusem of Bolzano, CP 104, 39100, Bolzano, Italy Martin Bemmann Kleingemünderstraße 111, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany Mika Bendiksby NTNU, University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway Egil Bendiksen Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Katriina Bendiksen Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Lajos Benedek Szent Istvan University, Hungary Anna Bérešová-Guttová Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Franz Berger University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Reinhard Berndt Herbaria Z+ZT, ETH Zürich, CHN D37, Universitätstr. 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland Annarosa Bernicchia Via A. Guidotti 39, 40134 Bologna, Italy Alona Yu. Biketova Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 6726 Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary Enrico Bizio Società Veneziana di Micologia, Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Fontego dei Turchi, Santa Croce 1730, 30135 Venice, Italy Curtis Bjork UBC Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, Canada Teun Boekhout (1) Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands; (2) Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands David Boertmann Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark Tanja Böhning AG Geobotanik Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, c/o University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 75, 24098 Kiel, Germany Florent Boittin Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Carlos G. Boluda Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 1292 Genève, Switzerland Menno W. Boomsluiter T.v.Lohuizenstraat 34, 8172xl, Vaassen, The Netherlands Jan Borovička Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic Tor Erik Brandrud Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Uwe Braun Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik, und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle, Germany Irwin Brodo Canadian Museum of Nature, 240 McLeod Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Tatiana Bulyonkova A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 6 Acad. Lavrentjev pr., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Harold H. Burdsall Jr. Fungal & Decay Diagnostics, LLC, 9350 Union Valley Road, Black Earth, Wisconsin 53515, U.S.A. Bart Buyck Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, 12 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Ana Rosa Burgaz Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Vicent Calatayud Fundación CEAM, c/ Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain Philippe Callac INRA, MycSA, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France Emanuele Campo Associazione Micologica Bresadola, Via Alessandro Volta 46, 38123 Trento, Italy Massimo Candusso Via Ottone Primo 90, 17021, Alassio, Savona, Italy Brigitte Capoen Queffioec, rue de Saint Gonval, 22710 Penvenan, France Joaquim Carbó Roser, 60, 17257 Torroella de Montgrí, Girona, Spain Matteo Carbone Via Don Luigi Sturzo 173 16148 Genova, Italy Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura, Tropical ‘Alejandro de Humboldt’, OSDE, Grupo Agrícola, Calle 1 Esq. 2, Santiago de Las Vegas, C. Habana 17200, Cuba Michael A. Castellano USDA, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, U.S.A. Jie Chen Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Philippe Clerc Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 1292 Genève, Switzerland Giovanni Consiglio Via C. Ronzani 61, 40033 Casalecchio Bologna, Italy Gilles Corriol National Botanical Conservatory for Pyrenees and Midi-Pyrénées Region of France and BBF Herbarium, Vallon de Salut. B.P. 315. 65203 Bagnères-de-Bigorre, France Régis Courtecuisse Université Lille, Fac. Pharma. Lille, EA4483 IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France Ana Crespo Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Cathy Cripps Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, 119 Plant Biosciences Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, U.S.A. Pedro W. Crous Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. 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Vit Hubka Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Seppo Huhtinen Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Boris Ivančević Natural History Museum, Njegoševa 51, P.O. Box 401, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Marian Jagers Reelaan 13, 7522 LR Enschede, The Netherlands Walter Jaklitsch Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria AnnaElise Jansen Stationsstraat 10, 6701 AM Wageningen, the Netherlands Ruvishika S. Jayawardena Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Thomas Stjernegaard Jeppesen Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København Ø, Denmark Mikael Jeppson Lilla Håjumsgatan 4, 46135 Trollhättan, Sweden Peter Johnston Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand Per Magnus Jørgensen University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. 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Martin Kirchmair Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Anna Kiyashko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Dániel G. Knapp Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary Henning Knudsen Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Kerry Knudsen Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences at Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Tommy Knutsson Nedra Västerstad 111, 380 62 Mörbylånga, Sweden Miroslav Kolařík Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic Urmas Kõljalg Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Alica Košuthová Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Attila Koszka Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary Heikki Kotiranta Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland Vera Kotkova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Ondřej Koukol Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Jiří Kout University of West Bohemia, Faculty of Education, Klatovska 51, 306 19 Pilsen, Czech Republic Gábor M. Kovács Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary Martin Kříž Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Åsa Kruys Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Viktor Kučera Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Linas Kudzma 37 Maple Ave. Annandale, New Jersey 08801, U.S.A. Francisco Kuhar Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Martin Kukwa Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland T. K. Arun Kumar The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673014, India Vladimír Kunca Technical University in Zvolen, Ul. T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen,Slovakia Ivana Kušan Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Thomas W. Kuyper Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Carlos Lado Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Thomas Læssøe Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Patrice Lainé 123 rue Saint Antoine, 75004, Paris, France Ewald Langer University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany Ellen Larsson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden Karl-Henrik Larsson Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Gary Laursen Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, U.S.A. Christian Lechat Ascofrance, 64 route de Chizé, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France Serena Lee Herbarium Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore James C. Lendemer (1) Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A.; (2) Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, U.S.A. Laura Levin University of Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina Uwe Lindemann Landesmuseum für Naturkunde, Münster, Germany Håkan Lindström Östansjö 150, 840 64 Kälarne, Sweden Xingzhong Liu Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China Regulo Carlos Llarena Hernandez Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Ver., Mexico Esteve Llop Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Csaba Locsmándi Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary Deborah Jean Lodge USDA Forest Service, NRS, P.O. Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico 00773-1377, U.S.A. Michael Loizides P.O. Box 58499, 3734 Limassol, Cyprus László Lőkös Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary Jennifer Luangsa-ard National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd., Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand Matthias Lüderitz AG Geobotanik Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, c/o University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 75, 24098 Kiel, Germany Thorsten Lumbsch Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A. 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La Llosa, 219, 39509 Villanueva de la Peña, Mazcuerras, Cantabria, Spain Ursula Peintner Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Shaun Pennycook Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand Olinto Liparini Pereira Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Pablo Pérez Daniëls University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain Miquel À. Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella C/ Pau Casals, 6, 1º, 1ª, 17001, Girona, Spain Carlos Manuel Pérez del Amo C/ Luis de Ulloa, 1, 7º I, 26004 Logroño, Navarra, Spain Sergio Pérez Gorjón Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. Licenciado Mendez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain Sergio Pérez-Ortega Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Israel Pérez-Vargas Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Sánchez s/n 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain Brian A. Perry California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542, U.S.A. Jens H. Petersen Nøruplundvej 2, 8400 Ebeltoft, Denmark Ronald H. Petersen University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A. Donald H. Pfister Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, U.S.A. Chayanard Phukhamsakda Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Marcin Piątek W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland Meike Piepenbring Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany Raquel Pino-Bodas Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Juan Pablo Pinzón Esquivel Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, Apdo. Postal: 4-116 Itzimná,C.P: 97100, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico Paul Pirot Rue des Peupliers 10, 6840 Neufchâteau, Belgium Eugene S. Popov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Orlando Popoff Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina María Prieto Álvaro Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain Christian Printzen Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Nadezhda Psurtseva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Witoon Purahong Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH — UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany Luis Quijada Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. Gerhard Rambold University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany Natalia A. Ramírez Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina Huzefa Raja University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Science Building, PO Box 26170, Greensboro North Carolina 27402-6170, U.S.A. Olivier Raspé Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Tania Raymundo Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico Martina Réblová Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czech Republic Yury A. Rebriev Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Chehova str., Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia Juan de Dios Reyes García Paseo Virgen de Linarejos 6 2 D, Linares, Jaen, Spain Miguel Ángel Ribes Ripoll Avda. Pablo Neruda 120 F, 2°D, 28018 Madrid, Spain Franck Richard CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France Mike J. Richardson Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Víctor J. Rico Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Gerardo Lucio Robledo Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Flavia Rodrigues Barbosa Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. 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Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Holger Thüs State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany Leif Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Sanja Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Einar Timdal Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Zdenko Tkalčec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Tor Tønsberg University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway Gérard Trichies 5, impasse des Écoles S7700 Neufchef, France Dagmar Triebel Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany Andrei Tsurykau (1) F. Skorina Gomel State University, Sovetskaja Str. 104, 246019 Gomel, Belarus; (2) Institute of Natural Sciences, Samara National Research University, Moskovskoye shosse 34, 443086 Samara, Russia Rodham E. Tulloss Herbarium Amanitarum Rooseveltensis, P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057, U.S.A. Veera Tuovinen University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada Miguel Ulloa Sosa Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito/Sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C. P. 04510, Mexico Carlos Urcelay Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina François Valade 11 rue haras, le boqueteau, 91240 Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, France Ricardo Valenzuela Garza Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico Pieter van den Boom Arafura 16, 5691 JA Son, The Netherlands Nicolas Van Vooren Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Aida M. Vasco-Palacios Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226, Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Medellín, Colombia Jukka Vauras Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Juan Manuel Velasco Santos 3 C/Pontevedra, 18, 1º C, 37003 Salamanca, Spain Else Vellinga 861 Keeler Avenue, Berkeley, California 94708, U.S.A. Annemieke Verbeken Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Per Vetlesen Norges Sopp- og Nyttevekstforbund, Schweigaards gate 34F, 0191 Oslo, Norway Alfredo Vizzini University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy Hermann Voglmayr University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria Sergey Volobuev Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Wolfgang von Brackel Kirchenweg 2, 91341 Röttenbach, Germany Elena Voronina Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia Grit Walther Arvid-Harnack-Str. 4, 07743 Jena, Germany Roy Watling Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Evi Weber Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Mats Wedin Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Øyvind Weholt Nord University, Nesna, 8700 Nesna, Norway Martin Westberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Eugene Yurchenko Polessky State University, Dnyaprouskai flatylii str. 23, 225710, Pinsk, Belarus Petr Zehnálek Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Huang Zhang Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China Mikhail P. Zhurbenko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia The following institutions are also supporting the present text (institutional support means that committees from the mentioned) Asociación Micológica Carlos Spegazzini (Argentina) Austrian Mycological Society (Austria) Croatian Mycological Society (Croatia) Committee of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology (Czech Republic) The Netherlands Mycological Society (The Netherlands) Sociedad Española de Liquenología (Portugal/Spain) Iberian Mycological Society (which is under constitution, Portugal/Spain) Federación de Asociaciones Micológicas Andaluzas (FAMA) (Spain) Asociación Botánica y Micológica de Jaén (Spain) Asociación Micológica Hispalense Muscaria (Spain) Societat Micològica Valenciana (Spain)