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Objectives: To demonstrate the potential application of mixed reality (MR) holographic imaging technology in subgingival scaling and root planing (SRP) for patient with advanced periodontitis., Methods: This case series comprised the analysis of 1566 sites from 261 teeth of 10 patients with advanced periodontitis. Digital CBCT scans and intraoral scans of the patients were digitally acquired preoperatively and aligned to create a three-dimensional periodontal visualization model. Through rendering, interactive holographic images were displayed using MR. The surgeon first used MR images to communicate with the patients, and then facilitated SRP under their guidance. Probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), Plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) parameters were recorded at baseline and at 8-week postoperatively. Patient-reported outcome indicator questionnaires on self-efficacy were also collected., Results: PPD, CAL, PI, and BOP significantly decreased at 8-week following MR hologram-assisted SRP (p<0.001). For sites with PPD≥4 mm, PPD and CAL declined by 2.33±1.23 mm and 0.69±1.07 mm, respectively. PI significantly decreased from 1.94±0.61 to 0.82±0.58 (p < 0.001) and BOP sites decreased significantly from 84.11% to 40.25%. After receiving MR holograms for condition communication, most patients had a better perception of the effectiveness of SRP treatment and the benefits it brings. 80% of the subjects expressed their willingness to undergo MR-assisted periodontal treatment in the future., Conclusion: These results provide preliminary support for MR hologram-assisted digital SRP. With this technology, images of the gingiva and alveolar bone can be displayed in real time, accurately and three-dimensionally. This improves SRP effectiveness, diminishes complications, and enhances patients' confidence in the treatment., Clinical Significance: MR holographic imaging-based digital SRP is a clinically feasible and promising adjunctive periodontal treatment option. It may contribute to improved non-surgical treatment efficacy in patients with severe periodontitis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare there is no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: To investigate the status quo of human resources of dentists who deal with periodontal disease in Beijing area through an online survey, which may hopefully provide a preliminary basis for the decision-making of administrative departments and the formulation of periodontal professional development plan. Methods: The dentists who deal with periodontal disease at least half a day per week in Beijing area were investigated. A questionnaire was designed by the chairman of the Periodontology Committee of Beijing Stomatological Association. The questionnaire was sent to and finished by the dentists via "WenJuanXing" online survey software. The contents of the survey included general condition, the property of practice unit, title and position of the dentist, membership of professional society, time and content of periodontal treatment, adoption of new technology and new method of periodontal therapy during the past one year, status of periodontal treatment in the local population and reasons, understanding and influencing factors of periodontal professional development. Results: A total of 1 255 dentists completed the survey, who came from all 16 districts in Beijing, mainly Haidian, Chaoyang, Dongcheng and Xicheng Districts [The total percentage of these four main districts was 70.3% (882/1 255)]. The mean age of the dentists was (36.1±8.3) years. Among the dentists, 71.1% (892/1 255) were females, 88.1% (1 106/1 255) got a Bachelor's degree or above. It was estimated that 35.4% (444/1 255) of the dentists had received standardized periodontal training ever. The percentage of dentists carrying out new technology in the past one year was as high as 68.1% (855/1 255). There were only 163 periodontal specialists (13.0%) out of the dentists in the survey. Only 15.9% (200/1 255) of the dentists routinely performed periodontal surgery. The majority of the dentists [82.8% (1 039/1 255)] were from the state-owned hospitals. Fifty-four point seven percemt (686/1 255) of the dentists thought that lack of knowledge was the main reason why the general public failed to receive periodontal treatment. As for the biggest bottleneck affecting periodontal professional development, fifty-one point zero percent (640/1 255) of the dentists attributed it to the public neglect. Conclusions: The periodontal practitioners in Beijing are young, highly educated, unevenly distributed in 16 districts and mostly females. State-owned oral health institutions are an important force in periodontal diagnosis and treatment services in Beijing. The number of periodontal specialists need to be improved. Promotion of standardized periodontal surgery and the popularization of healthcare knowledge on periodontal disease should also be the focus in the future.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between clinical periodontal indexes of periodontitis and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a non-diabetic elderly population in four communities of Shijingshan, Beijing. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Questionnaires, blood biochemical examinations, and periodontal indexes were conducted in elderly people (35 to 84 years old) in four communities of Shijingshan, Beijing between May and July 2005. Non-diabetic patients with fasting blood glucose<6.1 mmol/L, postprandial blood glucose<7.8 mmol/L, and ≥ 10 remaining teeth were included. Patients with diabetes, fasting blood glucose ≥6.1 mmol/L or postprandial blood glucose ≥7.8 mmol/L, and total residual teeth less than 10 were excluded. A total of 362 study subjects met the inclusion criteria. The survey subjects were selected by convenient sampling method. The mean full-mouth probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI), attachment loss (AL), and plaque index (PLI), as well as PD≥4 mm% (the number of sites with PD≥4 mm as a percentage of the total number of sites in full mouth), PD≥5 mm%, PD≥6 mm%, AL≥3 mm%, AL≥4 mm%, AL≥5 mm% and AL≥6 mm% were used for the analysis. Serum creatinine values was used to calculate GFR. GFR≥90 ml/(min·1.73 m 2 ) was defined as normal group and GFR<90 ml/(min·1.73 m 2 ) was defined as reduced group. Univariate analysis was conducted between two groups. Multivariate regression analysis was performed with GFR as dependent variable and adjusted for risk factors such as age, sex, smoking, waist-hip ratio and physical activity. Results: There were 164 subjects in the normal GFR group (45.3%) and 198 in the reduced GFR group (54.7%). Percentage of males in the reduced GFR group, 118 in total, accounting for 59.6%, were significantly higher than in the normal GFR group (73, 44.5%)( P =0.004). The median of age, uric acid, triglyceride, and waist-to-hip ratio (65 years, 323 mmol/L, 1.73 mmol/L, 0.90) were significantly higher in the reduced GFR group than in the normal GFR group (54 years, 277 mmol/L, 1.45 mmol/L, 0.88) ( P< 0.05). The median of PD mean, AL mean, BI mean, PD≥4 mm%, AL≥3 mm%, and AL≥4 mm% in the reduced GFR group were 2.80 mm, 2.52 mm, 2.06, 20.4%, 46.5%, and 30.4%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the GFR normal group (2.60 mm, 2.37 mm, 1.93, 16.6%, 42.9%, 28.9%) ( P< 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors such as age, gender, smoking, waist-to-hip ratio and physical activity, the results of logistic regression analysis showed that PD mean, AL mean, PD≥4 mm%, PD≥5 mm%, PD≥6 mm%, AL≥3 mm% and AL≥4 mm% of clinical periodontal indexes were significantly correlated with reduced GFR in this population ( OR values were 1.765, 1.879, 1.430, 1.713, 1.771, 1.428, 1.445, respectively, P< 0.05). Conclusions: In the non-diabetic elderly population in communities of Shijingshan, Beijing, clinical periodontal indexes reflecting the degree of periodontal tissue destruction were associated with a decreased level of GFR.

The present study aimed to investigate whether gingival fibroblasts (GFs) of patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) are more sensitive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation than GFs of control subjects. AgP causes rapid periodontal destruction, including the production of cytokines [i.e. interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, -3 and -9 in AgP GFs. LPS upregulates IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). Fibroblasts are known to be associated with immune responses to bacterial virulence factors, but the precise mechanisms underlying this severe periodontal disease are unclear. In the present study, primary human GFs of four patients with AgP and four healthy subjects were challenged in vitro with LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis ). The generation of mtROS in GFs was assessed using MitoSOX Red. The expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and MMPs in GFs was analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of proteins was analyzed using ELISA and Western blotting. Human GFs of patients with AgP exhibited higher levels of mtROS, and higher mRNA and protein expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 compared with healthy human GFs following stimulation with LPS from P. gingivalis . In the present study, it was demonstrated that GFs of patients with AgP display hyperreactivity when challenged with LPS., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020, Spandidos Publications.)

Objective: Studies have indicated that periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis ) infection may contributed to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inflammation, oxidative stress and the mechanism on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice with P. gingivalis infection., Methods: Eight-week-old male ApoE-/- mice (C57BL/6) were maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions and fed regular chow and sterile water after 1 weeks of housing. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: (a) ApoE-/- + PBS ( n =8); (b) ApoE-/- + P.gingivalis strain FDC381 ( n =8). Both of the groups received intravenous injections 3 times per week for 4 weeks since 8 weeks of age. The sham control group received injections with phosphate buffered saline only, while the P. gingivalis -challenged group with P.gingivalis strain FDC381at the same time. After 4 weeks, oxidative stress mediators and inflammation cytokines were analyzed by oil red O in heart, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot in aorta., Results: In our study, we found accelerated development of atherosclerosis and plaque formation in aorta with oil red O staining, increased oxidative stress markers [8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2 and NOX-4], as well as increased inflammation cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] in the serum and aorta of the P. gingivalis -infected ApoE-/- mice. Compared with the control group, there was a significant increase protein level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in aorta after P. gingivalis infection., Conclusions: Our results suggest that chronic intravenous infection of P. gingivalis in ApoE-/- mice could accelerate the development of atherosclerosis by disturbing the lipid profile and inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The NF-κB signaling pathway might play a potential role in the P. gingivalis -accelerated atherogenesis.

Objectives: To investigate whether the levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), salivary interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-lβ in metabolic syndrome (MS) patients can be potential monitors for inflammation in MS patients with severe periodontitis., Methods: A total of 114 MS patients and 49 systemically healthy subjects were enrolled. CRP in serum and IL-1β and IL-6 in non-stimulated whole saliva were collected from these patients and subjects and analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dental examinations were performed and the participants completed a questionnaire., Results: The serum CRP level of MS patients was higher than that of systemically healthy subjects, and increased as the number of components increased (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in the salivary level of IL-6 and IL-1β between MS patients and controls or between MS patients with different components. The level of salivary IL-6 in MS patients with moderate/severe periodontitis was significantly higher than in MS patients with good periodontal health/mild periodontitis (P < 0.05). After adjustment for age, sex and smoking habits, multivariate analysis showed that the corresponding odds ratio (OR) for MS combined with moderate/severe periodontitis was 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.39, P = 0.012) for subjects with high serum CRP and salivary IL-6 and IL-1β were not risk indicators for MS combined with moderate/severe periodontitis., Conclusions: MS patients might be burdened by high levels of serum CRP. Serum CRP could be a potentially valuable biomarker to detect inflammation in MS patients with severe periodontal disease.

Objective: To survey the cigarette smoking status and periodontal status, and to study the correlation between cigarette smoking and periodontal status., Methods: Questionnaires were distributed (including self-assessed periodontal status, such as bleeding while brushing teeth, oral odor, tooth loosening, gum swelling, etc.) and clinical periodontal examinations performed for parameters including probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI), attachment loss (AL), plaque index (PLI) and amount of teeth loss, which was recorded in the population above 35 years of a community in Beijing. A total of 974 subjects were recruited in the study. The population was divided into current smokers and non-smokers, and the differences of self-assessed periodontal status and periodontal parameters between the groups analyzed., Results: The smokers had significantly less bleeding during toothbrushing, and in the meantime, had significantly more self-reported tooth loosening compared with the non-smokers. The smokers brushed their teeth less than the non-smokers (P<0.05). The self-reported gum swelling and oral odor had no significant difference between the smokers and non-smokers. The smokers had 0.565 times and 1.572 times the risk of bleeding during toothbrushing, self-reported tooth loosening and from Logistic regression analyses, respectively (P<0.05). The mean PD, AL, PLI and the amount of tooth loss of the smokers were significant higher than the non-smokers (P<0.05). However, the mean BI of the smokers was slightly less than the non-smokers' (1.93±0.540 vs. 1.94±0.512, P=0.707). The smokers had 2.129 times, 1.698 times and 1.933 times the risk of the mean PD>3 mm, the mean AL>3 mm, and the amount of tooth loss above 8, respectively compared with the non-smokers (P<0.05) from Logistic regression analyses., Conclusion: The self-assessed periodontal status is different between smokers and non-smokers in the population of a community in Beijing. Smokers have less bleeding during toothbrushing but no significant difference with BI. Smokers also have more self-reported tooth loosening. Compared with non-smokers, smokers have more severe periodontal destruction.

Objective: To evaluate the tooth loss status of mandibular molars with furcation involvements after 5-year non-surgical periodontal treatment, and to analyze the factors that affected the tooth loss., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted in 79 patients with chronic periodontitis, who had received non-surgical periodontal treatment and 5 years of periodontal maintenance treatment in Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from 1988 to 2012. Their clinical indexes, including probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI), furcation index (FI) and tooth mobility were both evaluated before treatment and at the last time of the maintenance treatment. Bone resorption at furcation area was measured at the first visit by periapical radiographs taken by professional doctors of medical imaging. The status of tooth loss after 5-year non-surgical periodontal treatment on mandibular molars with furcation involvement, and the factors that affected the tooth loss were analyzed., Results: (1) Non-surgical treatment was significantly effective on the changes of PD in the patients of chronic periodontitis with furcation involvement, while the presence of furcation involvement could affect the improvement of PD here. (2) PD at the furcation area, tooth mobility, vertical bone resorption, and bone resorption area were all significant risk factors of mandibular molar missing (P<0.001), and the same with FI=3 and FI=4 (P=0.017, P=0.007), while age (P=0.703), gender (P=0.243) and smoking history (P=0.895) were not related to the tooth loss in this study. (3) The risk of tooth loss in mandibular molars with FI≥3 were significantly higher than those with FI≤2, and the survival rate of the former was less than 50%., Conclusion: The loss of mandibular molars with furcation involvement was related to the furcation involvement, meanwhile the degree of furcation involvement and bone resorption can significantly increase the risk of tooth loss.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged and older adults in Shijingshan community of Beijing., Methods: In 2005-2010, a total of 830 middle-aged and older adults were recruited from Shijingshan community of Beijing, who were divided into two groups by severity of periodontitis. A questionnaire, periodontal examination, blood biochemical examination, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), including common carotid artery (CCA-IMT), internal carotid artery (ICA-IMT) and carotid bifurcation (CB-IMT), were measured of each subject. The associations of periodontitis with CIMT was evaluated by multivariable Logistic regression analysis and analysis of covariance, adjusted for age, gender, education level, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking, drinking, and diabetes. And then anther definition of periodontitis (mild periodontitis: percentage of AL≥3 mm <10%; moderate periodontitis: percentage of AL≥3 mm 10%-30%; severe periodontitis: percentage of AL≥3 mm ≥30%) was used to investigate the hypotheses that different classification of periodontitis would affect results., Results: The subjects with moderate-severe periodontitis were characterized by significantly higher levels of CCA-IMT, ICA-IMT, CB-IMT and mean CIMT than the mild group. In the univariate analysis, moderate-severe periodontitis was associated with an increased risk of ICA-IMT>0.9 mm (adjusted OR=1.230, 95% CI: 1.058-1.452, P=0.031). Furthermore, moderate periodontitis was associated with an increased risk of CB-IMT>0.9 mm (adjusted OR: 1.297, 95%CI: 1.117-1.753, P=0.011) and severe periodontitis was associated with an increased risk of CB-IMT>0.9 mm (adjusted OR=1.771, 95%CI: 1.176-3.503, P=0.042) according to another classification of periodontitis., Conclusion: Our data provided evidence that periodontitis was associated with CIMT among middle-aged and older adults in Shijingshan community of Beijing and different periodontitis classification would affect the results.

Background: The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) has been proven to accelerate the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice. In this study, we used an ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mouse model with chronic intravenous infection with P. gingivalis to investigate the possible mechanisms of P. gingivalis-induced atherosclerosis., Methods: Eight-week-old ApoE-/- mice were randomly assigned to two groups: (a) ApoE-/- + PBS (n = 8); (b) ApoE-/- + P. gingivalis (n = 8). Both of the groups received intravenous injections 3 times per week. After 4 weeks, oxidative stress mediators in serum, heart, aorta, and liver tissues were analyzed by using histology, ELISA, realtime PCR, and Western blot., Results: Development of atherosclerosis as plaque formation in the aorta has been confirmed upon P. gingivalis infection. An abnormal lipid profile was found in the serum (increased amounts of very low-density lipoprotein [vLDL] and oxidized low-density lipoprotein [oxLDL], and decreased amount of HDL) and in some organs including heart, aorta or liver (increased mRNA levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 [LOX-1] or fatty acid synthase [FAS]). Meanwhile, aggravated oxidative stress (higher level of reactive oxygen species [ROS] in the serum, and increased mRNA levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase [NOX]-2 and/or NOX-4 in the three organs) was observed, as well as enhanced inflammatory responses (increased expression and secretion of C-reactive protein [CRP] in the liver and serum, and increased mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2 [NOX-2] and/or inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS] in the three organs). Besides, inflammatory mediators including nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-κB) and iNOS showed increased protein levels in the three organs after P. gingivalis infection., Conclusions: These results suggest that chronic intravenous infection with P. gingivalis in ApoE-/- mice could accelerate the development of atherosclerosis, possibly associated with mediating oxidative stress as well as inflammatory responses and disturbing the lipid profile.

The aim of this study was to explore the correlation of salazosulfamide efficacy on ankylosing spondylitis and N-acetyltransferase 1 ( NAT1 ) gene polymorphism. Thirty-two patients with ankylosing spondylitis were recruited in the experimental group and 36 normal individuals were recruited to the control group. The experimental group received 8.0 mg of salazosulfamide (MTX) per week and the control group received isodose of normal saline. Twenty-six patients in the experimental group responded to the salazosulfamide treatment and 6 did not show response. Morning stiffness time of patients in the experimental group who responded to salazosulfamide was significantly lower than that of patients with no reaction to salazosulfamide, and similar to patients in the control group. The average tender joint count of patients in the experimental group that responded to salazosulfamide was lower than in patients with no response to treatment, and similar to patients in the control group. NAT1 gene sequencing determined that the patients sensitive to salazosulfamide treatment manifested as AA/AG at 263 locus, whereas patients not sensitive to salazosulfamide were GG. NAT1 expression was comparable between the different genotypes at the mRNA level. However, there was a significant difference of NAT1 protein between groups. Overall, salazosulfamide demonstrates curative activity for ankylosing spondylitis and we believe that NAT1 AA/GG genotype at 263 locus can promote salazosulfamide effectiveness on ankylosing spondylitis.

Tanshinone IIA (TSA), a pharmacologically active component isolated from Danshen, may prevent cardiovascular diseases due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-adipogenic effects. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, may contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. Here, we studied the effects of TSA on atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice with P. gingivalis infection. Eight-week-old ApoE -/- mice were randomized to (a) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), (b) P. gingivalis, and (c) P. gingivalis + TSA (60 mg kg -1  day -1 ). The mice were injected with (a) PBS, or (b) and (c) P. gingivalis 3 times per week for a total of 10 times. After 8 weeks, atherosclerotic risk factors in serum and in heart, aorta, and liver tissues were analyzed in all mice using Oil Red O, atherosclerosis cytokine antibody arrays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time PCR, and microRNA array. CD40, G-CSF, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-3α, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and VEGF were attenuated by TSA in atherosclerosis cytokine antibody arrays. TSA-treated mice showed a significant reduction of C-reactive protein (CRP), ox-LDL, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α in ELISA data. Real-time PCR analyses showed that TSA decreased the expression of CCL-2, CD40, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-2 in heart and aorta tissues. Moreover, hepatic CRP was downregulated by TSA, although FASN and HMG-CoA were not. The relative expressions of miR-146b and miR-155 were elevated by P. gingivalis infection and were downregulated by TSA treatment. These results suggest that TSA was a potential therapeutic agent that may have the ability to prevent P. gingivalis-induced atherosclerosis associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects.

Medical diciplines have been gradually differentiated and specialized during its developement, and problems due to deep specialization have been increasingly apparent. Its performance is as follows: dental specialists tends to focus on a certain narrow area and ignore neither the patients as a whole existence nor the role of the environmental factors. In this article, the author tries to show the holistic integrative medicine (HIM) from the point of view of periodontal specialty. In fact, the pathogenesis, the differential diagnosis and the treatment of periodontal diseases along with the role of preventive dentistry and basic medicine for periodontology must be considered as a whole using the philosophy of HIM. The future development of periodontal specialty should absorb the achievements of other medical and dental diciplines. Periodontist should pay more attention to HIM. The author also gives some thoughts and suggestions on how to practice HIM in the field of periodontics.

Objective: To compare the proliferative and periodontal specific differentiation abilities of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) at different passages, and to investigate whether long term culturing would have a negative influence on their proliferation and specific differentiation capacity, thus providing a theoretical basis for further in-depth research on periodontal regeneration and the possible clinical applications of iPSCs., Methods: IPSCs derived from human gingival fibroblasts at passages 5, 10, 15 and 20 were recovered and cultured in vitro. Their morphology and proliferation rates were observed respectively. We further induced the iPSCs at different passages toward periodontal tissue under the treatment of growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) for 14 days through the EB routine, then compared the periodontal differentiation propensities between the different passages of iPSCs by detecting their calcified nodules formation by Alizarin red staining and assaying their relative periodontal tissue related marker expressions by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining, including bone related markers: osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP); periodontal ligament related markers: periostin, vimentin; and cementum related markers: cementum attachment protein (CAP), cementum protein 1 (CEMP1). The untreated spontaneous differentiation groups were set as negative controls respectively., Results: iPSCs at different passages all showed a high proliferative capacity when cultured in vitro and turned into a spindle-like shape similar to fibroblasts upon periodontal specific differentiation. All iPSCs formed typical calcified nodules upon GDF-5 induction by Alizarin red staining in comparison to their untreated controls. The relative calcium deposition at all passages had been significantly upgraded under the treatment of GDF-5 (P5: t=2.125, P=0.003; P10: t=2.246, P=0.021; P15: t=3.754, P=0.004; P20: t=3.933, P=0.002), but no significant difference in their calcium deposition were detected within passages 5, 10, 15 and 20 (periodontal differentiation: F=2.365, P=0.109; spontaneously differentiation: F=2.901, P=0.067). Periodontal tissue related marker expressions of iPSCs at all passages had also been significantly upgraded under the treatment of GDF-5 (P<0.05), but still, no significant difference in their expression levels of periodontal tissue related proteins were detected within passages (BSP: F=0.926 7, P=0.450; vimentin: F=0.917 1, P=0.455; CEMP1: F=2.129, P=0.1367)., Conclusion: Our results preliminarily confirmed that long term culturing won't influence the proliferation capacity and periodontal specific differentiation propensity of iPSCs, as they can still proliferate and differentiate toward periodontal cells with high efficiency upon growth factor induction after continuous passaging. Therefore, iPSCs could be recognized as a promising cell source for future possible application in periodontal tissue regeneration.

Objective: In this study, we firstly studied whether H3K27me3 modification is a mechanism of miR-129-5p downregulation in breast cancer and further investigated the functional role of miR-129-5p in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and in multi-drug resistance (MDR) of the cancer cells., Materials and Methods: Immunoprecipitation (IP) and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were performed to detect the association among SOX4, EZH2 and H3K27me3 and their enrichment in the promoter region of miR-129-2. Western blot and immunofluorescent staining were performed to detect the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. MTT assay was applied to test drug sensitivity., Results: Enforced EZH2 and SOX4 expression resulted in suppressed miR-129-5p level in MCF-7 cells. There was an interaction among SOX4, EZH2 and H3K27me3 modification and they were significantly enriched in the region upstream of transcription start of miR-129-2. MCF-7 cells transfected with miR-129-5p mimics had significantly suppressed SOX4 expression. MCF-7 cells with miR-129-5p overexpression had significantly restored E-cadherin expression and suppressed N-cadherin and Vimentin expression. The drug sensitivity assay showed that miR-129-5p substantially reduced IC50 of ADM, VCR and PTX in MCF-7/ADM cells CONCLUSIONS: There is a reciprocal regulation between miR-129-5p and SOX4 via the SOX4/EZH2 complex mediated H3K27me3 modification in breast cancer cells. MiR-129-5p is an important miRNA modulating EMT and MDR in breast cancer cells.

Although periodontal diseases are initiated by bacteria that colonize the tooth surface and gingival sulcus, the host response is believed to play an essential role in the breakdown of connective tissue and bone. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) have been proposed to regulate the activation of the inflammatory response by the innate immune system. However, the role of mtROS in modulating the response of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) to immune stimulation by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we showed that LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis stimulated HGFs to increase mtROS production, which could be inhibited by treatment with a mitochondrial-targeted exogenous antioxidant (mito-TEMPO) or transfection with manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). A time-course study revealed that an increase in the concentration of mtROS preceded the expression of inflammatory cytokines in HGFs. Mito-TEMPO treatment or MnSOD transfection also significantly prevented the LPS-induced increase of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, suppressing LPS-induced mtROS generation inhibited the activation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase, as well as the nuclear localization of nuclear factor-κB. These results demonstrate that mtROS generation is a key signaling event in the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response of HGFs., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyze the plaque staining image by using image analysis software, to verify the maneuverability, practicability and repeatability of this technique, and to evaluate the influence of different plaque stains., Methods: In the study, 30 volunteers were enrolled from the new dental students of Peking University Health Science Center in accordance with the inclusion criteria. The digital images of the anterior teeth were acquired after plaque stained according to filming standardization.The image analysis was performed using Image Pro Plus 7.0, and the Quigley-Hein plaque indexes of the anterior teeth were evaluated., Results: The plaque stain area percentage and the corresponding dental plaque index were highly correlated,and the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.776 (P<0.01). Intraclass correlation coefficients of the tooth area and plaque area which two researchers used the software to calculate were 0.956 and 0.930 (P<0.01).The Bland-Altman analysis chart showed only a few spots outside the 95% consistency boundaries. The different plaque stains image analysis results showed that the difference of the tooth area measurements was not significant, while the difference of the plaque area measurements significant (P<0.01)., Conclusion: This method is easy in operation and control,highly related to the calculated percentage of plaque area and traditional plaque index, and has good reproducibility.The different plaque staining method has little effect on image segmentation results.The sensitive plaque stain for image analysis is suggested.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of Er, Cr: YSGG laser on the root surface of periodontally involved teeth and healthy teeth, concerning the microstructure and the roughness., Methods: Eight freshly extracted teeth due to severe periodontitis and eight freshly extracted teeth due to orthodontic reasons or being third molar were chosen in this study. The root surface of each tooth was divided into four areas, and received four treatment, Methods: no treatment (control group); root planing with Gracey scaler for 30 seconds; irradiation by the lower power Er, Cr: YSGG laser; irradiation by the higher power Er, Cr: YSGG laser. Four periodontally involved teeth and four healthy teeth were used for the evaluation of microstructure using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The other four periodontitis teeth and four healthy teeth were used for the evaluation of roughness (Ra value) using 3D profiler., Results: Smear layer was found on the teeth scaled by Gracey scaler, while the teeth irradiated by Er, Cr: YSGG laser demonstrated a melting surface with less smear layer. In the periodontitis teeth irradiated by the higher power, opening dentinal tubules could be observed. For the periodontally involved teeth, the Ra values of groups 1 to 4 were (237.4 ± 20.0) nm, (135.7 ± 11.9) nm (P=0.01), (463.6 ± 49.3) nm (P<0.001) and (486.0 ± 59.0) nm (P<0.001) respectively. For the healthy teeth, the Ra values of groups 1 to 4 were (191.4 ± 44.5) nm, (131.6 ± 21.5) nm (P=0.482), (463.7 ± 34.6) nm (P<0.001) and (470.3 ± 121.3) nm (P<0.001) respectively., Conclusion: Er, Cr: YSGG laser can affect the microstructure of the cementum of the periodontitis teeth and healthy teeth. Irradiation by the Er, Cr: YSGG laser resulted in a melting surface with less smear layer and increased the roughness in the surface of root.

This case report concerns a 23-year-old woman with chronic periodontitis who had been previously diagnosed with Takayasu arteritis (TA). Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level were decreased before and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy with no change in her prescribed medications (ESR from 31.00 mm/h to 23.0 mm/h, CRP from 21.40 mg/L to 18.46 mm/h). Through the occasional findings, we raised a hypothetical analysis about the potential relationship between periodontitis and TA with respect to inflammatory factors, bacteria and medication. Further studies of large samples are needed to verify the findings.

Studies have suggested an association between clinical/subclinical atherosclerosis and periodontal status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among maximal carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), atherosclerotic plaque, and periodontal status in Chinese elderly patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted of 847 participants (age, 70.64 ± 9.03 yr) with ≥10 teeth. A questionnaire survey, routine biochemical tests, a periodontal examination, and maximal cIMT measurement were performed for each. Traditional risk factors for atherogenesis were considered in the statistical analysis. Mean plaque index, which reflects oral hygiene, was correlated with maximal cIMT and atherosclerotic plaque in the study sample overall (β = 0.068, p < .001; OR = 2.051, p < .001) and in euglycemic participants (β = 0.066, p = .008; odds ratio = 2.122, p = .009). In hyperglycemic participants, multiple linear regression analysis (p = .006) and multivariate logistic regression analysis (p = .025) revealed a linear and dose-dependent association between mean clinical attachment loss and maximal cIMT after adjustment for traditional risk factors. Each 1-mm increase in mean clinical attachment loss corresponded to a 0.018-mm increase in maximal cIMT. The risk of atherosclerotic plaque increased by 18.3% with each 1-mm increase in mean clinical attachment loss. Other indicators of periodontal exposure, including percentage of sites with attachment loss ≥ 3 to 5 mm (3%-5%), were also correlated with cIMT and atherosclerotic plaque in hyperglycemic patients. In this elderly population, a linear and dose-dependent association among mean clinical attachment loss, attachment loss 3% to 5%, maximal cIMT, and atherosclerotic plaque was verified in those with hyperglycemia. Poor oral hygiene was correlated with maximal cIMT and atherosclerotic plaque in all participants, including those with normal blood glucose., (© International & American Associations for Dental Research.)

Objective: To investigate the relationship between Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) SNP and the severity of periodontitis., Methods: In the study, 227 subjects in a community of Beijing received questionnaire interview, periodontal examination and biochemical laboratory examination in 2005. The designed primer was used to amplify the specific mtDNA fragments with PCR, and sequence the PCR products. Finally, the relationship between severity of chronic periodontitis and mtDNA SNP at site 10398 was analyzed., Results: The number of the subjects included at mtDNA site 10398 was 227. The G allele frequency in the metabolic syndrome(MS) subjects was significantly higher than that in the non MS subjects [80(70.2%) vs. 34(29.8%),P=0.039 ]. The result of Logistic regression showed that the subjects with G allele had higher risk of MS than the subjects with A allele(OR=1.77,95%CI=1.02-3.06, P=0.042). But there was no significant relationship between the 10398 A→G SNP and severity of periodontitis., Conclusion: In this population, mtDNA SNP 10398 A→G may be associated with MS. However, there was no relationship between the 10398 A→G SNP and severity of chronic periodontitis.

Objective: To evaluate the periodontal status of post-acute myocardial infarction patients, to identify whether periodontitis is associated with post-acute myocardial infarction in Chinese community population., Methods: Case and control subjects were enrolled from a community population, the diagnose of post-acute myocardial infarction and systemic health were based on blood, electrocardiogram and ultrasound examinations by physicians. Full mouth periodontal examinations were performed in 103 post-acute myocardial infarction patients and 52 healthy subjects. Mesial-buccal and distal-lingual sites per tooth were examined. The periodontal parameters including plaque index (PLI), bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL) and missing teeth number were recorded. Information of demographic data, behavior habits and general conditions were obtained by a questionnaire. Periodontal status were compared between case and control groups, the association between AL, PD, PLI, missing teeth and post-acute myocardial infarction was analyzed by Logistic regression., Results: In post-acute myocardial infarction group, there were 83 males, 20 females, mean age was 68(41 to 84)years old, in healthy subjects there were 30 males and 22 females,mean age was 62(42 to 78) years old. There were no statistically differences between two groups in age structure, smoking condition, education status and working condition, but body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in post-acute myocardial infarction group were significantly higher than that in healthy group,while high-density lipoprotein significant lower . The number of missing teeth(6.89±7.39 vs. 4.21±5.62, P=0.01), mean AL [(3.48±2.34) mm vs. (2.61±1.85) mm, P=0.02] and prevalence of severe periodontitis (44.7% vs. 32.7%, P<0.01) were significantly higher in post-acute myocardial infarction patients than that in healthy subjects. Plaque index (1.69±0.49 vs. 1.57±0.50, P=0.22), PD (2.88±1.02 vs. 2.64±0.68, P=0.09) were higher in post-acute myocardial infarction patients than that in healthy subjects, but not statistically significant. In the multivariate analysis, after adjusting sex, age, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension and serum lipid, AL≥4.00 mm was a significant risk indicator for post-acute myocardial infarction(odd ratio 4.89, 95%confidence interval 1.26 to 18.94, P=0.02)., Conclusion: Periodontal status was worse in post-acute myocardial infarction patients than that in healthy subjects, AL≥4.00 mm was an independent risk indicator for post-acute myocardial infarction.

Objective: To survey the metabolic status of the middle-aged and aged population with periodontitis in Shijingshan community of Beijing, and investigate the relationship between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome (MS)., Methods: The middle-aged and aged population in the community were investigated by questionnaires, periodontal clinical examinations and blood biochemical tests in 2005. A total of 903 subjects were enrolled, who were divided into two groups by severity of periodontitis. Their waist circumferences, values of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, MS and its individual components (central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C and hypertension) were compared between the two groups. The Logistic regression model was set to analyze the relationship between periodontitis and MS., Results: There was a significantly higher mean of systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose in the subjects with moderate-severe periodontitis than that with no-mild periodontitis. With severity of periodontitis increasing, the prevalence of MS, high blood glucose and low HDL-C increased significantly. After adjustment for gender, age, and smoking, the subjects with moderate-severe periodontitis were 1.524, 1.527 and 2.349 times more likely to suffer from MS, high blood glucose and low HDL-C than those with no-mild periodontitis, respectively., Conclusion: With severity of periodontitis increasing, the prevalence of MS, high blood glucose and low HDL-C increased significantly in the middle-aged and aged population of the community in Beijing. Severity of periodontitis is associated with MS, high blood glucose and low HDL-C.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of locally applied bio-glass on the teeth hypersentivity and periodontal recovery after subgingival scaling and root planing., Methods: In this double blind study, 60 patients with chronic periodontitis were included and were randomly divided into four groups of 15 patients: bio-glass powder and bio-glass paste group (Po+Pa), bio-glass powder group (Po), bio-glass paste group (Pa) and control group. Powder was applied in pockets after subgingival scaling and root planning (SRP) and paste was used as toothpaste for 6 weeks. Periodontal indices and the severity of tooth hypersensitivity were recorded., Results: Obvious mitigation of tooth hypersensitivity was observed in bio-glass powder or paste applied patients within the fist three weeks after SRP. Only few patients presented teeth hypersensitivity in the 6th week after SRP. In the 6th week after SRP, bleeding index significantly decreased in bio-glass powder or paste applied patients. More pocket depth and clinical attachment level reduction was found in bio-glass powder applied patients. Application of bio-glass powder or paste improved clinical attachment level in the 3rd month after SRP., Conclusion: The hypersensitivity after subgingival scaling could be relieved without any treatment in 6 weeks, while the bio-glass powder and the 7% bio-glass paste could reduce the prevalence and the severity of it. Further more, bio-glass also improved the clinical outcomes of subgingival scaling via its bacteriostatic action.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of supportive periodontal therapy to the long-term effect after initial therapy., Methods: The investigation was conducted as a retrospective longitudinal study over a period of at least 2 years, a total of 39 patients recruited in the study and divided into non-maintenance group (n=22) and maintenance group (n=17). Non-maintenance group were monitored for an average of 5.09 years, maintenance group were monitored for an average of 7.53 years. The changes of following variables were recorded and analyzed: the number of loss tooth, probing depth (PD), bleeding index, alveolar bone level in full mouth radiographs., Results: It was observed that (1) patients without maintenance lost more teeth compared to the maintenance groups, showed no changes of PD percentage but significant decrease in bone level; (2) patients received maintenance showed significant decreases in PD, bone level keep stable during the observation compared to the non-maintenance group., Conclusion: Supportive periodontal therapy not only decreased the probing depth, but also prevented alveolar bone loss. Supportive periodontal therapy after initial therapy plays a crucial role in keeping periodontal health for long-term.

Objective: To investigate the association between periodontitis and the low-grade inflammation in metabolic syndrome (MS) patients., Methods: Fifty-seven MS patients, 26 healthy controls were enrolled. Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta was analyzed by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Concentration of cytokines was compared between MS patients and the healthy controls. Correlations between the cytokines and various periodontal indices, and between the cytokines level and different quantity of metabolic syndrome components were also investigated., Results: Levels of TNF-alpha in saliva of MS patients [(69.30+/-21.01) ng/L] were significantly higher than that in the healthy subjects [(57.85+/-15.69) ng/L, P<0.05], and of IL-1beta in MS patients [(616.42+/-360.05) ng/L] higher than that in healthy subjects [(506.06+/-245.76) ng/L], but the difference was not statistically significant. TNF-alpha was positively correlated with bleeding index (BI). In MS patients, TNF-alpha level and IL-1beta level increased with increasing severity of periodontal disease and increasing component numbers of MS., Conclusions: Periodontal inflammation may be one of the sources of low-grade inflammation in MS patients. Both systemic and periodontal conditions may influence the level of salivary TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.

Background: Many studies have suggested that periodontal disease is related to metabolic disorders. Few studies have investigated metabolic syndrome (MS), as defined by the International Diabetes Federation in 2005, in the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to assess the association of periodontitis with MS., Methods: In this case-control study, 152 patients with MS and 56 generally healthy adults received a comprehensive clinical dental examination. Attachment loss, probing depth, bleeding index, and plaque index were examined at two sites per tooth (mesio-buccal and disto-lingual). The number of missing teeth was noted in each subject., Results: The male patients with MS were significantly younger and their periodontal parameters were significantly higher than those of the healthy group. The female patients with MS were significantly older, and all periodontal parameters were higher than those in the healthy group; only plaque index was statistically significantly different (P = 0.001). After adjustment for gender, age, and smoking, the corresponding adjusted odds ratios for MS were 6.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 44.77), 9.9 (95% CI: 1.50 to 65.24), and 15.6 (95% CI: 2.20 to 110.43) for subjects with attachment loss > or = 3 mm in >0% to 33% of sites, >33% to 67% of sites, and >67% of sites, respectively. Most periodontal parameters were highest in patients with four components of MS, but these differences were not statistically significant., Conclusion: Patients with MS had poor periodontal conditions, and periodontal disease was associated with MS, independent of other risk factors.

Objective: To establish and evaluate a new method for measurement of dental plaque by using cellular neural network-based image segmentation., Methods: A total of 195 subjects were selected from community population. After dental plaque staining, oral digital picture of anterior teeth area was taken by an Olympus digital camera (C-7070 Wide Zoom). At the same time, the Turesky dental plaque indices of anterior teeth were evaluated. The image analysis was conducted by cellular neural network-based image segmentation., Results: The image cutting errors between two operators were very small. The Kappa value is 0.935. Pearson's correlation coefficient is 0.988 (P < 0.001). There was high correlative consistency between traditional dental plaque index and plaque percentage obtained by using image analysis. Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.853 (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Cellular neural network-based image segmentation is a new method feasible for evaluating dental plaque.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and risk indicator of nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth in a community population in Beijing., Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 616 community subjects with hypertension or coronary vascular disease in Beijing, China. Among them 205 individuals took nifedipine for at least half year and 411 individuals who had never received calcium channel blocker (CCB) were recruited as controls. Smoking, oral hygienic habit, systemic health, pharmacological and demographic data for each subject were recorded by questionnaire. Sulcus bleeding index (SBI) was assessed in 12 anterior teeth per subject. Turesky modified Quigley-Hein plaque index (PI) and gingival overgrowth index in anterior teeth were scored on photograph. 38.6% was defined as threshold to identify individual with significant gingival overgrowth., Results: 7.3% of the subjects taking nifedipine were found to have significant gingival overgrowth in this population. The prevalence of gingival overgrowth in nifedipine group was statistically higher than that in the control group. By logistic regression analysis, SBI was found to be the only risk indicator (odds ratio = 5.92, P = 0.001)., Conclusions: The presence of gingival inflammation was an important cofactor for the occurrence of gingival overgrowth.

Objective: To investigate the application of computerized image processing in esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth., Methods: Thirteen patients with esthetic problems in anterior teeth were included in this study. Oral digital images were obtained before and during treatment with a digital camera. All the oral esthetic data of the patients, including tooth shape, tooth shade, tooth characteristic color, incisal transparency, incisal curve, smile line, and gingival curve et al, were collected and analyzed. Diagnostic images of the anticipated esthetic outcome were created by computerized image processing software and transferred to the technician. Restorations were made according to the images by the technician., Results: All anterior teeth of 13 patients were restored with this method and good esthetic results were achieved., Conclusions: Computerized image processing is a useful method in the esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of verapamil on the proliferation of normal gingival fibroblast (NGF) in vitro., Methods: NGF was isolated and cultured. The 5th passage of NGF was incubated with 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 micromol/L verapamil respectively. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation and cell cycles., Results: Incubated with 100 micromol/L verapamil for 66 h, the A value of normal gingival fibroblast was significantly lower than those without verapamil groups (P < 0.01). Incubated with 100 micromol/L verapamil for 18 h, 69% of cells were at the G(0) - G(1) phase, 27% were at the S phase. For control group (without verapamil) 41% of cells were at G(0) - G(1) phase and 49% cells were at S phase. There was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: 100 micromol/L verapamil inhibited proliferation of normal gingival fibroblast by a cell-cycle arrest.